A holistic approach to examining ancient agriculture: A case study from the bronze and iron age near east

Current Anthropology

Volumn 50, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 925-936

  Smith, Alexia ^a   Munro, Natalie D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 73349129383     PISSN: 00113204     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/648316     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Arter, S. 1999. Appendix: summary report on the Phase I analysis of zooarchaeological material. In Preliminary excavation reports and other archaeological investigations: Tell Qarqur, Iron I sites in the north-central highlands of Palestine (1999). Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 56:119-131.
2. Becker, C. 1988. Die Tierknochenfunde vom Tell Bderi 1985. Damaszener Mitteilungen 3:379-386.
3. -. 1991. Erste Ergebnisse zu den Tierknochen aus Tall Šēh Hamad: die Funde aus Raum A des Gebäudes P. In Die rezente Umwelt von Tall Šēh Hamad und Daten zur Umweltrekonstrukion Assyrischen Stadt Dūr-Katlimmu. H. Kühne, ed. Pp. 117-132. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.
4. Bogaard, A. 2004. Neolithic farming in Central Europe: an archaeobotanical study of crop husbandry practices. London: Routledge.
5. Buitenhuis, H. 1983. The animal remains from Tell Sweyhat, Syria. Palaeohistoria 25:131-144.
6. Charles, M., and A. Bogaard. 2001. Third millennium BC charred plant remains from Tell Brak. In Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 2. Nagar in the Third Millennium BC. D. Oates, J. Oates, and H. McDonald, eds. Pp. 301-326. McDonald Institute Monographs. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
7. Colledge, S. 2003. Plants and people. In Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 4. Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian regional centre, 1994-1996. R. Matthews, ed. Pp. 389-416. Mc-Donald Institute Monographs. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and the British School of Archaeology in Iraq.
8. Colledge, S., J. Conolly, and S. Shennan. 2004. Archaeobotanical evidence for the spread of farming in the eastern Mediterranean. Current Anthropology 45(suppl.):S35-S58.
9. Crawford, P. L. 1999. Botanical remains. In The Iron Age settlement at 'Ain Dara, Syria: survey and surroundings. E. C. Stone and P. E. Zimansky, eds. Pp. 113-121. BAR International Series, 786. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
10. Dalfes, H. N., G. Kukla, and H. Weiss, eds. 1997. Third millennium BC climate change and Old World collapse. NATO ASI Series I, 49. Berlin: Springer.
11. Dobney, K., D. Jaques, and W. van Neer. 2003. The vertebrate remains recovered from the 1994, 95 and 96 excavations at Tell Brak, N. Syria. In Excavations at Tell Brak. Vol. 4. Exploring an Upper Mesopotamian regional centre, 1994-1996. R. Matthews, ed. Pp. 417-430. McDonald Institute Monographs. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
12. Finnegan, M. 1979. Faunal remains from Bab edh-Dhra and Numeira. In The southeastern Dead Sea Plain expedition: an interim report of the 1977 season. Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 46:177-180.
13. Frey, C. J., and C. W. Marean. 1999. Mammal remains. In The Iron Age settlement at 'Ain Dara, Syria: survey and surroundings. E. C. Stone and P. E. Zimansky, eds. Pp. 123-137. BAR International Series, 786. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports.
14. Gauch, H. G. 1982. Multivariate analysis in community ecology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Grayson, D. K. 1984. Quantitative zooarchaeology: topics in the analysis of archaeological faunas. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
16. Grigson, C. 2000. The secondary products revolution? changes in animal management from the fourth to the fifth millennium, at Arjoune, Syria. In Archaeozoology of the Near East IV B. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas. M. Mashkour, A. M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis, and F. Poplin, eds. Pp. 12-28. Publicatie 32. Groningen: ARC.
17. Hastorf, C. A., and V. S. Popper, eds. 1988. Analytical methods of cultural interpretation of archaeological plant remains. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
18. Hide, C. 1990. Archaeobotanical remains from Tell es-Sweyhat, northwest Syria. MA thesis. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
19. Jones, G., A. Bogaard, M. Charles, and J. G. Hodgson. 2000. Distinguishing the effects of agricultural practices relating to fertility and disturbance: a functional ecological approach in archaeobotany. Journal of Archaeological Science 27:1073-1084.
20. Jongman, R. H., C. J. F. ter Braak, and O. F. R. van Tongeren. 1987. Data analysis and community and landscape ecology. Wageningen: Pudoc.
21. Kühne, H. 1990. The effects of irrigation agriculture: Bronze and Iron Age habitation along the Khabur, eastern Syria. In Man's role in the shaping of the eastern Mediterranean landscape. S. Bottema, G. Entjes-Nieborg, and W. van Zeist, eds. Pp. 15-30. Rotterdam: Balkema.
22. Lepš, J., and P. Šmilauer. 2003. Multivariate analysis of ecological data using CANOCO. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
23. McCreery, D. W. 1980. The nature and cultural implications of Early Bronze Age agriculture in the Southern Ghor of Jordan: an archaeological reconstruction. PhD dissertation. University of Pittsburgh.
24. Miller, N. F. 1996. Seed eaters of the ancient Near East: human or herbivore? Current Anthropology 37:521-528.
25. -. 1997. Sweyhat and Hajji Ibrahim: some archaeobotanical samples from the 1991 and 1993 seasons. In Subsistence and settlement in a marginal environment: Tell es-Sweyhat, 1989-1995. Preliminary report. R. Zettler, ed. Pp. 95-122. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology, 14. Philadelphia: Museum Applied Science Center for Archaeology, University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
26. Riehl, S. 1999. Bronze Age environment and economy in the Troad: the archaeobotany of Kumtepe and Troy. Bio-Archaeologica, 2. Tübingen: Mona Ziegler.
27. Schwartz, G. M., H. H. Curvers, F. A. Gerritsen, J. A. MacCormack, N. Miller, and J. A. Weber. 2000. Excavations and survey in the Jabbul Plain, western Syria: the Umm el-Marra project 1996-1997. American Journal of Archaeology 104:419-462.
28. Smith, A. 2005. Agriculture, culture, and climate: examining change in the Bronze and Iron Age Near East. PhD dissertation, Boston University.
29. ter Braak, C. J. F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67:1167-1179.
30. -. 1994. Canonical community ordination. Part I. Basic theory and linear methods. Ecoscience 1:127-140.
31. ter Braak, C. F. J., and P. Šmilauer. 2002. CANOCO reference manual and CanoDraw for Windows user's guide: software for canonical community ordination. Version 4.5. Ithaca, NY: Microcomputer Power.
32. ter Braak, C. J. F., and P. F. M. Verdonschot. 1995. Canonical correspondence analysis and related multivariate methods in aquatic ecology. Aquatic Sciences 57:255-289.
33. van Zeist, W. 1999/2000. Third to first millennium BC plant cultivation on the Khabur, north-eastern Syria. Palaeohistoria 41/42:111-125.
34. -. 2003a. Comments on plant cultivation at two sites on the Khabur, north-eastern Syria. In Reports on archaeobotanical studies in the Old World. W. van Zeist, ed. Pp. 33-60. Groningen.
35. -, ed. 2003b. Reports on archaeobotanical studies in the Old World. Groningen.
36. van Zeist, W., and J. A. H. Bakker-Heeres. 1985. Archaeobotanical studies in the Levant. 4. Bronze Age sites on the north Syrian Euphrates. Palaeohistoria 27:247-316.
37. Wachter-Sarkady, C. 1998. Archaeobotanical investigations. In Tell Afis (Siria) : Scavi sull'acropoli 1988-1992. S. M. Cecchini and S. Mazzoni, eds. Pp. 451-480. Ricerche di archeologia del Vicino Oriente, 1. Pisa: Edizioni ETS.
38. Wilkens, B. 1992. I resti faunistici di Tell Afis (Scavi 1987). In Tell Afis e l'Età del Ferro. S. Mazzoni, ed. Pp. 157-196. Seminari di Orientalistica, 2. Pisa: Giardini.
39. -. 1995. Rapporto preliminare sui resti faunistici. Egitto e Vicino Oriente 18:277-282.
40. -. 1998. The faunal remains. In Tell Afis (Syria) : Scavi sull'acropoli 1988-1992. S. M. Cecchini and S. Mazzoni, eds. Pp. 433-450. Pisa: Edizioni ETS.
41. -. 2000. Faunal remains from Tell Afis (Syria). In Archaeozoology of the Near East IV B. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on the Archaeozoology of Southwestern Asia and Adjacent Areas. M. Mashkour, A. M. Choyke, H. Buitenhuis, and F. Poplin, eds. Pp. 29-39. Publicatie 32. Groningen: ARC.
42. Zeder, M. A. 1994. After the revolution: post-Neolithic subsistence in northern Mesopotamia. American Anthropologist 96:97-126.