The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products

Food Chemistry

Volumn 120, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 349-360

  Esfahlan, Ali Jahanban ^a   Jamei, Rashid ^a   Esfahlan, Rana Jahanban ^b  

^a URMIA UNIVERSITY   (Iran)

^b TABRIZ UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES   (Iran)

Author keywords

Almond (Prunus amygdalus L.); By products; Importance

Indexed keywords

4 HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID; ACTIVATED CARBON; CATECHIN; CHLOROGENIC ACID; COUMARIC ACID; EPICATECHIN; ERIODICTYOL; FLAVONOID; FLAVONOID GLYCOSIDE; HYPERIN; ISOQUERCITRIN; ISORHAMNETIN; KAEMPFEROL; NARINGENIN; NICOTIFLORIN; OLIGOSACCHARIDE; PARA COUMARIC ACID; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; PROCYANIDIN DERIVATIVE; PROTOCATECHUALDEHYDE; PROTOCATECHUIC ACID; PRUNUS EXTRACT; QUERCETIN; QUERCITRIN; SINAPIC ACID; SITOSTEROL; STIGMASTEROL; TAXIFOLIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANILLIC ACID; XYLOOLIGOSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVE;

ADSORPTION; ALMOND; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DIETARY INTAKE; FOOD COMPOSITION; FOOD INDUSTRY; FRUIT; HEAVY METAL REMOVAL; HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY; HUMAN; LIPID OXIDATION; LIVESTOCK; NONHUMAN; NUT KERNEL; NUTRITIONAL VALUE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLANT GROWTH; PRUNUS AMYGDALUS; REVIEW; SEED KERNEL;

PRUNUS DULCIS;

EID: 73249118865     PISSN: 03088146     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.063     Document Type: Review

References (146)

1. Abbey M., Noakes M., Belling G.B., and Nestel P.J. Partial replacement of saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59 (1994) 995-999
2. Ahmadpour A., and Do D.D. The preparation of activated carbon from Macadamia nutshell by chemical activation. Carbon 35 (1997) 1723-1732
3. Ajmal M., Rao R.A.K., Anwar J.A., and Ahmad R. Adsorption studies on rice husk: Removal and recovery of Cd(II) from wastewater. Bioresource Technology 86 (2003) 147-149
4. Aksu Z. Application of biosorption for the removal of orange pollutants: A review. Process Biochemistry 40 (2005) 997-1026
5. Al-Asheh S., Banat F., and Mohai F. Sorption of copper and nickel by spent animal bones. Chemosphere 39 (1999) 2087-2096
6. Al-Asheh S., and Duvnjak Z. Binary metal sorption by pine bark: Study of equilibria and mechanisms. Separation Science and Technology 33 (1998) 1303-1329
7. Amarowicz R., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of peptide fractions of capelin protein hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 58 (1997) 355-359
8. Amarowicz R., Troszynska A., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant activities of almond seed extract and its fractions. Journal of Food Lipids 12 (2005) 344-358
9. Ames B.N., Shigenaga M.K., and Hagen T.M. Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States American 90 (1993) 7915-7922
10. Ando H., Ohba H., Sakaki T., Takamine K., Kamino Y., Moriwaki S., et al. Hot-compressed-water decomposed products from bamboo manifest a selective cytotoxicity against acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. Toxicology in Vitro 18 (2004) 765-771
11. Andreasen M.F., Landbo A.K., Christensen L.P., Hansen A., and Meyer A.S. Antioxidant effects of phenolic rye (Secale cereale L.) extracts, monomeric hydroxycinnamates, and ferulic acid dehydrodimers on human low-density lipoproteins. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 49 (2001) 4090-4096
12. AnIrudhan T.S., RajI C., and Shubha K.P. Immobilization of heavy metals from aqueous solutions using polyacrylamide grafted hydrous tin(IV) oxide gel having carboxylate functional groups. Water Research 35 (2001) 300-310
13. Annadurai G., Juang R.S., and Lee D.J. Factorial design analysis for adsorption of dye on activated carbon beads incorporated with calcium alginate. Advances in Environment Research 6 (2002) 191-198
14. Arami M., Yousefi Limaee N., and Mahmoodi N.M. Investigation on the adsorption capability of egg shell membrane towards model textile dyes. Chemosphere 65 (2006) 1999-2008
15. Arami M., Yousefi Limaee N., Mahmoodi N.M., and Salman Tabrizi N. Removal of dyes from colored textile wastewater by orange peel adsorbent: Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Journal of Colloid and Interference Science 288 (2005) 371-376
16. Arami M., Yousefi Limaee N., Mahmoodi N.M., and Salman Tabrizi N. Equilibrium and kinetics studies for the adsorption of direct and acid dyes from aqueous solution by soy meal hull. Journal of Hazardous Materials 135 (2006) 171-179
17. Ardejani F.D., Badii K., Limaee N.Y., Shafaei S.Z., and Mirhabibi A.R. Adsorption of Direct Red 80 dye from aqueous solution onto almond shells: Effect of pH, initial concentration and shell type. Journal of Hazardous Materials 151 (2007) 730-737
18. Atun G., Hisarli G., Sheldrich W.S., and Muhler M. Adsorptive removal of methylene blue from colored effluents on fuller's earth. Journal of Colloid and Interference Science 261 (2003) 32-39
19. Bailey S.E., Olin T.J., Bricka R.M., and Adrian D.D. A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals. Water Research 33 (1999) 2469-2479
20. Bandarra N.M., Campos R.M., Batista I., Nunes M.L., and Empis J.M. Antioxidant synergy of α-tocopherol and phospholipids. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society 76 (1999) 905-913
21. Bansode R.R., Losso J.N., Marshall W.E., Rao R.M., and Portier R.J. Adsorption of volatile organic compounds by pecan shell and almond shell-based granular activated carbons. Bioresource Technology 90 (2003) 175-184
22. Barreira J.C.M., Ferreira I.C.F.R., Oliveira M.B.P.P., and Pereira J.A. Antioxidant activity and bioactive compounds of ten Portuguese regional and commercial almond cultivars. Food and Chemical Toxicology 46 (2008) 2230-2235
23. Bulut Y., and Tez Z. Removal of heavy metal ions by modified sawdust of walnut. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin 12 (2003) 1499-1504
24. Bulut Y., and Tez Z. Adsorption studies on ground shells of hazelnut and almond. Journal of Hazardous Materials 149 (2007) 35-41
25. Bulut Y., and Tez Z. Removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution by sawdust adsorption. Journal of Environmental Science 19 (2007) 160-166
26. Carney J.M., Starke-Reed P.E., Oliver C.N., Landum R.W., Cheng M.S., Wu J.F., et al. Reversal of age related increase in brain protein oxidation, decrease in enzyme activity, and loss in temporal and spatial memory by chronic administration of the spin-trapping compound N-tert-butylphenylnitrone. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States American 88 (1991) 3633-3636
27. Caturla F., Molina-Sabio M., and Rodriguez-Reinoso F. Preparation of activated carbon by chemical activation with zinc chloride. Carbon 29 (1991) 999-1007
28. Chakraborty S., De S., DasGupta S., and Basu J.K. Adsorption study for the removal of a basic dye: Experimental and modeling. Chemosphere 58 (2005) 1079-1086
29. Chen C.Y., Milbury P.E., Lapsley K., and Blumberg J.B. Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. Journal of Nutrition 135 (2005) 1366-1373
30. Chen H.M., Muramoto K., and Yamuchi F. Structural analysis of antioxidative peptides from soybean β-conglicinin. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 43 (1995) 574-578
31. Christakopoulos P., Katapodis P., Kalogeris E., Kekos D., Macris B.J., and Stamatis H. Antimicrobial activity of acidic xylo-oligosaccharides produced by family 10 and 11 endoxylanases. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 31 (2003) 171-175
32. Chun H., and Yizhong W. Decolorization and biodegradability of photocatalytic treated azo dyes and wool textile wastewater. Chemosphere 39 (1999) 2107-2115
33. Cordeiro V., and Monteiro A. Almond growing in Tras-os-Montes region (Portugal). Acta Horticulture 591 (2001) 161-165
34. Crittenden R., and Playne M. Production, properties, and applications of food-grade oligosaccharides. Trends in Food Science and Technology 7 (1996) 353-361
35. Cruz J.M., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Assessment on the production of antioxidants from winemaking waste solids. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 52 (2004) 5612-5620
36. Cruz J.M., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Antioxidant activity of isolates from acid hydrolysates of Eucalyptus globulus wood. Food Chemistry 90 (2005) 503-511
37. Cummings J., Edmond L., and Magee E. Dietary carbohydrates on health: Do we still need the fibre concept?. Clinical Nutrition Supplements 1 (2004) 5-17
38. Daifullah A.A.M., and Girgis B.S. Impact of surface characteristics of activated carbon on adsorption of BTEX. Colloids and Surface A - Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 214 (2003) 181-193
39. Davis P.A., and Iwahashi C.K. Whole almonds and almond fractions reduce aberrant crypt foci in a rat model of colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Letters 165 (2001) 27-33
40. Donovan J.L., Meyer A.S., and Waterhouse A.L. Phenolic composition and antioxidant activity of prunes and prune juice (Prunus domestica). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46 (1998) 1247-1252
41. Dreher M.L., Maher C.V., and Kearney P. The traditional and emerging role of nuts in healthful diets. Nutrition Reviews 54 (1996) 241-245
42. Estevinho B.N., Ratola N., Alves A., and Santos L. Pentachlorophenol removal from aqueous matrices by sorption with almond shell residues. Journal of Hazardous Materials 137 (2006) 1175-1181
43. Evans M.J.B., Halliop E., and MacDonald J.A.F. The production of chemically-activated carbon. Carbon 37 (1999) 269-274
44. Fadel J.G. Quantitative analyses of selected plant by-product feedstuffs, a global perspective. Animal Feed Science and Technology 79 (1999) 255-268
45. Frison S., and Sporns P. Variation in the flavonol glycoside composition of almond seedcoats as determined by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 6818-6822
46. Frison-Norrie S., and Sporns P. Identification and quantification of flavonol glycosides in almond seedcoats using MALDI-TOF mass. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 6818-6822
47. Fu Y., and Viraraghavan T. Removal of Congo red from an aqueous solution by fungus Aspergillus niger. Advances in Environmental Research 7 (2002) 239-247
48. Gaballah I., and KIlbertus G. Recovery of heavy metal ions through decontamination of synthetic solutions and industrial effluents using modified barks. Journal of Geochemistry Exploration 62 (1998) 241-286
49. Gabrielii I., Gatenholm P., Glasser W.G., Jain R.K., and Kenne L. Separation, characterization and hydrogel-formation of hemicellulose from aspen wood. Carbohydrate Polymers 43 (2000) 367-374
50. Garcia R., Toshiyuki N., Praxedes A., Rayn F., Moura T., and Egito S. Preparation of micro and nanoparticles from corncobs xylan. Polymer Bulletin 46 (2001) 371-379
51. Garg V.K., Amita M., Kumar R., and Gupta R. Basic dye (methylene blue) removal from simulated wastewater by adsorption using Indian rosewood sawdust: A timber industry waste. Dyes Pigments 63 (2004) 243-250
52. Garrote G., Cruz J.M., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Valorisation of waste fraction from autohydrolysis of selected lignocelullosic materials. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology 78 (2003) 392-398
53. Georgiou D., Melidis P., Aivasidis A., and Gimouhopoulos K. Degradation of Azo-reactive dyes by ultraviolet radiation in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Dyes Pigments 52 (2002) 69-78
54. Gibson G. Fiber and effects on probiotics (the prebiotic concept). Clinical Nutrition Supplements 1 (2004) 25-31
55. Glasser, W. G., Jain, R. K., & Sjstedt, M. A. (1995). Thermoplastic pentosan-rich polysaccharides from biomass. United States Patent, US 5430142.
56. Gokmen V., and Serpen A. Equilibrium and kinetic studies on the adsorption of dark colored compounds from apple juice using adsorbent resin. Journal of Food Engineering 53 (2002) 221-227
57. Gong R., Ding Y., Li M., Yang C., Liu H., and Sun Y. Utilization of powdered peanut hull as biosorbent for removal of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. Dyes Pigments 64 (2005) 187-192
58. Gonzalez J., Cruz J.M., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Production of antioxidants from Eucalyptus globulus wood by solvent extraction of hemicellulose hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 84 (2004) 243-251
59. Hachem C., Bocquillon F., Zahraa O., and Bouchy M. Decolourization of textile industry wastewater by the photocatalytic degradation process. Dyes Pigments 49 (2001) 117-125
60. Harrison K., and Were L.M. Effect of gamma irradiation on total phenolic content yield and antioxidant capacity of almond skin extracts. Food Chemistry 102 (2007) 932-937
61. Hasar H. Adsorption of nickel(II) from aqueous solution onto activated carbon prepared from almond husk. Journal of Hazardous Materials 97 (2003) 49-57
62. 3. Carbon 40 (2002) 2381-2386
63. Heim K.E., Tagliaferro A.R., and Bobilya D.J. Flavonoid antioxidants: Chemistry, metabolism and structure-activity relationships. Journal of Biochemistry 13 (2002) 572-584
64. Hsu C.K., Liao J.W., Chung Y.C., Hsieh C.P., and Chan Y.C. Xylooligosaccharides and fructooligosaccharides affect the intestinal microbiota and precancerous colonic lesion development in rats. Journal of Nutrition 134 (2004) 1523-1528
65. Hyson D., Schneeman B.O., and Davis P.A. Almonds and almond oil have similar effects on plasma lipids and LDL oxidation in healthy men and women. Journal of Nutrition 132 (2002) 703-707
66. Illan-Gomez M.J., Garcia-Garcia A., Salinas-Martinez de Lecea C., and Linares-Solano A. Activated Carbons from Spanish Coals. 2. Chemical Activation. Energy Fuels 10 (1996) 1108-1114
67. Izumo, Y., & Kojo, A. (2003). Japan Patent 2003048901.
68. Jadhav S.J., Nimbalkar S.S., Kulkarni A.D., and Madhavi D.L. Lipid oxidation in biological and food systems. In: Madhavi D.L., Deshpande S.S., and Salunkhe D.K. (Eds). Food antioxidants (1996), Dekker, New York 5-63
69. Jahanban A.S., Mahmoodzadeh A., Hasanzadeh A., Heidari R., and Jamei R. Antioxidants and antiradicals in almond hull and shell (Amygdalus communis L.) as a function of genotype. Food Chemistry 115 (2009) 529-533
70. Jian S., Massoud R., and Anthony L. Natural gas storage with activated carbon from a bituminous coal. Gas Separation and Purification 10 (1996) 91-96
71. Kashiwada Y., Wang H.K., Nagao T., Kitanaka S., Yasuda I., Fujioka T., et al. Anti-AIDS agents. 30. Anti-HIV activity of oleanolic acid, pomolic acid, and structurally related triterpenoids. Journal of Natural Production 61 (1998) 1090-1095
72. Kendall C.W.C., Jenkins D.J.A., Marchie A., Parker T., and Connelly P.W. Dose response to almonds in hyperlipidemia: A randomized controlled cross-over trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75 (2002) 384
73. King A.D., Miller J.R.M.J., and Eldridge L.C. Almond harvesting, processing and microbial flora. Applied Microbiology 20 (1970) 208-214
74. Kocadagistan E., Bascy N., and KocadagIstan B. Biosorption of copper(II) from aqueous solutions by wheat shell. Desalination 164 (2004) 135-140
75. Kris-Etherton P.M., Yu-Poth S., Sabate J., Ratcliffe H.E., Zhao G., and Etherton T.D. Nuts and their bioactive constituents: Effects on serum lipids and other factors that affect disease risk. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 70 (1999) 504-511
76. Lillo-Rodenas M.A., Lozano-Castello D., Cazorla-Amoros D., and Linares-Solano A. Preparation of activated carbons from Spanish anthracite. II. Activation by NaOH. Carbon 39 (2001) 751-759
77. Lindblad M.S., Ranucci E., and Albertsson A. Biodegradable polymers from renewable sources. New hemicellulose-based hydrogels. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 22 (2001) 962-967
78. Loliger J. The use of antioxidants in food. In: Aruoma O.I., and Halliwell B. (Eds). Free radicals and food additives (1991), Taylor and Francis, London, UK 129-150
79. 2 as a photocatalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal 112 (2005) 191-196
80. 4. Environmental Technology 17 (1996) 667-772
81. Martinez J.M., Granado J.M., Montane D., Salvado J., and Farriol X. Fractionation of residual lignocellulosics by dilute-acid prehydrolysis and alkaline extraction: Application to almond shells. Bioresource Technology 52 (1995) 59-67
82. Martins M., Tenreiro R., and Oliveira M.M. Genetic relatedness of Portuguese almond cultivars assessed by RAPD and ISSR markers. Plant Cell Reports 22 (2003) 71-78
83. Milbury P.E., Chen C.Y., Dolnikowski G.G., and Blumberg J.B. Determination of flavonoids and phenolics and their distribution in almonds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 5027-5033
84. Mohan D., Singh K.P., Singh G., and Kumar K. Removal of dyes from wastewater using fly ash, a low-cost adsorbent. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 41 (2002) 3688-3695
85. Monagas M., Garrido I., Lebron-Aguilar R., Bartolome B., and Gomez-Cordoves C. Almond [(Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] skins as a potential source of bioactive polyphenols. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 55 (2007) 8498-8507
86. Montane D., Farriol X., Salvado J., Jollez P., and Chornet E. Fractionation of wheat straw by steam-explosion pretreatment and soda pulping. Cellulose pulp and byproducts from hemicellulose and lignin. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology 13 (1998) 171-191
87. Moure A., Pazos M., Medina I., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Antioxidant activity of extracts produced by solvent extraction of almond shells acid hydrolysates. Food Chemistry 101 (2007) 193-201
88. Nabarlatz D., Ebringerova A., and Montane D. Autohydrolysis of agricultural by-products for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides. Carbohydrate Polymers 69 (2007) 20-28
89. Nabarlatz D., Farriol X., and Montane D. Kinetic modeling of the autohydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass for the production of hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 43 (2004) 4124-4131
90. Nabarlatz D., Farriol X., and Montane D. Autohydrolysis of almond shells for the production of xylo-oligosaccharides: Product characteristics and reaction kinetics. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 44 (2005) 7746-7755
91. Nabarlatz D., Montane D., Kardosova A., Bekesova S., Hribalova V., and Ebringerova A. Almond shell xylo-oligosaccharides exhibiting immunostimulatory activity. Carbohydrate Research 342 (2007) 1122-1128
92. Nakakuki T. Development of functional oligosaccharides in Japan. Trends in Glycosciense and Glycotechnology 15 (2003) 57-64
93. Namiki M. Antioxidants/antimutagens in food. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 29 (1990) 273-300
94. Neamtu M., Zaharia C., Catrinescu C., Yediler A., Macoveanu M., and Kettrup A. Fe-exchanged Y zeolite as catalyst for wet peroxide oxidation of reactive azo dye Procion Marine H-EXL. Applied Catalysis B - Environmental 48 (2004) 287-294
95. Nishihara, M., Nagao, Y., & Shimizu, K. (1995). In Proceedings of the 8th international symposium on wood and pulping chemistry, Helsinki (Vol. 2, pp. 17-22).
96. Okada Y., and Okada M. Scavenging effect of water soluble proteins in broad beans on free radicals and active oxygen species. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46 (1998) 401-406
97. Osawa T. Novel natural antioxidants for utilization in food and biological systems. In: Uritani I., Garcia V.V., and Mendoza E.M. (Eds). Postharvest biochemistry of plant food - Materials in the tropics (1994), Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo 241-251
98. Palinski W., Rosenfeld M.E., Yla-Herttuala S., Gurtner G.C., Socher S.S., Butler S.W., et al. Low-density lipoprotein undergoes oxidative modification in vivo. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States American 86 (1989) 1372-1376
99. Panday K.K., Prasad G., and Singh V.N. Cu(II) removal from aqueous solutions by fly ash. Water Research 19 (1985) 869-873
100. Pavel J., Buchtova H., and Ryznarova M. Sorption of dyes from aqueous solutions onto fly ash. Water Research 37 (2003) 4938-4944
101. Pearce C.L., Lloyd J.R., and Guthrie J.T. The removal of colour from textile wastewater using whole bacterial cells: A review. Dyes Pigments 58 (2003) 179-196
102. Pellegrini N., Serafini M., Salvatore S., Del Rio D., Bianchi M., and Brighenti F. Total antioxidant capacity of spices, dried fruits, nuts, pulses, cereals and sweets consumed in Italy assessed by three different in vitro assays. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 50 (2006) 1030-1038
103. Pinelo M., Rubilar M., Sineiro J., and Nunez M.J. Extraction of antioxidant phenolics from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus) and pine sawdust (Pinus pinaster). Food Chemistry 85 (2004) 267-273
104. Pisha E., Chai H., Lee I.K., Chagwedera T.E., Farnsworth N.R., Cordell G.A., et al. Discovery of betulinic acid as a selective inhibitor of human melanoma that functions by induction of apoptosis. Nature Medicine 1 (1995) 1046-1051
105. Pou-Ilinas J., Canellas J., Driguez H., Excoffier G., and Vignon M.R. Steam pretreatment of almond shells for xylose production. Carbohydrate Research 207 (1990) 126-130
106. Prasad M.N.V., and FreItas H. Removal of toxic metals from solution by leaf, stem and root phytomass of Quercus ilex L. (holly oak). Environmental Pollution 110 (2000) 277-283
107. Quesada J., Teffo-Bertaud F., Croue J.P., and Rubio M. Ozone oxidation and structural features of an almond shell lignin remaining after furfural manufacture. Holzforschung 56 (2002) 32-38
108. Rabinowitz, I. N. (1991). Increasing the inositol yield from almond hulls. US Patent, US 5064762.
109. Rabinowitz, I. N. (2002). Method of producing aqueous extracts from almond hulls. US Patent, US 0132031.
110. Rabinowitz, I. N. (2004). Dietary fiber, process for preparing it, and augmented dietary fiber from almond hulls. US Patent, US 0018255.
111. Ramakrishna K.R., and Viraraghavan T. Use of slag for dye removal. Waste Management 17 (1997) 483-488
112. Rivas B., Dominguez J., Dominguez H., and Parajo J. Bioconversion of posthydrolysed autohydrolysis liquors: An alternative for xylitol production from corncobs. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 31 (2002) 431-438
113. Robinson T., Chandra B., and Nigam P. Removal of dyes from a synthetic textile dye effluent by biosorption on apple pomace and wheat straw. Water Research 36 (2002) 2824-2830
114. Rodriguez-Reinoso F., Lopez-Gonzalez J.D., and Berenguer C. Activated carbons from almond shells. I. Preparation and characterization by nitrogen adsorption. Carbon 20 (1982) 513-518
115. Ruiz B.F., Prats R.D., and Marcilla G.A.F. Activated carbon from almond shells. Chemical activation. 1. Zinc chloride activation temperature influence. Indian Engineering Chemistry and Production Research Development 23 (1984) 266-271
116. Sang S., Cheng X., Fu H.Y., Shieh D.E., Bai N., Lapsley K., et al. New type sesquiterpene lactone from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Tetrahedron Letters 43 (2002) 2547-2549
117. Sang S., Lapsley K., Jeong W.S., Lachence P.A., Ho C.T., and Rosen R.T. Antioxidative phenolic compounds isolated from almond skins (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 2459-2463
118. Sang S., Lapsley K., Rosen R.T., and Ho C.T. New prenylated benzoic acid and other constituents from almond hulls (Prunus amygdalus Batsch). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 607-609
119. Sathe S.K., Wolf W.J., Roux K.H., Teuber S.S., Venkatacham M., and Sze-Tao K.W.C. Biochemical characterization of amandin, the major storage protein in almond (Prunus dulcis L.). Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 50 (2002) 4333-4341
120. Shahidi F. Natural antioxidants, an overview. In: Shahidi F. (Ed). Natural antioxidants chemistry, health effects and applications (1997), AOCS Press, Champaign, IL 1-11
121. Shahidi F., and Wanasundara P.K.J.P.D. Phenolic antioxidants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 32 (1992) 67-103
122. Shahidi F., Zhong Y., Wijeratne S.S.K., and Ho C.T. Almond and almond products: Nutraceutical components and health effects. In: Alasalvar C., and Shahidi F. (Eds). Tree nuts: nutraceuticals, phytochemicals, and health effects (2009), CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton, FL 127-141
123. Shimizu K., Sudo K., Ono H., Ishihara M., Fujii T., and Hishiyama S. Integrated process for total utilization of wood components by steam explosion pretreatment. Biomass and Bioenergy 14 (1998) 195-203
124. Singh G.B., Singh S., and Bani S. Oleanolic acid. Drugs Future 19 (1994) 450-451
125. Siriwardhana S.K.W., Amarowicz R., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant activity of almonds and their by-products in food model systems. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society 83 (2006) 223-230
126. Siriwardhana S.K.W., and Shahidi F. Antiradical activity of extracts of almond and its by-products. Journal of American Oil Chemistry Society 79 (2002) 903-908
127. Taha S., RIcordel S., CIsse I., and Dorange G. Heavy metals removal by adsorption onto peanut husks carbon: Characterization, kinetic study and modeling. Separation and Purification Technology 24 (2001) 389-401
128. Takeoka G.R., and Dao L.T. Antioxidant constituents of almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] hulls. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 51 (2003) 496-501
129. Takeoka G., Dao L., Teranishi R., Wong R., Flessa S., Harden L., et al. Identification of three triterpenoids in almond hulls. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 48 (2000) 3437-3439
130. Torregrosa R., and Martin-Martinez J.M. Activation of lignocellulosic materials: A comparison between chemical, physical and combined activation in terms of porous texture. Fuel 70 (1991) 1173-1180
131. Tsai W.T., Chang C.Y., and Lee S.L. A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activation. Bioresource Technology 64 (1998) 211-217
132. Tsui L.S., Roy W.R., and Cole M.A. Removal of dissolved textile dyes from wastewater by a compost sorbent. Coloration Technology 119 (2003) 14-18
133. Urrestarazu M., Martinez G.A., and Salas M.C. Almond shell waste: Possible local rockwool substitute in soilless crop culture. Scientia Horticulturae 103 (2005) 453-460
134. Vazquez M.J., Alonso J.L., Dominguez H., and Parajo J.C. Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications. Trends in Food Science and Technology 11 (2000) 387-393
135. Velioglu Y.S., Mazza G., Gao L., and Oomah B.D. Antioxidant activity and total phenolics in selected fruits, vegetables, and grain products. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 46 (1998) 4113-4117
136. Venkata Mohan S., Sailaja P., Srimurali M., and Karthikeyan J. Color removal of monoazoacid dye from aqueous solution by adsorption and chemical coagulation. Environmental Engineering Policy 1 (1999) 149-154
137. Venkatachalam M., and Shridhar K.S. Chemical composition of selected edible nut seeds. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 4705-4714
138. Verheyen V., Rathbone R., Jagtoyen M., and Derbyshire F. Activated extrudates by oxidation and KOH activation of bituminous coal. Carbon 33 (1995) 763-772
139. Vlyssides A.G., Loizidou M., Karlis P.K., Zorpas A.A., and Papaioannou D. Electrochemical oxidation of a textile dye wastewater using a Pt/Ti electrode. Journal of Hazardous Materials 70 (1999) 41-52
140. Wang H., Nair M.G., Strasburg G.M., Booren A.M., and Gray J.I. Novel antioxidant compounds from tart cherries (Prunus cerasus). Journal of Natural Production 62 (1999) 86-88
141. Wettasinghe M., and Shahidi F. Oxidative stability of cooked comminuted lean pork as affected by alkali and alkali-earth halides. Journal of Food Science 61 (1996) 1160-1164
142. Wijeratne S.S.K., Abou-zaid M.M., and Shahidi F. Antioxidant polyphenols in almond and its coproducts. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 54 (2006) 312-318
143. Wollowski I., Rechkemmer G., and Pool-Zobel B. Protective role of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73 (2001) 451-455
144. Wu J., Eiteman M.A., and Law S.E. Evaluation of membrane filtration and ozonation processes for treatment of reactive dye wastewater. Journal of Environmental and Engineering 124 (1998) 272-277
145. Yuan X., Wang J., and Yao H. Feruloyl oligosaccharides stimulate the growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum. Anaerobe 11 (2005) 225-229
146. Zhonghua H., and Srinivasan M.P. Mesoporous high-surface-area activated carbon. Microporous Mesoporous Materials 43 (2001) 267-275