Environmental security and regional stability in the persian gulf

Middle East Policy

Volumn 16, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 90-101

  Russell, James A ^a  

^a NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 73649097565     PISSN: 10611924     EISSN: 14754967     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4967.2009.00417.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Nermina Biberovic, "Water and Agriculture Issues in the Gulf," Gulf Research Center, Dubai.
2. United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organization, The State of the Resource, pp. 132-135, at www.unesco.org/water/wwap/wwdr/wwdr2/pdf/ wwdr2-ch-4.pdf.
3. Water Hazard Risks, United Nations-Water Series, Vol.1, January 2005, at www.unwater.org/downloads/unwaterseries.pdf.
4. th World Water Forum, Mexico City, September 2006 at http://www.worldwatercoun-cil.org/fileadmin/wwc/World-Water- Forum/WWF4/synthesis-sept06.pdf.
5. Making the Most of Scarcity: Accountability for Better Water Management Results in the Middle East and North Africa (The World Bank, 2007) 5; online at www.web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUN-TRIES/MENAEXT/0.,contentMDK: 21244687~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:256299,00.html.
6. Making the Most of Scarcity: Accountability for Better Water Management Results in the middle East and North Africa, 2007,5, www.web.worldbank.org/ WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUN-TRIES/MENAEXT/0.,contentMDK:21244687~pagePK:146736~piPK: 146830~theSitePK:256299,00.html, Ibid.
7. As exhaustively detailed in Mohamed A. Dawoud, "Water Scarcity in the GCC Countries," Research Paper, Gulf Research Center, Dubai, 2007, p.14.
8. Mohamed A. Dawoud, "Water Scarcity in the GCC Countries," Research Paper, Gulf Research Center, Dubai, 2007, p.14., Ibid.
9. Mohamed A. Dawoud, "Water Scarcity in the GCC Countries," Research Paper, Gulf Research Center, Dubai, 2007, p.14., Ibid.
10. th Gulf Water Conference organized by the Water Science and Technology Association, Kuwait November 19-23, 2005.
11. Making the Most of Scarcity, World Bank, op. cit., p. 12.
12. Andrew England, "Water Fears Lead Saudis to End Grain Output," Financial Times, February 27, 2008; online at www.ft.com/cms/s/f02cle94-e4d6- lldc-a495-0000779fd2ac,Authorised=false.html?-i-location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft. com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Ff02cle94-e4d6-11dc-a495-0000779fd2ac. html%3Fnclick- check%3D1&-i-referer=&nclick-check= 1.
13. Details drawn from Craig Smith, "Al Kharj Journal: Milk Flows from Desert at Unique Saudi Farm," The New York Times, December 31, 2002; online at www.query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res= 9A07E2DC153FF932A05751C1A9649C8B63.
14. Phil Dickie, Making Water, World Wildlife Fund Freshwater Programme, World Wildlife Fund, June 2007.
15. Javid Hassan, "Kingdom Leads in Desalination, But Needs More to Meet Demand," Arab News, March 22, 2006; online at www.arabnews.com/?page= l§ion=0&article=79565&d=22&m=3&y=2006.
16. Details at "Veolia Awarded Huge Desalinization Contract in Saudi Arabia," posted at www.media.clean-tech.com/1392/veolia-awarded-huge- desalination-contr.
17. Mariam al Hakeem, "Saudis Consider $5.3 Billion Water Project," Gulf News, December 24, 2006; online at www.archive.gulfnews.com/ articles/06/12/24/10091822.html.
18. Meena Janardhan, "Water Day-Gulf: Forced to Look beyond Desalinization Plants," Inter Press Service News Agency, March 21, 2007; online at www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=37013.
19. "The United NationsWorld Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision Population Database," online at www. esa.un.org/unpp/.
20. International Energy Outlook 2008, Energy Information Administration, Department of Energy, Washington DC; online at www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/ highlights.html.
21. International Energy Outlook 2008,online at www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/ highlights.html., Ibid.
22. John Isaac, "UAE Oil Income May Hit $110B," Khaleej Times Online, June 22, 2008 at www.khaleejtimes
23. Middle East and North Africa Regional Note, World Bank, June 2009, accessed online at http://econ.world-bank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/ EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGDF/EXTGDF2007/0,contentMDK :20394555~menuPK:3763147~pagePK: 64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:376308O~isCURL:Y,00.html.
24. Middle East and North Africa Regional Note, World Bank, June 2009, accessed online at http://econ.world-bank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/ EXTDECPROSPECTS/EXTGDF/EXTGDF2007/0,contentMDK :20394555~menuPK:3763147~pagePK: 64167689~piPK:64167673~theSitePK:376308O~isCURL:Y,00.html.
25. Middle East and North Africa Regional Note, 2009, Ibid., p. 9.
26. Paul Lewis, "Dubai's Six Year Building Boom Grinds to a Halt as Financial Crisis Takes Hold," Guardian. co.uk, February 13, 2009.
27. "Abu Dhabi Masdar Initiative Breaks Ground on Carbon-Neutral City," PR Newswire, February 9, 2008.
28. For a summary of the largest of these regional reports, see SAMBA report above, Appendix 1, Selected GCC Projects, May 2008, p. 18.
29. "Gulf States Plan Higher Aluminum Output," Engineering and Mining Journal, September 2004; online at www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi- qa5382/is-200409/ai-n21357315?tag=untagged.
30. Jad Mouawad, "The Construction Site Called Saudi Arabia," The New York Times, January 20, 2008, at www.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/business/ worldbusiness/20saudi.html;
31. Raid Qusti, "Saudi Arabia to Build Two More Economic Cities This Year," Arab News, April 27, 2009, at www.arabnews.com/?page=6§ion= 0&article=95554&d=29&m=4&y=2007.
32. Living Planet Report 2006, World Wildlife Fund, p. 14. The WWF defines the footprint as follows: "The footprint of a country includes all the cropland, grazing land, forest, and fishing grounds required to produce the food, fibre and timber it consumes, to absorb the wastes emitted in generating its energy uses and to provide space for its infrastructure. People consume resources and ecological services from all over the world, so their footprint is the sum of these areas, wherever they may be on the planet."
33. Living Planet Report 2006, World Wildlife Fund, p. 30. The measurement tool for this is Figure 3 is a "global hectare," which is a measure of biocapacity. As noted in the report on p. 14 "The Ecological Footprint measures humanity's demand on the biosphere in terms of the area of biologically productive land and sea required to provide the resources we use and to absorb our waste." In 2003 the global Ecological Footprint was 14.1 billion global hectares, or 2.2 global hectares per person (a global hectare is a hectare with worldaverage ability to produce resources and absorb wastes). The total supply of productive area, or biocapacity, in 2003, was 11.2 billion global hectares, or 1.8 global hectares per person.
34. Data drawn from model on anticipated climate change by year 2030 prepared by Marc Levy and the Center for International Earth Science Information Network (CIESIN) at Columbia University.
35. CIESIN data.
36. Mohamed A. Raouf, "Climate Change Threats, Opportunities and the GCC Countries," The Middle East Institute Policy Brief No. 12, April 2008.
37. "U.S., Saudi, China Rank among Worst on Climate Change: Group," Agence France Presse, November 14, 2006. The report by the German environmental group Germanwatch rated Sweden as best, with the United States, China and Saudi Arabia at the bottom of the heap.
38. "Saudi Arabia Tops the Roll of Dishonour," One World Net, December 5, 2007, at www.uk.oneworld.net/article/view/155885/1/.
39. As noted in "Billions Face Climate Change Risk," BBC News April 6,2007, at www.news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6532323.stm.
40. Remarks as reported in Andrew Leonard, "Don't Cry for Saudi Arabia," Salon.com, September 27, 2007, at www.salon.com/tech/htww/2007/09/ 27/saudi-arabia-oil/.