Weathering processes and quaternary origin of an alpine blockfield in arctic Sweden

Boreas

Volumn 38, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 379-398

  Goodfellow, Bradley W ^a   Fredin, Ola ^b   Derron, Marc Henri ^b   Stroeven, Arjen P ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^b GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALPINE ENVIRONMENT; CHEMICAL WEATHERING; CLAST; CRYSTALLIZATION; GIBBSITE; INTERGLACIAL; INTERSTADIAL; IRON; MASS BALANCE; QUATERNARY; VERMICULITE;

SWEDEN;

EID: 73649109235     PISSN: 03009483     EISSN: 15023885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2008.00061.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Allen, C. E. 2002: The influence of schistocity on soil weathering on large boulder tops, Kärkevagge, Sweden. Catena 49, 157-169.
2. Amundson, R. 2005: Soil formation. In Drever, J. I. (ed.): Surface and Ground Water, Weathering, and Soils, 1-35. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
3. Anderson, R. S. 1998: Near-surface thermal profiles in alpine bedrock: Implications for the frost weathering of bedrock. Arctic and Alpine Research 30, 362-372.
4. André, M. F. 2003: Do periglacial landscapes evolve under periglacial conditions? Geomorphology 52, 149-164.
5. André, M. F., Hall, K., Bertran, P. & Arocena, J. 2008: Stone runs in the Falkland Islands: Periglacial or tropical? Geomorphology 95, 524-543.
6. Andréasson, P.-G. & Gee, D. G. 1989: Bedrock geology and morphology of the Tarfala area, Kebnekaise Mts., Swedish Caledonides. Geografiska Annaler 71A, 235-239.
7. Assallay, A. M., Rogers, C. D. F., Smalley, I. J. & Jefferson, I. F. 1998: Silt: 2-62 mm, 9-4φ Earth-Science Reviews 45, 61-88.
8. Ballantyne, C. K. 1998: Age and significance of mountain-top detritus. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 9, 327-345.
9. Ballantyne, C. K. & Harris, C. 1994: The Periglaciation of Great Britain. 330 pp. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
10. Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D., Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O. & Stone, J. O. 1998: The last ice sheet in north-west Scotland: Reconstruction and implications. Quaternary Science Reviews 17, 1149-1184.
11. Boelhouwers, J. 2004: New perspectives on autochthonous blockfield development. Polar Geography 28, 133-146.
12. Boelhouwers, J., Holness, S., Meiklejohn, I. & Sumner, P. 2002: Observations on a blockstream in the vicinity of Sani Pass, Lesotho Highlands, southern Africa. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 13, 251-257.
13. Brimhall, G. H. & Dietrich, W. E. 1987: Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems: Results on weathering and pedogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 567-587.
14. Brindley, G. W. & Brown, G. 1980: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and Their X-Ray Identification. 495 pp. Mineralogical Society, London.
15. Butcher, S. S., Charlson, R. J., Orians, G. H. & Wolfe, G. V. 1992: Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 379 pp. Academic Press, London.
16. Caine, N. 1968: The Blockfields of Northeastern Tasmania. 127 pp. Department of Geography, Research School of Pacific Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Publication G/6.
17. Clapperton, C. M. 1975: Further observations on the stone runs of the Falkland Islands. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 24, 211-217.
18. Clark, G. M. & Ciolkosz, E. J. 1988: Periglacial geomorphology of the Appalachian highlands and interior highlands south of the glacial border - a review. Geomorphology 1, 191-220.
19. Dahl, R. 1966: Block fields, weathering pits and tor-like forms in the Narvik mountains, Nordland, Norway. Geografiska Annaler 48A, 55-85.
20. Darmody, R. G., Thorn, C. E. & Rissing, J. M. 1987: Chemical weathering of fine debris from a series of Holocene moraines: Storbreen, Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Geografiska Annaler 69A, 405-413.
21. Deecke, W. 1935: Uber blockhalden und Felsenmeere in Baden. Bericht der naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft Freiburg 34, 1-19.
22. Dredge, L. A. 1992: Breakup of limestone bedrock by frost shattering and chemical weathering, eastern Canadian Arctic. Arctic and Alpine Research 24, 314-323.
23. Dredge, L. A. 2000: Age and origin of upland block fields on Melville Peninsula, eastern Canadian Arctic. Geografiska Annaler 82A, 443-454.
24. Egli, M., Mirabella, A. & Fitze, P. 2001: Clay mineral formation in soils of two different chronosequences in the Swiss Alps. Geoderma 104, 145-175.
25. Egli, M., Mirabella, A., Mancabelli, A. & Sartori, G. 2004: Weathering of soils in alpine areas as influenced by climate and parent material. Clays and Clay Minerals 52, 287-303.
26. Fedo, C. M., Nesbitt, H. W. & Young, G. M. 1995: Unraveling the effects of potassium metasomatism in sedimentary rocks and paleosols, with implications for paleoweathering conditions and provenance. Geology 23, 921-924.
27. Firpo, M., Guglielmin, M. & Queirolo, C. 2006: Relict blockfields in the Ligurian Alps (Mount Beigua, Italy). Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 17, 71-78.
28. Fjellanger, J. & Nystuen, J. P. 2007: Diagenesis and weathering of quartzite at the palaeic surface on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway. Norwegian Journal of Geology 87, 133-145.
29. Fjellanger, J., Søbel, L., Linge, H., Brook, E. J., Raisbeck, G. M. & Yiou, F. 2006: Glacial survival of blockfields on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway. Geomorphology 82, 255-272.
30. Flohr, E. F. 1934: Alter, entstehung und bewegungserscheinungen der blockmeere des riesengebirges. In Vom deutschen Osten, 395-418. Max Friederichsen zum 60, Breslau.
31. Folk, R. L. 1951: Stages of textural maturity. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 21, 127-130.
32. Friend, D. A., Phillips, F. M., Campbell, S. W., Tanzhuo, L. & Sharma, P. 2000: Evolution of desert colluvial boulder slopes. Geomorphology 36, 19-45.
33. Goldstein, J., Newbury, D. E., Joy, D. C., Lyman, C. E., Echlin, P., Lifshin, E., Sawyer, L. C. & Michael, J. R. 2003: Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-ray Microanalysis. 689 pp. Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers, New York.
34. Goldthwait, R. P. 1976: Frost sorted patterned ground: A review. Quaternary Research 6, 27-35.
35. Goodfellow, B. W. 2007: Relict non-glacial surfaces in formerly glaciated landscapes. Earth-Science Reviews 80, 47-73.
36. Goodfellow, B. W., Stroeven, A. P., Hättestrand, C., Kleman, J. & Jansson, K. N. 2008: Deciphering a non-glacial/glacial landscape mosaic in the northern Swedish mountains. Geomorphology 93, 213-232.
37. Grudd, H. & Schneider, T. 1996: Air temperature at Tarfala Research Station 1946-1995. Geografiska Annaler 78A, 115-119.
38. Hall, A., Mellor, A. & Wilson, M. J. 1989: The clay mineralogy and age of deep weathered rock in north-east Scotland. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 72, 97-108.
39. Hall, K. & André, M. F. 2003: Rock thermal data at the grain scale: Applicability to granular disintegration in cold environments. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 28, 823-836.
40. Hall, K., Thorn, C. E., Matsuoka, N. & Prick, A. 2002: Weathering in cold regions: Some thoughts and perspectives. Progress in Physical Geography 26, 577-603.
41. Harnois, L. 1988: The CIW index: A new chemical index of weathering. Sedimentary Geology 55, 319-322.
42. Hättestrand, C. & Stroeven, A. P. 2002: A relict landscape in the centre of Fennoscandian glaciation: Geomorphological evidence of minimal Quaternary glacial erosion. Geomorphology 44, 127-143.
43. Hövermann, J. 1949: Morphologische untersuchungen im Mittelharz. Göttinger Geographische Abhandlungen 2.
44. Isaksen, K., Holmlund, P., Sollid, J. L. & Harris, C. 2001: Three deep alpine-permafrost boreholes in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 12, 13-25.
45. Isaksen, K., Sollid, J. L., Holmlund, P. & Harris, C. 2007: Recent warming of mountain permafrost in Svalbard and Scandinavia. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, F02S04.
46. Ives, J. D. 1958: Mountain-top detritus and the extent of the last glaciation in northeastern Labrador-Ungava. The Canadian Geographer 12, 25-31.
47. Ives, J. D. 1966: Block fields, associated weathering forms on mountain tops and the Nunatak hypothesis. Geografiska Annaler 48A, 220-223.
48. Juliussen, H. & Humlum, O. 2008: Thermal regime of openwork block fields on the mountains of Elgåhogna and Sølen, centraleastern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 19, 1-18.
49. Kawano, M. & Tomita, K. 1996: Amorphous aluminum hydroxide formed at the earliest weathering stages of K-feldspar. Clays and Clay Minerals 44, 672-676.
50. Kleman, J. & Borgström, I. 1990: The boulder fields of Mt. Fulufjället, west-central Sweden. Geografiska Annaler 72A, 63-78.
51. Kleman, J. & Stroeven, A. P. 1997: Preglacial surface remnants and Quaternary glacial regimes in northwestern Sweden. Geomorphology 19, 35-54.
52. Klemm, P. 1918: Die Entstehung des 'Felsenmeer' am Felsberg im Odenwald. Notizblatt des Vereius für Erkunde, Darmstadt 5, 3-11.
53. Kulling, O. 1964: Översikt över norra Norrbottensfjällens kaledonberg-grund. 166 pp. Sveriges Geologiska Undersökning, Stockholm.
54. Lasaga, A. C., Soler, J. M., Ganor, J., Burch, T. E. & Nagy, K. L. 1994: Chemical weathering rate laws and global geochemical cycles. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, 2361-2386.
55. Lautridou, J. P. & Ozouf, J. C. 1982: Experimental frost shattering: 15 years of research at the Centre de Géomorphologie du CNRS. Progress in Physical Geography 6, 215-232.
56. Law, K. R., Nesbitt, H. W. & Longstaff, F. J. 1991: Weathering of granitic tills and the genesis of a podzol. American Journal of Science 291, 940-976.
57. Marquette, G. C., Gray, J. T., Gosse, J. C., Courchesne, F., Stockli, L., MacPherson, G. & Finkel, R. 2004: Felsenmeer persistence under non-erosive ice in the Torngat and Kaumajet mountains, Quebec and Labrador, as determined by soil weathering and cosmogenic nuclide exposure dating. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 41, 19-38.
58. Matsuoka, N. 2001: Direct observation of frost wedging in alpine bedrock. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 26, 601-614.
59. Matsuoka, N., Hirakawa, K., Watanabe, T. & Moriwaki, K. 1997: Monitoring of periglacial weathering in the Swiss Alps: The first two years of frost shattering, heave and creep. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes 8, 155-177.
60. Mellor, A. & Wilson, M. J. 1989: Origin and significance of gibbsitic montane soils in Scotland, U.K. Arctic and Alpine Research 21, 417-424.
61. Moore, C. L. 1996: Evaluation of regolith development and element mobility during weathering using the isocon technique. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication 20, 141-147.
62. Moore, D. M. & Reynolds, R. C. 1997: X-Ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. 378 pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
63. Nesbitt, H. W. & Young, G. M. 1982: Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715-717.
64. Nesbitt, H. W. & Young, G. M. 1984: Prediction of some weathering trends of plutonic and volcanic rocks based on thermodynamic and kinetic considerations. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 48, 1523-1534.
65. Nesje, A. 1989: The geographical and altitudinal distribution of block fields in southern Norway and its significance to the Pleistocene Ice Sheets. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Supplementband 72, 41-53.
66. Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., Anda, E. & Rye, N. 1988: Block fields in southern Norway: Significance for the Late Weichselian ice sheet. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift 68, 149-169.
67. Nesje, A., Dahl, S. O., Linge, H., Ballantyne, C. K., McCarroll, D., Brook, E. J., Raisbeck, G. & Yiou, F. 2007: The surface geometry of the Last Glacial Maximum ice sheet in the Øya-Skånland region, northern Norway, constrained by surface exposure dating and clay mineralogy. Boreas 36, 227-239.
68. Olsson, M. T. & Melkerud, P.-A. 2000: Weathering in three podzo- lized pedons on glacial deposits in northern Sweden and central Finland. Geoderma 94, 149-161.
69. Paasche, Ø., Strøe, J. R., Dahl, S. O. & Linge, H. 2006: Weathering characteristics of arctic islands in northern Norway. Geomorphology 82, 430-452.
70. Rapp, A. & Rudberg, S. 1960: Recent periglacial phenomena in Sweden. Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 8, 143-154.
71. Rea, B. R., Whalley, B., Rainey, M. M. & Gordon, J. E. 1996a: Blockfields, old or new? Evidence and implications from some plateaus in northern Norway. Geomorphology 15, 109-121.
72. Rea, B. R., Whalley, W. B. & Porter, E. M. 1996b: Rock weathering and the formation of summit blockfield slopes in Norway: Examples and implications. In Anderson, M. G. & Brooks, S. M. (eds.): Advances in Hillslope Processes, 1257-1275. John Wiley, Chichester.
73. Righi, D., Huber, K. & Keller, C. 1999: Clay formation and podzol development from postglacial moraines in Switzerland. Clay Minerals 34, 319-332.
74. Rubensdotter, L. 2006: Alpine Lake Sediment Archives and Catchment Geomorphology: Causal Relationships and Implications for Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions. Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm University, Dissertation 33, 100 pp.
75. Ruxton, B. P. 1968: Measures of the degree of chemical weathering of rocks. Journal of Geology 76, 518-527.
76. Smith, B. J., Wright, J. S. & Whalley, W. B. 2002: Sources of non-glacial, loess-size quartz silt and the origins of desert loess. Earth-Science Reviews 59, 1-26.
77. Sneed, E. P. & Folk, R. L. 1958: Pebbles in the Lower Colorado River, Texas, a study in particle morphogenesis. Journal of Geology 66, 144-150.
78. Stroeven, A. P., Harbor, J., Fabel, D., Kleman, J., Hättestrand, C., Elmore, D., Fink, D. & Fredin, O. 2006: Slow, patchy landscape evolution in northern Sweden despite repeated ice-sheet glaciation. Geological Society of America Special Paper 398, 387-396.
79. Sugden, D. E. & Watts, S. H. 1977: Tors, felsenmeer, and glaciation in northern Cumberland Peninsula, Baffin Island. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 14, 2817-2823.
80. Sumner, P. D. & Meiklejohn, K. I. 2004: On the development of autochthonous blockfields in the grey basalts of sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Geography 28, 120-132.
81. Svenonius, F. 1909: Om scarf-eller blockhafven påvåra högfjäll. Geologiska Föreningens Förhandlingar 31, 169-181.
82. Taylor, G. & Eggleton, R. A. 2001: Regolith Geology and Geomorphology. 375 pp. John Wiley, Chichester.
83. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1993: Soil Survey Manual. 532 pp. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
84. van Steijn, H., Boelhouwers, J., Harris, S. & Hétu, B. 2002: Recent research on the nature, origin and climatic relations of blocky and stratified slope deposits. Progress in Physical Geography 26, 551-575.
85. Voicu, G., Bardoux, M. & Voicu, D. 1997: Mineralogical norm calculations applied to tropical weathering profiles. Mineralogical Magazine 61, 185-196.
86. Walder, J. S. & Hallet, B. 1985: A theoretical model of the fracture of rock during freezing. Geological Society of America Bulletin 96, 336-346.
87. Whalley, W. B., Rea, B. R. & Rainey, M. M. 2004: Weathering, blockfields, and fracture systems and the implications for long-term landscape formation: Some evidence from Lyngen and Öksfordjökelen areas in north Norway. Polar Geography 28, 93-119.
88. White, S. E. 1976: Is frost action really only hydration shattering? Arctic and Alpine Research 8, 1-6.
89. Wilhelmy, H. 1958: Klimamorphologie der Massengesteine. 238 pp. Georg Westermann Verlag, Braunnschweig.
90. Wilson, M. J. & Bown, C. J. 1976: The pedogenesis of some gibbsitic soils from the southern uplands of Scotland. Journal of Soil Science 27, 513-522.
91. Young, G. M. & Nesbitt, H. W. 1998: Processes controlling the distribution of Ti and Al in weathering profiles, siliclastic sediments and sedimentary rocks. Journal of Sedimentary Research 68, 448-455.