Revised Dst and the epicycles of magnetic disturbance: 1958-2007

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 27, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 3101-3131

  Love, J J ^a   Gannon, J L ^a  

^a U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

Magnetospheric physics (Current systems; Magnetosphere ionosphere interactions; Storms and substorms)

Indexed keywords

ALGORITHM; ANNUAL VARIATION; AUTOCORRELATION; EARTH ROTATION; GEOMAGNETIC STORM; IONOSPHERE; MAGNETOSPHERE; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; POWER LAW DISTRIBUTION; SOLAR CYCLE; TIME SERIES ANALYSIS;

EID: 73449125437     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: 14320576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/angeo-27-3101-2009     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Akasofu, S. I. and Chapman, S.: On the asymmetric development of magnetic storm fields in low and middle latitudes, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 607-626, 1964.
2. Allen, J., Frank, L., Sauer, H., and Reiff, P.: Effects of the March 1989 Solar Activity, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 70, 1479, 1486-1488, 1989.
3. Balasis, G., Daglis, I. A., Kapiris, P., Mandea, M., Vassiliadis, D., and Eftaxias, K.: From pre-storm activity to magnetic storms: a transition described in terms of fractal dynamics, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3557-3567, 2006, http://www.ann-geophys.net/24/3557/2006/.
4. Bartels, J.: Eine universelle Tagesperiode der erdmagnetischen Aktivit ät, Meteorol. Z., 42, 147-152, 1925.
5. Bartels, J.: Terrestrial-magnetic activity and its relations to solar phenomena, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Electr., 37, 1-52, 1932.
6. Bendat, J. S. and Piersol, A. G.: Random Data: Analysis and Measurement Procedures, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, 2000.
7. Berthelier, A.: Influence of the polarity of the interplanetary magnetic field on the annual and diurnal variations of magnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4546-4552, 1976.
8. Bracewell, R. N.: The Fourier Transform and its Applications, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1978.
9. Broun, J. A.: On the horizontal force of the Earth's magnetism, Trans. R. Soc. Edinb., 22, 511-565, 1861.
10. Broun, J. A.: On the variations of the daily mean horizontal force of the Earth's magnetism produced by the Sun's rotation and the Moon's synodical and tropical revolutions, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 166, 387-403, 1876.
11. Burton, R. K., McPherron, R. L., and Russell, C. T.: An empirical relationship between interplanetary conditions and Dst , J. Geophys. Res., 80, 4204-4214, 1975.
12. Campbell, W. H.: The regular geomagnetic-field variations during quiet solar conditions, in: Geomagnetism, Volume 3, edited by: Jacobs, J. A., pp. 385-460, Academic Press, London, UK, 1989.
13. Cartwright, D. E.: Tides: A Scientific History, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1999.
14. Chapman, S.: On certain average characteristics of world wide magnetic disturbance, Proc. Roy. Soc. London, A115, 242-267, 1927.
15. Chapman, S. and Bartels, J.: Geomagnetism, Volumes 1 & 2, Oxford Univ. Press, London, UK, 1962.
16. Chree, C. and Stagg, J. M.: Recurrence phenomena in terrestrial magnetism, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 227, 21-62, 1928.
17. Clauset, A., Shalizi, C. R., and Newman, M. E. J.: Power-law distributions in empirical data, arXiv.org, arXiv:0706.1062v2, 2009.
18. Cliver, E. W., Kamide, Y., and Ling, A. G.: Mountains versus valleys: Semiannual variation of the geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 2413-2424, 2000.
19. Cliver, E. W., Kamide, Y., Ling, A. G., and Yokoyama, N.: Semiannual variation of the geomagnetic Dst index: Evidence for a dominant nonstorm component, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 21297-21304, 2001.
20. Cĺua de Gonzalez, A. L., Gonzalez, W. D., Dutra, S. L. G., and Tsurutani, B. T.: Periodic variation in the geomagnetic activity: A study based on the Ap index, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 9215-9231, 1993.
21. Constable, S.: Geomagnetism, in: Geomagnetism, Volume 5, Treatise on Geophysics, edited by: Kono, M., pp. 237-276, Elsevier Science, New York, NY, 2007.
22. Conte, S. D. and de Boor, C.: Elementary Numerical Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY, 1980.
23. Cortie, A. L.: Sun-spots and terrestrial magnetic phenomena, 1897-1911: the cause of the annual variation in magnetic disturbances, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc., 73, 52-60, 1912.
24. Courtillot, V. and Le Moüel, J. L.: Time variations of the Earth's magnetic field: From daily to secular, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 16, 389-476, 1988.
25. Cowley, S. W. H.: The Earth's magnetosphere: A brief beginner's guide, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 76, 525, 528, 529, 1995.
26. Crooker, N. U. and Siscoe, G. L.: Birkeland currents as the cause of the low-latitude asymmetric disturbance field, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 11201-11210, 1981.
27. Cummings, W. D.: Asymmetric ring currents and the low-latitude disturbance daily variation, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 4495-4503, 1966.
28. Daglis, I. A., Thorne, R. M., Baumjohann, W., and Orsini, S.: The terrestrial ring current: Origin, formation, and decay, Rev. Geophys., 37, 407-438, 1999.
29. De Meyer, F.: Solar and lunar daily geomagnetic variations at Dourbes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 42, 753-763, 1980.
30. Dessler, A. J. and Parker, E. N.: Hydromagnetic theory of geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 64, 2239-2252, 1959.
31. Dungey, J. W.: Interplanetary magnetic field and the auroral zones, Phys. Rev. Lett., 6, 47-48, 1961.
32. Ellis, W.: On the relation between the diurnal range of magnetic declination and horizontal force, as observed at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, during the years 1841 to 1877, and the period of solar spot frequency, Phil. Trans. R. Soc., 171, 541-560, 1880.
33. Ellis, W.: On the relation between magnetic disturbance and the period of solar spot frequency, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc., 60, 142-157, 1899.
34. Fejer, J. A.: Atmospheric tides and associated magnetic effects, Rev. Geophys., 2, 275-309, 1964.
35. Francia, P., Villante, U., Adorante, N., and Gonzalez, W. D.: The storm-time ring current: a statistical analysis at two widely separated low-latitude stations, Ann. Geophys., 22, 3699-3705, 2004, http://www.ann- geophys.net/22/3699/2004/.
36. Fukushima, N. and Kamide, Y.: Partial ring current models for worldwide geomagnetic disturbances, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 11, 795-853, 1973.
37. Gonzalez, W. D., Joselyn, J. A., Kamide, Y., Kroehl, H. W., Rostoker, G., Tsurutani, B. T., and Vasyliunas, V. M.: What is a geomagnetic storm?, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 5771-5792, 1994.
38. Häkkinen, L. V. T., Pulkkinen, T. I., Nevanlinna, H., Pirjola, R. J., and Tanskanen, E. I.: Effects of induced currents on Dst and on magnetic variations at midlatitude stations, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1014, doi:10.1029/2001JA900130, 2002.
39. Häkkinen, L. V. T., Pulkkinen, T. I., Pirjola, R. J., Nevanlinna, H., Tanskanen, E. I., and Turner, N. E.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of geomagnetic activity: Revised Dst versus external drivers, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1060, doi:10.1029/2002JA009428, 2003.
40. Harel, M., Wolf, R. A., Spiro, R. W., Reiff, P. H., Chen, C. K., Burke, W. J., Rich, F. J., and Smiddy, M.: Quantitative simulation of a magnetospheric substorm 2. Comparison with observations, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 2242-2260, 1981.
41. Howard, R.: Solar rotation, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys., 22, 131-155, 1984.
42. Hughes, W. J.: The magnetopause, magnetotail, and magnetic reconnection, in: Introduction to Space Physics, edited by: Russell, C. T. and Kivelson, M. G., pp. 227-287, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
43. Iyemori, T.: Storm-time magnetospheric currents inferred from mid-latitude geomagnetic field variation, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 42, 1249-1265, 1990.
44. Jackson, A. and Finlay, C. C.: Geomagnetic secular variation and its applications to the core, in: Geomagnetism, Volume 5, Treatise on Geophysics, edited by: Kono, M., pp. 147-193, Elsevier Science, New York, NY, 2007.
45. Jackson, A., Jonkers, A. R. T., and Walker, M. R.: Four centuries of geomagnetic secular variation from historical records, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 358, 957-990, 2000.
46. Jankowski, J. and Sucksdorff, C.: Guide for Magnetic Measurements and Observatory Practice, IAGA, Warsaw, Poland, 1996.
47. Jones, A. G.: Electrical conductivity of the continental lower crust, in: Continental Lower Crust, edited by: Fountain, D. M., Arculus, R. J., and Kay, R. W., pp. 81-143, Elsevier, New York, NY, 1992.
48. Joselyn, J. A.: Geomagnetic quiet day selection, Pure Appl. Geophys., 131, 333-341, 1989.
49. Kamide, Y.: Electrodynamic Processes in the Earth's Ionoshere and Magnetosphere, Kyoto Sangyo Univ. Press, Kyoto, Japan, 1988.
50. Kamide, Y. and Fukushima, N.: Analysis of magnetic storms with DR indices for equatorial ring-current field, Radio Sci., 6, 277-278, 1971.
51. Kantz, H. and Schreiber, T.: Nonlinear Time Series Analysis, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997.
52. Karinen, A. and Mursula, K.: A new reconstruction of theDst index for 1932-2002, Ann. Geophys., 23, 475-485, 2005, http://www.ann-geophys.net/23/475/ 2005/.
53. Karinen, A. and Mursula, K.: Correcting the Dst index: Consequences for absolute level and correlations, J. Geophys. Res., 111, A08207, doi:10.1029/2005JA011299, 2006.
54. Kennel, C. F.: Convection and Substorms: Paradigms of Magnetospheric Phenomenology, Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK, 1995.
55. Kertz, W.: Ring current variations during the IGY, Ann. Int. Geophys. Year, 35, 49-61, 1964.
56. Klimas, A. J., Valdivia, J. A., Vassiliadis, D., Baker, D. N., Hesse, M., and Takalo, J.: Self-organized criticality in the substorm phenomenon and its relation to localized reconnection in the magnetospheric plasma sheet, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 18765-18780, 2000.
57. Kozyra, J. U. and Liemohn, M. W.: Ring current energy input and decay, Space Sci. Rev., 109, 105-131, 2003.
58. Langel, R. A. and Sweeney, R. E.: Asymmetric ring current at twilight local time, J. Geophys. Res., 76, 4420-4427, 1971.
59. Le G.,Russell, C. T.,Takahashi, K.: Morphology of the ring current derived from magnetic field observations, Ann. Geophys., 22, 1267-1295, 2004 http://www.ann-geophys.net/22/1267/2004/.
60. Love, J. J.: Magnetic monitoring of Earth and space, Physics Today, 61, 31-37, 2007.
61. Lui, A. T. Y.: Tutorial on geomagnetic storms and substorms, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 28, 1854-1866, 2000.
62. Lundstedt, H., Gleisner, H., and Wintoft, P.: Operational forecasts of the geomagnetic Dst index, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 2181, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016151, 2002.
63. Macmillan, S. and Droujinina, A.: Long-term trends in geomagnetic daily activity, Earth Planets Space, 59, 391-395, 2007.
64. Macmillan, S. and Maus, S.: International Geomagnetic Reference Field - the tenth generation, Earth Planets Space, 57, 1135-1140 (see other articles in this same special issue), 2005. (Pubitemid 43150032)
65. Malin, S. R. C. and Işikara, A. M.: Annual variation of the geomagnetic field, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 47, 445-457, 1976.
66. Maunder, E. W.: Magnetic disturbances as recorded at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, and their association with sun-spots. Second paper, Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Soc., 65, 538-559, 1905.
67. Mayaud, P. N.: Comment on 'Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity' by C. T. Russell and R. L. McPherron, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 1131, 1974.
68. Mayaud, P. N.: Derivation, Meaning, and Use of Geomagnetic Indices, Geophysical Monograph 22, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 1980.
69. McIntosh, D. H.: On the annul variation of magnetic disturbance, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A, 251, 525-552, 1959.
70. McPherron, R. L.: Magnetospheric dynamics, in: Introduction to Space Physics, edited by: Russell, C. T. and Kivelson, M. G., pp.400-458, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1995.
71. McPherron, R. L. and O'Brien, P.: Predicting geomagnetic activity: The Dst index, in: Space Weather, edited by: Song, P., Singer, H. J., and Siscoe, G. L., Geophysical Monograph 125, pp. 339-345, Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 2001.
72. Mendes, O., Mendes da Costa, A., and Bertoni, F. C. P.: Effects of the number of stations and time resolution on Dst derivation, J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 68, 2127-2137, 2006.
73. Moos, N. A. F.: Colaba Magnetic Data, 1846 to 1905. Part I: Magnetic Data and Instruments; Part II: The Phenomenon and its Discussion, Government Central Press, Bombay, India, 1910.
74. Mursula, K., Holappa, L., and Karinen, A.: Correct normalization of the Dst index, Astrophys. Space Sci. Trans., 4, 41-45, 2008, http://www.astrophys- space-sci-trans.net/4/41/2008/.
75. Neupert, W. M. and Pizzo, V.: Solar coronal holes as sources of recurrent geomagnetic disturbances, J. Geophys. Res., 79, 3701-3709, 1974.
76. Newman, M. E. J.: Power laws, Pareto distributions and Zipf's law, Contemporary Physics, 46, 323-351, doi:10.1080/00107510500052444, 2005. (Pubitemid 41335662)
77. Newton, H. W.: A distinctive geomagnetic epoch, 1941 June 9-14, The Observatory, 68, 60-65, 1948.
78. O'Brien, T. P. and McPherron, R. L.: Seasonal and diurnal variation of Dst dynamics, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1341, doi:10.1029/2002JA009435, 2002.
79. Olsen, N.: Magnetospheric contributions to geomagnetic daily variations, Ann. Geophys., 14, 538-544, 1996, http://www.ann-geophys.net/14/538/1996/.
80. Olsen, N.: Geomagnetic tides and related phenomena, in: Tidal phenomena, edited by: Wilhelm, H., Zürn, W., and Wenzel, H. G., pp. 261-274, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1997.
81. Parker, E. N.: Dynamics of the interplanetary gas and magnetic fields, Astrophys. J., 128, 664-676, 1958.
82. Parkinson, W. D.: Introduction to Geomagnetism, Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, UK, 1983.
83. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T., and Flannery, B. P.: Numerical Recipes, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1992.
84. Priestley, M. B.: Non-linear and Non-stationary Time Series Analysis, Academic Press, London, UK, 1988.
85. Pugh, D.: Changing Sea Level, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
86. Purucker, M. E. and Whaler, K. A.: Crustal magnetism, in: Geomagnetism, Volume 5, Treatise on Geophysics, edited by: Kono, M., pp. 195-235, Elsevier Science, New York, NY, 2007.
87. Roberts, R. G.: The long-period electromagentic response of the Earth, Geophys. J. R. Astron. Soc., 78, 547-572, 1984.
88. Russell, C. T.: The solar wind interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere: A tutorial, IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci., 28, 1818-1830, 2000.
89. Russell, C. T. and McPherron, R. L.: Semiannual variation of geomagnetic activity, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 92-108, 1973.
90. Sabine, E.: On periodical laws discoverable in the mean effects of the larger magnetic disturbances. No.III, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., 146, 357-374, 1856.
91. Saroso, S., Iyemori, T., and Sugiura, M.: Universal time variations in the ap and Dst indices and their possible cause, J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 45, 563-572, 1993.
92. Sckopke, N.: A general relation between the energy of trapped particles and the disturbance field over the Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 3125-3130, 1966.
93. Simpson, F. and Bahr, K.: Practical Magnetotellurics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2005.
94. Spanier, J. and Oldham, K. B.: An Atlas of Functions, Hemisphere Publishing, Harper & Row, New York, NY, 1987.
95. Sugiura, M.: Hourly values of equatorial Dst for the IGY, Ann. Int. Geophys. Year, 35, 9-45, 1964.
96. Sugiura, M. and Hendricks, S.: Provisional Hourly Values of Equatorial Dst for 1961, 1962, and 1963, Tech. Note D-4047, NASA, Washington, D.C., 1967.
97. Sugiura, M. and Kamei, T.: Equatorial Dst index 1957-1986, IAGA Bull., 40, ISGI Pub. Office, Saint-Maur-des-Fossess, France, 1991.
98. Sugiura, M. and Poros, D. J.: Hourly Values of Equatorial Dst for the Years 1957 to 1970, X-645-71-278, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 1971.
99. Suzuki, A. and Fukushima, N.: Anti-sunward space current below the MAGAT level, J. Geomagn. Geoelectr., 36, 493-506, 1984.
100. Svalgaard, L.: Geomagnetic activity: Dependence on solar wind parameters, SUIPR Rep. No.699, Inst. Plasma Res., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 1977.
101. Svalgaard, L. and Cliver, E. W.: Interhourly variability index of geomagnetic activity and its use in deriving the long-term variation of solar wind speed, J. Geophys. Res., 112, A10111, doi:10.1029/2007JA012437, 2007.
102. Svalgaard, L., Cliver, E.W., and Ling, A. G.: The semiannual variation of great geomagnetic storms, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, 1765, doi:1029/2001GL014145, 2002.
103. Takalo, J. and Mursula, K.: A model for the diurnal universal time variation of the Dst index, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 10905-10921, 2001.
104. Takalo, J., Lohikoski, R., and Timonen, J.: Structure function as a tool in AE and Dst time series analysis, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 635-638, 1995.
105. Temerin, M. and Li, X.: A new model for the prediction of Dst on the basis of the solar wind, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 1472, doi:10.1029/2001JA007532, 2002.
106. Tsurutani, B. T., Gonzalez, W. D., Lakhina, G. S., and Alex, S.: The extreme magnetic storm of 1-2 September 1859, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1268, doi:10.1029/2002JA009504, 2002.
107. Turcotte, D. L.: Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 1997.
108. Turner, N. E., Baker, D. N., Pulkkinen, T. I., and McPherron, R. L.: Evaluation of the tail current contribution to Dst , J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5431-5439, 2000.
109. van Bemmelen, W.: The magnetic "postturbation" and the currentvortices of Schmidt, Terr. Magn., 5, 123-126, 1900.
110. Vasyliunas, V. M.: The largest imaginable magnetic storm, EOS Trans. Am. Geophys. Union, 82, Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM42D-06, 2001.
111. Vestine, E. H., Laporte, L., Lange, I., and Scott, W. E.: The Geomagnetic Field, Its Description and Analysis, 580, Carnegie Inst. Washington, D.C., 1947.