메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 415-438

Early West African metallurgies: New data and old orthodoxy

(1)  Holl, Augustin F C a  

a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronology; Copper; Early forges; Early metallurgy; Iron; West Africa

Indexed keywords

ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE; CHRONOLOGY; COPPER; INNOVATION; IRON; METALLURGY; TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 73249118868     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10963-009-9030-6     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (49)

References (79)
  • 2
    • 34848870143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Did they or didn't they invent it? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa
    • 10.1353/hia.2005.0003
    • S Alpern 2005 Did they or didn't they invent it? Iron in Sub-Saharan Africa History in Africa 32 41 94 10.1353/hia.2005.0003
    • (2005) History in Africa , vol.32 , pp. 41-94
    • Alpern, S.1
  • 5
    • 63649083131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recent early Iron Age research in Bassar, Togo
    • P de Barros 2003 Recent early Iron Age research in Bassar, Togo Nyame Akuma 59 76 78
    • (2003) Nyame Akuma , vol.59 , pp. 76-78
    • De Barros, P.1
  • 6
    • 85038776021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The surprising early Iron Age site of Dekpassanware (Togo)
    • Paper presented at the Calgary, 22-26 June 2006
    • de Barros, P. (2006). The surprising early Iron Age site of Dekpassanware (Togo). Paper presented at the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, Calgary, 22-26 June 2006.
    • (2006) Society of Africanist Archaeologists
    • De Barros, P.1
  • 9
    • 0038883206 scopus 로고
    • Du cuivre au sel: Recherches ethnoarchéologiques sur la région d'Azelik (Campagnes 1973-1975)
    • 10.3406/jafr.1976.1773
    • S Bernus PL Gouletquer 1976 Du cuivre au sel: Recherches ethnoarchéologiques sur la région d'Azelik (Campagnes 1973-1975) Journal des Africanistes 46 1-2 7 68 10.3406/jafr.1976.1773
    • (1976) Journal des Africanistes , vol.46 , Issue.12 , pp. 7-68
    • Bernus, S.1    Gouletquer, P.L.2
  • 15
    • 33746094100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallurgy and its consequences
    • A.B. Stahl (eds). Blackwell Publishing Oxford
    • Childs, S. T., & Herbert, E. W. (2005). Metallurgy and its consequences. In A. B. Stahl (Ed.), African archaeology: A critical introduction (pp. 276-300). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
    • (2005) African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction , pp. 276-300
    • Childs, S.T.1    Herbert, E.W.2
  • 16
    • 0000927612 scopus 로고
    • Indigenous African metallurgy: Nature and culture
    • 10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.001533
    • ST Childs D Killick 1993 Indigenous African metallurgy: Nature and culture Annual Review of Anthropology 22 317 337 10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193. 001533
    • (1993) Annual Review of Anthropology , vol.22 , pp. 317-337
    • Childs, S.T.1    Killick, D.2
  • 17
    • 0024782622 scopus 로고
    • Archaeology in gabon 1986-1988
    • 10.1007/BF01116838
    • B Clist 1989 Archaeology in Gabon 1986-1988 The African Archaeological Review 7 59 96 10.1007/BF01116838
    • (1989) The African Archaeological Review , vol.7 , pp. 59-96
    • Clist, B.1
  • 21
    • 63649113937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excavations at Walalde: New light on the settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by iron using peoples
    • A Deme SK McIntosh 2006 Excavations at Walalde: New light on the settlement of the Middle Senegal Valley by iron using peoples Journal of African Archaeology 4 2 317 347
    • (2006) Journal of African Archaeology , vol.4 , Issue.2 , pp. 317-347
    • Deme, A.1    McIntosh, S.K.2
  • 22
    • 63649154869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nouvelles données sur l'âge ancien des métaux au Mali
    • Dupuy, C., Fluzin, P., Ploquin, A., Durand, A., & Rolando, C. (2001-2002). Nouvelles données sur l'âge ancien des métaux au Mali. Sahara 13, 61-90.
    • (2001) Sahara , vol.13 , pp. 61-90
    • Dupuy, C.1    Fluzin, P.2    Ploquin, A.3    Durand, A.4    Rolando, C.5
  • 23
    • 73249126567 scopus 로고
    • N. Echard (eds). Mémoire de la Société des Africanistes Paris
    • Echard, N. (Ed.). (1983). Métallurgies africaines: Nouvelles contributions. Paris: Mémoire de la Société des Africanistes.
    • (1983) Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contributions
  • 25
    • 73249121881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bilan de l'archéologie de l'âge du fer au Cameroun méridional
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions de l'UNESCO Paris
    • Essomba, J. M. (2002). Bilan de l'archéologie de l'âge du fer au Cameroun méridional. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 133-146). Paris: Editions de l'UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 133-146
    • Essomba, J.M.1
  • 26
    • 73249147871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New dates for iron smelting in Lejja, Nigeria
    • Paper read at the September 2008, J.W. Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany
    • Eze-Uzomaka, P. (2008). New dates for iron smelting in Lejja, Nigeria. Paper read at the biannual conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists, September 2008, J.W. Goethe Universitat, Frankfurt, Germany.
    • (2008) Biannual Conference of the Society of Africanist Archaeologists
    • Eze-Uzomaka, P.1
  • 27
    • 73249130151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja
    • Paper read at the February 16-20, 2009, University College London, United Kingdom
    • Eze-Uzomaka, P. (2009). Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja. Paper read at the world of iron conference, February 16-20, 2009, University College London, United Kingdom.
    • (2009) World of Iron Conference
    • Eze-Uzomaka, P.1
  • 28
    • 73249146688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La chaîne opératoire en sidérurgie: Matériaux archéologiques et procédés. Apport des études métallographiques
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions de l'UNESCO Paris
    • Fluzin, P. (2002). La chaîne opératoire en sidérurgie: Matériaux archéologiques et procédés. Apport des études métallographiques. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 59-92). Paris: Editions de l'UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 59-92
    • Fluzin, P.1
  • 31
    • 23544467351 scopus 로고
    • Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d'Agades (Niger) des origines au début de la période médiévale: Vues générales
    • N. Echard (eds). Mémoire de la Société des Africanistes Paris
    • Grebenart, D. (1983). Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d'Agades (Niger) des origines au début de la période médiévale: Vues générales. In N. Echard (Ed.), Métallurgies africaines: Nouvelles contributions (pp. 109-125). Paris: Mémoire de la Société des Africanistes.
    • (1983) Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contributions , pp. 109-125
    • Grebenart, D.1
  • 32
    • 73249144320 scopus 로고
    • La région d'In-Gall - Tegidda-n-Tesemt (Niger), II: Le néolithique final et les débuts de la métallurgie
    • Niamey
    • Grebenart, D. (1985). La région d'In-Gall - Tegidda-n-Tesemt (Niger), II: Le néolithique final et les débuts de la métallurgie. Etudes nigériennes 49, Niamey.
    • (1985) Etudes Nigériennes , vol.49
    • Grebenart, D.1
  • 35
    • 73249142893 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metallurgy, iron technology and African late holocene societies
    • R. Klein-Arendt (eds). Heinrich Barth Institut Koln
    • Holl, A. F. C. (1997). Metallurgy, iron technology and African late holocene societies. In R. Klein-Arendt (Ed.), Traditionelles Eisenhandwerk in Afrika (pp. 13-54). Koln: Heinrich Barth Institut.
    • (1997) Traditionelles Eisenhandwerk in Afrika , pp. 13-54
    • Holl, A.F.C.1
  • 36
    • 27844477804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metal and precolonial African society
    • J.O. Vogel (eds). Altamira Press Walnut Creek
    • Holl, A. F. C. (2000). Metal and precolonial African society. In J. O. Vogel (Ed.), Ancient African metallurgy (pp. 1-83). Walnut Creek: Altamira Press.
    • (2000) Ancient African Metallurgy , pp. 1-83
    • Holl, A.F.C.1
  • 38
    • 73249135604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Settlement patterns, food production, and craft specialization in the Mouhoun Bend (NW Burkina Faso: Preliminary results of the MOBAP 1997-1999 field seasons
    • AFC Holl L Kote 2000 Settlement patterns, food production, and craft specialization in the Mouhoun Bend (NW Burkina Faso: Preliminary results of the MOBAP 1997-1999 field seasons West African Journal of Archaeology 30 1 69 108
    • (2000) West African Journal of Archaeology , vol.30 , Issue.1 , pp. 69-108
    • Holl, A.F.C.1    Kote, L.2
  • 40
    • 15844387670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Science, speculation and the origins of extractive metallurgy
    • D.R. Brothwell A.M. Pollard (eds). Wiley London
    • Killick, D. (2001). Science, speculation and the origins of extractive metallurgy. In D. R. Brothwell & A. M. Pollard (Eds.), Handbook of archaeological sciences (pp. 479-488). London: Wiley.
    • (2001) Handbook of Archaeological Sciences , pp. 479-488
    • Killick, D.1
  • 41
    • 33746084809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Review essay: What do we know about African iron working?
    • D Killick 2004 Review essay: What do we know about African iron working? Journal of African Archaeology 2 1 97 112
    • (2004) Journal of African Archaeology , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-112
    • Killick, D.1
  • 44
    • 79956467858 scopus 로고
    • Nouvelle contribution a l'étude du chalcolithique mauritanien
    • N. Echard (eds). Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes Paris
    • Lambert, N. (1983). Nouvelle contribution a l'étude du chalcolithique mauritanien. In N. Echard (Ed.), Métallurgies africaines: Nouvelles contributions (pp. 63-87). Paris: Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes.
    • (1983) Métallurgies Africaines: Nouvelles Contributions , pp. 63-87
    • Lambert, N.1
  • 45
    • 0002966031 scopus 로고
    • Ethnography of a 'high-tech' case: About Aramis
    • P. Lemonnier (eds). Routledge London
    • Latour, B. (1993). Ethnography of a 'high-tech' case: About Aramis. In P. Lemonnier (Ed.), Technical choices (pp. 372-398). London: Routledge.
    • (1993) Technical Choices , pp. 372-398
    • Latour, B.1
  • 48
    • 0002668117 scopus 로고
    • Introduction
    • P. Lemonnier (eds). Routledge London
    • Lemonnier, P. (1993). Introduction. In P. Lemonnier (Ed.), Technical choices (pp. 1-35). London: Routledge.
    • (1993) Technical Choices , pp. 1-35
    • Lemonnier, P.1
  • 49
    • 73249139310 scopus 로고
    • Les premières chefferies de Paléstine
    • TE Levy A Holl 1988 Les premières chefferies de Paléstine La Recherche 203 1166 1174
    • (1988) La Recherche , vol.203 , pp. 1166-1174
    • Levy, T.E.1    Holl, A.2
  • 50
    • 73249136295 scopus 로고
    • La connaissance du fer en Afrique occidentale
    • Lhote, H. (1952). La connaissance du fer en Afrique occidentale. Encyclopedie Mensuelle d'Outre-Mer, 269-272.
    • (1952) Encyclopedie Mensuelle d'Outre-Mer , pp. 269-272
    • Lhote, H.1
  • 51
    • 7044278355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Before the Empire of Ghana: Pastoralism and the origins of cultural complexity in the Sahel
    • G. Connah (eds). Leicester University Press London
    • MacDonald, K. C. (1998). Before the Empire of Ghana: Pastoralism and the origins of cultural complexity in the Sahel. In G. Connah (Ed.), Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's later past (pp. 71-103). London: Leicester University Press.
    • (1998) Transformations in Africa: Essays on Africa's Later Past , pp. 71-103
    • MacDonald, K.C.1
  • 52
    • 33746034112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Iron Age beginnings north of the Mandara mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria
    • G. Pwiti R. Soper (eds). University of Zimbabwe Publications Harare
    • MacEachern, S. (1996). Iron Age beginnings north of the Mandara mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria. In G. Pwiti & R. Soper (Eds.), Aspects of African archaeology (pp. 489-496). Harare: University of Zimbabwe Publications.
    • (1996) Aspects of African Archaeology , pp. 489-496
    • MacEachern, S.1
  • 53
    • 73249138773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • L'Afrique centrale: Le 'savoir-fer'
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions UNESCO Paris
    • de Maret, P. (2002). L'Afrique centrale: Le 'savoir-fer'. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 123-132). Paris: Editions UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 123-132
    • De Maret, P.1
  • 54
    • 0040450942 scopus 로고
    • Essai sur l'histoire des métaux en Afrique occidentale
    • R Mauny 1952 Essai sur l'histoire des métaux en Afrique occidentale Bulletin de l'IFAN 14 2 545 595
    • (1952) Bulletin de l'Ifan , vol.14 , Issue.2 , pp. 545-595
    • Mauny, R.1
  • 55
    • 73249152822 scopus 로고
    • Autour de l'introduction du fer en Afrique occidentale
    • Mauny, R. (1953). Autour de l'introduction du fer en Afrique occidentale. Encyclopédie Mensuelle d'Outre-Mer, pp. 109-110.
    • (1953) Encyclopédie Mensuelle d'Outre-Mer , pp. 109-110
    • Mauny, R.1
  • 56
    • 0038131721 scopus 로고
    • From stone to metal: New perspectives on the later prehistory of West Africa
    • 10.1007/BF00975123
    • SK McIntosh RJ McIntosh 1988 From stone to metal: New perspectives on the later prehistory of West Africa Journal of World Prehistory 2 1 89 133 10.1007/BF00975123
    • (1988) Journal of World Prehistory , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 89-133
    • McIntosh, S.K.1    McIntosh, R.J.2
  • 58
    • 0037794007 scopus 로고
    • New evidence on early iron-smelting in Southeastern Nigeria
    • T. Shaw P. Sinclair B. Andah A. Okpoko (eds). Routledge London
    • Okafor, E. (1993). New evidence on early iron-smelting in Southeastern Nigeria. In T. Shaw, P. Sinclair, B. Andah, & A. Okpoko (Eds.), The archaeology of Africa: Food, metals, and towns (pp. 432-448). London: Routledge.
    • (1993) The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns , pp. 432-448
    • Okafor, E.1
  • 59
    • 73249150331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • La réduction du fer dans les Bas-Fourneaux-Une industrie vieille de 2500 ans au Nigeria
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions UNESCO Paris
    • Okafor, E. E. (2002). La réduction du fer dans les Bas-Fourneaux-Une industrie vieille de 2500 ans au Nigeria. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 35-48). Paris: Editions UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 35-48
    • Okafor, E.E.1
  • 60
    • 84971995833 scopus 로고
    • 14C ages from Nsukka, Nigeria and the origins of African Metallurgy
    • 14C ages from Nsukka, Nigeria and the origins of African Metallurgy Antiquity 66 686 688
    • (1992) Antiquity , vol.66 , pp. 686-688
    • Okafor, E.E.1    Phillips, P.2
  • 61
    • 73249125031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Données chronométriques et chronologiques de la métallurgie a Termit-Matériaux graphiques pour l'étude des âges anciens du fer
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions UNESCO Paris
    • Person, A., & Quechon, G. (2002). Données chronomé triques et chronologiques de la métallurgie a Termit-Matériaux graphiques pour l'étude des âges anciens du fer. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 115-122). Paris: Editions UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 115-122
    • Person, A.1    Quechon, G.2
  • 63
    • 58149387560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seeking Africa's first iron men
    • 10.1126/science.323.5911.200
    • H Pringle 2009 Seeking Africa's first iron men Science 323 200 202 10.1126/science.323.5911.200
    • (2009) Science , vol.323 , pp. 200-202
    • Pringle, H.1
  • 64
    • 33846259888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Les datations de la métallurgie du fer a Termit (Niger): Leur fiabilité, leur signification
    • H. Bocoum (eds). Editions UNESCO Paris
    • Quechon, G. (2002). Les datations de la métallurgie du fer a Termit (Niger): Leur fiabilité, leur signification. In H. Bocoum (Ed.), Aux origines de la métallurgie du fer en Afrique (pp. 105-114). Paris: Editions UNESCO.
    • (2002) Aux Origines de la Métallurgie du Fer en Afrique , pp. 105-114
    • Quechon, G.1
  • 70
    • 3042628683 scopus 로고
    • Iron working at Meroe
    • R. Haaland P.L. Shinnie (eds). Norwegian University Press Oslo
    • Shinnie, P. L. (1985). Iron working at Meroe. In R. Haaland & P. L. Shinnie (Eds.), African iron working: Ancient and traditional (pp. 28-35). Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
    • (1985) African Iron Working: Ancient and Traditional , pp. 28-35
    • Shinnie, P.L.1
  • 72
    • 73249115798 scopus 로고
    • Linguistic evidence for the history of West African 'castes'
    • D.C. Conrad B.E. Frank (eds). Indiana University Press Bloomington
    • Tamari, T. (1995). Linguistic evidence for the history of West African 'castes'. In D. C. Conrad & B. E. Frank (Eds.), Status and identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande (pp. 61-85). Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
    • (1995) Status and Identity in West Africa: Nyamakalaw of Mande , pp. 61-85
    • Tamari, T.1
  • 73
    • 3042570442 scopus 로고
    • The myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age
    • 10.2307/216325
    • BG Trigger 1969 The myth of Meroe and the African Iron Age African Historical Studies 2 23 50 10.2307/216325
    • (1969) African Historical Studies , vol.2 , pp. 23-50
    • Trigger, B.G.1
  • 74
    • 0038808605 scopus 로고
    • The advent of iron in Africa
    • T.A. Wertime J.D. Muhly (eds). Yale University Press New Haven
    • Van Der Merwe, N. J. (1980). The advent of iron in Africa. In T. A. Wertime & J. D. Muhly (Eds.), The coming of the age of iron (pp. 463-506). New Haven: Yale University Press.
    • (1980) The Coming of the Age of Iron , pp. 463-506
    • Van Der Merwe, N.J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.