Effects of electron-attaching and electron-releasing additives on streamers in liquid cyclohexane

IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation

Volumn 16, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1524-1535

  Ingebrigtsen, S ^a   Smalo H S ^a   Astrand P O ^a   Lundgaard, L E ^b  

^a NORWEGIAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Norway)

^b SINTEF ENERGY RESEARCH   (Norway)

Author keywords

Additives; Charge; Cyclohexane; Electron attachment; Impact ionization; Prebreakdown; Streamer

Indexed keywords

CHARGE MEASUREMENTS; CONCENTRATION OF; ELECTRON ATTACHMENT; ELECTRONIC CHARACTERISTICS; INITIATION AND PROPAGATION; NEGATIVE STREAMERS; PREBREAKDOWN; SHADOWGRAPHIC IMAGING; STREAMER FILAMENTS; STREAMER INCEPTION; STREAMER PROPAGATION; VOLTAGE DEPENDENCE;

CYCLOHEXANE; ELECTRONS; IONIZATION OF GASES; IONIZATION OF LIQUIDS; IONIZATION POTENTIAL; PARTICLE DETECTORS;

IMPACT IONIZATION;

EID: 73649091775     PISSN: 10709878     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/TDEI.2009.5361571     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (46)

1. N. Berger, M. Randoux, G. Ottmann, and P. Vuarchex, "Review on insulating liquids", Electra, Vol.171, pp. 33-56, 1997.
2. S. Sakamoto and H. Yamada, "Optical Study of Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul, Vol.15, pp. 171-181, 1980.
3. J. C. Devins, S. J. Rzad, and R. J. Schwabe, "Breakdown and prebreakdown phenomena in liquids", J. Appl. Phys., Vol.52, pp. 4531-4545, 1981.
4. R. E. Hebner, E. F. Kelley, E. O. Forster, and G. J. FitzPatrick, "Observation of prebreakdown and breakdown phenomena in liquid hydrocarbons--II: Non-Uniform Field Conditions", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.20, pp. 281-292, 1985.
5. A. Beroual and R. Tobazeon, "Prebreakdown phenomena in liquid dielectrics", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.21, pp. 613-627, 1986.
6. Y. Nakao, H. Itoh, S. Hoshino, Y. Sakai, and H. Tagashira, "Effects of additives on prebreakdown phenomena in n-hexane", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol.1, pp. 383-389, 1994.
7. O. Lesaint and M. Jung, "On the relationship between streamer branching and propagation in liquids: influence of pyrene in cyclohexane," J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.33, pp. 1360-1368, 2000.
8. L. G. Christophorou, Electron-molecule Interactions and Their Appli-cations, Vol.2, Academic Press, San Diego, ch. 4, pp. 221-316, 1984.
9. L. G. Christophorou, "Electron attachment to molecules in dense gases ("quasi-liquids")", Chem. Rev., Vol.76, pp. 409-423, 1976.
10. W. H. Hamill, "Dependence of specific rates for excess-electron scavenging in nonpolar liquids on electron energy", J. Phys. Chem., Vol.85, pp. 3588-3592, 1981.
11. Handbook of Radiation Chemistry, CRC Press, Boca Raton, ch.7, p. 414, 1991.
12. W. F. Schmidt, "Electron mobility in non-polar liquids, the effect of molecular structure, temperature, and electric field", Can. J. Chem., Vol.55, pp. 2197-2209, 1977.
13. W. F. Schmidt, "Electronic conduction processes in dielectric liquids", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.19, pp. 389-418, 1984.
14. S. Ingebrigtsen, L. Lundgaard, and P-O. Åstrand, "Effects of additives on prebreakdown phenomena in liquid cyclohexane: II. Streamer propagation", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.40, pp. 5624-5634, 2007. (Pubitemid 47354049)
15. L. Dumitrescu, O. Lesaint, N. Bonifaci, A. Denat, and P. Notingher, "Study of streamer inception in cyclohexane with a sensitive charge measurement technique under impulse voltage", J. Electrost., Vol.53, pp. 135-146, 2001.
16. S. Ingebrigtsen, L. E. Lundgaard, and P-O. Åstrand, "Effects of additives on prebreakdown phenomena in liquid cyclohexane: I. Streamer initiation", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.40, pp. 5161-5169, 2007. (Pubitemid 47411314)
17. L. G. Christophorou, "Electron Attachment Processes" in Electron-molecule Interactions and Their Applications, Vol.1, Academic Press, San Diego, ch. 6, pp. 477-617, 1984.
18. P. M. Collins, L. G. Christophorou, E. L. Chaney, and J. G. Carter, "Energy dependence of the electron attachment cross section and the transient negative ion lifetime for p-benzoquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone", Chem. Phys. Lett., Vol.4, pp. 646-650, 1970.
19. S. Tobita, M. Meinke, E. Illenberger, L. G. Christophorou, H. Baumgartel, and S. Leach, "Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: negative ion formation following low energy (0-15 eV) electron impact", Chem. Phys., Vol.161, pp. 501-508, 1992.
20. L. G. Christophorou, "Negative Ions of Polyatomic Molecules", Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol.36, pp. 3-32, 1980.
21. S. R. Hunter and L. G. Christophorou, "Electron attachment to the perfluoroalkanes n-CNF2N+2 (N=1-6) using high pressure swarm techniques", Chem. Phys., Vol.80, pp. 6150-6163, 1984.
22. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, ch. 10, p 181, 2004.
23. H. S. Smalø, S. Ingebrigtsen and P.-O. Åstrand, "Calculation of ionization potentials and electron affinities for molecules relevant for streamer initiation and propagation", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys, submitted for publication, 2009.
24. O. Lesaint and P. Gournay, "Initiation and propagation thresholds of positive prebreakdown phenomena in hydrocarbon liquids", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol.1, pp. 702-708, 1994.
25. N. J. Felici, "Blazing a fiery trail with the hounds", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.23, pp. 497-503, 1988.
26. H. M. Jones and E. E. Kunhardt, "Development of pulsed dielectric breakdown in liquids", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.28, p. 178, 1995.
27. P. K. Watson, W. G. Chadband, and M. Sadeghzadeh-Araghi, "The role of electrostatic and hydrodynamic forces in the negative-point breakdown of liquid dielectrics", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.26, pp. 543-559, 1991.
28. A. O. Allen, T. E. Gangwer, and R. A. Holroyd, "Chemical reaction rates of quasifree electrons in nonpolar liquids. II", J. Phys. Chem., Vol.79, pp. 25-31, 1975.
29. G. Bakale, E. C. Gregg, and R. D. McCreary, "Electron attachment to nitro compounds in liquid cyclohexane", Chem. Phys., Vol.67, pp. 5788-5794, 1977.
30. R. A. Holroyd, "Electron attachment to p-benzoquinone and photodetachment from benzoquinone anion in nonpolar solvents", J. Phys. Chem., Vol.86, pp. 3541-3547, 1982.
31. R. P. Blaunstein and L. G. Christophorou, "On molecular parameters of physical chemical and biological interest", Rad. Res. Rev., Vol.3, pp. 69-118, 1971.
32. O. Lesaint and P. Gournay, "On the gaseous nature of positive filamentary streamers in hydrocarbon liquids. I: Influence of the hydrostatic pressure on the propagation", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.27, pp. 2111-2116, 1994.
33. A. Denat, "High field conduction and prebreakdown phenomena in dielectric liquids", IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul., Vol.13, pp. 518-525, 2006.
34. A. Denat, J. P. Gosse, and B. Gosse, "Electrical conduction of purified cyclohexane in a divergent electric field", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.23, pp. 545-554, 1988.
35. J. M. Meek and J. D. Craggs, Electrical Breakdown of Gases, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1978.
36. P. E. Frayssines, N. Bonifaci, A. Denat, and O. Lesaint, "Streamers in liquid nitrogen: Characterization and spectroscopic determination of gaseous filament temperature and electron density", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.35, pp. 369-377, 2002.
37. O. Lesaint and M. Jung, "On the relationship between streamer branching and propagation in liquids: influence of pyrene in cyclohexane", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.33, pp. 1360-1368, 2000.
38. V. M. Atrazhev, I. T. Iakubov, and V. I. Roldughin, "The Townsend coefficient of ionization in dense gases and fluids", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.9, pp. 1735-1742, 1976.
39. N. Bonifaci, A. Denat, and V. Atrazhev, "Ionization phenomenon in high-density gaseous and liquid argon in corona discharge experiments", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.30, pp. 2717-2725, 1997.
40. M. Haidara and A. Denat, "Electron multiplication in liquid cyclohexane and propane", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.26, pp. 592-597, 1991.
41. V. M. Atrazhev, E. G. Dmitriev, and I. T. Iakubov, "The impact ionization and electrical breakdown strength for atomic and molecular liquids", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.26, pp. 586-591, 1991.
42. R. Coelho and J. Debeau, "Properties of the tip-plane configuration", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., Vol.4, pp. 1266-1280, 1971.
43. O. H. LeBlanc, Jr. and J. C. Devins, "Townsend ionization constants in N-alkanes", Nature, Vol.188, pp. 219-220, 1960.
44. C. J. Cramer, "Implicit Models for Condensed Phases" in Essentials of computational chemistry: theories and models, Wiley, Chichester, ch. 11, 2004.
45. C. W. Smith and J. H. Calderwood, "The application of a classical conductivity model to dielectric liquids", J. Electrostatics, Vol.12, pp. 173-178, 1982.
46. M. Goldman and R. S. Sigmond, "Corona and insulation", IEEE Trans. Electr. Insul., Vol.17, pp. 90-105, 1982.