From scale to practice: A new agenda for the study of early metallurgy on the Eurasian steppe

Journal of World Prehistory

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 329-356

  Hanks, Bryan ^a   Doonan, Roger ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Central Asia; Metallurgy; Sintashta culture

Indexed keywords

BRONZE AGE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; ECONOMIC HISTORY; METALLURGY; PREHISTORIC; SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACT; TRADE;

EUROPE; KAZAKHSTAN; MESOPOTAMIA; URALS;

EID: 73249118695     PISSN: 08927537     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10963-009-9031-5     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Anderson, B. (1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism (2nd ed.). London: Verso.
2. D Anthony D Brown E Brown A Goodman A Kokholov P Kosintsev 2005 The Samara Valley Project: Late Bronze Age economy and ritual in the Russian steppes Eurasia Antiqua 11 395 417
3. Anthony, D. W. (2007). The horse, the wheel and language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
4. DW Anthony NB Vinogradov 1995 Birth of the chariot Archaeology 48 2 36 41
5. Antipina, E. E. (2004). Arkheozoologicheskie materialy. In E. N. Chernykh (Ed.), Kargaly (Vol. III, pp. 182-239). Moscow: Nauka.
6. Bassiakos, Y., & Philaniotou, O. (2007). Early copper production on Kythnos: Archaeological evidence and analytical approaches to the reconstruction of metallurgical process. In P. M. Day & R. C. P. Doonan (Eds.), Metallurgy in the early Bronze Age Aegean (pp. 19-56). Oxford: SSAA7 Oxbow.
7. CV Bellamy 1904 A West African smelting house Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 56 99 126
8. Beryozkin, Yu. E. (1995). Arkaim kak tseremonialny tsentr: vzglyad amerikanista. In V. S. Bochkaryov (Ed.), Konvergentsiya i Vostochnoi Evropy (pp. 29-39). Saratov: Saratovskiy Universitet.
9. Boyle, K., Renfrew, A. C., & Levine, M. (Eds.). (2002). Ancient interactions: East and west in Eurasia. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
10. Brumfiel, E., & Earle, T. (Eds.). (1987). Specialization, exchange and complex societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
11. Canuto, M. A., & Yeager, J. (Eds.). (2000). The archaeology of communities: A new world perspective. London: Routledge.
12. EN Cernych 2003 Spektralanalyse und Metallverarbeitung in den fruh- und mittel-bronzezeitlichen Kulturen der ukrainischen Steppe als Forschungsproblem Eurasia Antiqua 9 27 62
13. Chapman, R. (2003). Archaeologies of complexity. London: Routledge.
14. Chernykh, E. N. (1992). Ancient metallurgy in the USSR: The early metal age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Chernykh, E. N. (1997). Kargaly: Zabytyi Mir. Moscow: Nokh Publisher.
16. Chernykh, E. N. (Ed.). (2002a). Kargaly (Vol. I). Moscow: Nauka.
17. Chernykh, E. N. (Ed.). (2002b). Kargaly (Vol. II). Nauka: Moscow.
18. Chernykh, E. N. (Ed.). (2004a). Kargaly (Vol. III). Moscow: Nauka.
19. Chernykh, E. N. (2004b). Kargaly: The largest and most ancient metallurgical complex on the border of Europe and Asia. In K. Linduff (Ed.), Metallurgy in ancient eastern Eurasia from the Urals to the Yellow River (pp. 223-237). Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press.
20. Chernykh, E. N. (2009). Formation of the Eurasian steppe belt cultures: Viewed through the lens of archaeometallurgy and radiocabon dating. In B. Hanks & K. Linduff (Eds.), Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, metals and mobility (pp. 115-145). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Chernykh, E. N., Avilova, L. N., & Orlovskaya, L. B. (2000). Metallurgicheskiye provintsii i radiouglerodnaya khronologiya. Moskva: Institut Arkheologii RAN.
22. Chernykh, E. N., & Kuz'minykh, S. V. (1989). Drevnyaya metallurgiya Severnoi Evrazii (seiminsko-turbinskii fenomen). Moskva: Nauka.
23. Christian, D. (1998). A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia. Volume I: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol empire. Oxford: Blackwell.
24. Cohen, A. P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. London: Tavistock Publications.
25. Craddock, P. T. (1995). Early metal mining and production. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
26. AD Degtyareva SV Kuz'minykh LB Orlovskaya 2001 Metalloproizvodstvo petrovskikh plemen (po materialam poseleniya Kulevchi III) Voprosy arkheologiyi, antropologiyi, i etnografiyi 3 25 34
27. Diaz del Rio, P., Lopez Garcia, P., Antonio Lopez Saez, J., Isabel Martinez Navarrete, M., Rodriques Alcalde, A. L., Rovita-Llorens, S., Vicent Garcia, J. M., & de Zavala Morencos I. (2006). Understanding the productive economy during the Bronze Age through archaeometallurgical and palaeo-environmental research at Kargaly (Southern Urals, Orenburg, Russia). In D. Peterson, L. Popova, & A. Smith (Eds.), Beyond the steppe and the sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago conference on Eurasian archaeology. (pp. 343-357).
28. Di Cosmo, N. (2002). Ancient China and its enemies: The rise of nomadic power in East Asian history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Epimakhov, A. V. (1998). Pogrebalnaya obryadnost naseleniya Yuzhnogo Zauralya epokhi srednei bronzy. Unpublished PhD Dissertation. Southern Ural State University, Russia.
30. Epimakhov, A. (2002a). Complex societies and the possibilities to diagnose them on the basis of archaeological data: Sintashta type sites of the middle Bronze Age of the trans-Urals. In K. Jones-Bley & D. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex societies of central Eurasia from the third to the first millennia BC: Regional specifics in the light of global models (Vol. 1, pp. 139-147). Washington: Institute for the Study of Man.
31. Epimakhov, A. V. (2002b). Yuzhnoe Zaural'ye v epokhu srednei bronzi. Chelyabinsk: Izd-vo Yuzhno-Ural'skogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta.
32. Epimakhov, A. (2005). Rannie Kompleksnye Obshchestva Severa Tzentral'noi Evrazii (po materialam mogil'nika Kamennyi Ambar-5), K. 1. Chelyabinsk: Nauka.
33. Epimakhov, A. V. (2009). Settlements and cemeteries of the Bronze Age of the Urals: The potential for reconstructing early social dynamics. In B. Hanks & K. Linduff (Eds.), Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, metals and mobility (pp. 74-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
34. AV Epimakhov B Hanks C Renfrew 2005 Radiouglerodnaya khronologiya pamyatnikov bronzovogo veka Zauralya Rossiiskaya Arkheologiya 4 92 102
35. Frachetti, M. (2002). Bronze Age exploitation and political dynamics of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe Zone. In K. Boyle, C. Renfrew, & M. Levine (Eds.), Ancient interaction: East and West in Eurasia (pp. 161-170). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
36. Frachetti, M. (2004). Bronze Age pastoral landscapes of Eurasia and the nature of social interaction in the mountain steppe zone of Eastern Kazakhstan. University of Pennsylvania. Unpublished PhD Dissertation.
37. Frachetti, M. (2008). Pastoralist landscapes and social interaction in Bronze Age Eurasia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Gaffney, C. F., & Gaffney, V. L. (1988). Some quantitative approaches to site territory and land use from the surface record. In J. L. Bintliff, D. A. Davidson, & E. G. Grant (Eds.), Conceptual issues in environmental archaeology (pp. 82-90). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
39. Gayduchenko, L. L. (2002). Organic remains from fortified settlements and necropoli of the 'country of towns'. In K. Jones-Bley & G. B. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex societies of central Eurasia from the third to the first millennia BC: Regional specifics in the light of global models (Vol. II, pp. 400-416). Washington: Institute for the Study of Man.
40. Gening, V. F., Zdanovich, G. B., & Gening V. V. (1992). Sintasthta. Arkheologicheskii pamyatnik Ariiskikh plemen Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepei. T. 1. Chelyabinsk: Uzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe Izd-vo.
41. A Gilman 1981 The development of social stratification in Bronze Age Europe Current Anthropology 22 1 23 10.1086/202600
42. R Godoy 1985 Mining: anthropological perspectives Annual Review of Anthropology 14 199 217 10.1146/annurev.an.14.100185.001215
43. Green, F. (1995). The plant remains from the Klinglberg. In S. Shennan (Ed.), Bronze Age copper producers of the eastern Alps (Universitä tsforschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 27, pp. 223-231). Bonn: Habelt.
44. Grigor'yev, S. A. (1999). Drevniye indoevropeitsi. Opit istoricheskoi rekonstruktsii. Chelyabinsk: Institut istorii i arkheologii UrO RAN.
45. Grigor'yev, S. A. (2000). Bronzovyi vek. In Drevnyaya istoriya Yuzhnogo Zaural'ya. T.I. Chelyabinsk: Izd-vo Yuzhno-Ural'skovo gosudarstvennogo universiteta (pp. 241-242).
46. Grigor'yev, S. A. (2002). Ancient Indo-Europeans. Chelyabinsk: RIFEI.
47. Hanks, B. (2009). Late prehistoric mining, metallurgy and social organization in north central Eurasia. In B. Hanks & K. Linduff (Eds.), Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, metals and mobility (pp. 146-167). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
48. B Hanks A Epimakhov C Renfrew 2007 Towards a refined chronology for the Bronze Age of the southern Urals, Russia Antiquity 81 333 367
49. Hanks, B., & Linduff, K. (Eds.). (2009). Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, metals and mobility. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Hardesty, D. L. (1988). The archaeology of mining and miners: A view from the silver state. Society for Historical Archaeology, Special Publication Series no. 6. Pleasant Hill: SHA.
51. Harding, A. F. (2000). European societies in the Bronze Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. Herbert, E. (1984). Red gold of Africa: Copper in precolonial history and culture. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
53. Herbert, E. (1998). Mining as microcosm in precolonial sub-saharan Africa: An overview. In A. Knapp, V. Pigott, & E. Herbert (Eds.), Social approaches to an industrial past: The archaeology and anthropology of mining (pp. 138-154). London: Routledge.
54. Hiebert, F. T. (1994). Origins of the Bronze Age oasis civilization in central Asia. Cambridge: Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University.
55. Hiebert, F. T. (2002). Bronze Age interaction between the Eurasian Steppe and Central Asia. In K. Boyle, C. Renfrew, & M. Levine (Eds.), Ancient interaction: East and West in Eurasia (pp. 237-248). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.
56. B Höppner M Bartelheim M Huijsmans R Krauss K-P Martinek E Pernicka R Schwab 2005 Prehistoric copper production in the Inn valley (Austria), and the earliest copper in central Europe Archaeometry 47 2 293 315 10.1111/j.1475-4754.2005.00203.x (Pubitemid 40974353)
57. L Horne 1992 Fuel for the metal worker. The role of charcoal and charcoal production in ancient metallurgy Expedition 25 1 6 13
58. Jones-Bley, K., & Zdanovich D. G. (Eds.). (2002). Complex societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennia BC-Regional specifics in light of global models. Volumes I and II (Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series 45). Washington: Institute for the Study of Man.
59. Kassianidou, V., & Knapp, A. B. (2005). Archaeometallurgy in the Mediterranean: The social context of mining, technology and trade. In E. Blake & A. Bernard Knapp (Eds.), The archaeology of Mediterranean prehistory (pp. 213-251). Oxford: Blackwell.
60. Knapp, A. B. (1998). Social approaches to the archaeology and anthropology of mining. In A. Knapp, V. Pigott, & E. Herbert (Eds.), Social approaches to an industrial past: The archaeology and anthropology of mining (pp. 1-23). London: Routledge.
61. Knapp, A. B., Pigott, V. C., & Herbert, E. W. (1998). Social approaches to an industrial past: The archaeology and anthropology of mining. London: Routledge.
62. Kohl, P. (1987). The ancient economy, transferable technologies and the Bronze Age world-system: A view from the northeastern frontier of the ancient Near East. In M. Rowlands, M. Larsen, & K. Kristiansen (Eds.), Centre and periphery in the ancient world (pp. 13-24). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
63. Kohl, P. (2007). The making of Bronze Age Eurasia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. MJ Kolb JE Snead 1997 It's a small world after all: Comparative analyses of community organization in archaeology American Antiquity 62 4 609 628 10.2307/281881
65. LN Koryakova 1996 Social trends in temperate Eurasia during the second and first millennia BC Journal of European Archaeology 4 243 280
66. Koryakova, L. N. (1998). Cultural relationships in north-central Eurasia. In R. Blench & M. Spriggs (Eds.), Archaeology and language II: Correlating archaeological and linguistic hypotheses (pp. 209-219). London: Routledge.
67. Koryakova, L. N. (2002). The social landscape of Central Eurasia in the Bronze and Iron Ages: Tendencies, factors, and limits of transformation. In K. Jones-Bley & G. B. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex societies of central Eurasia from the third to the first millennia BC: Regional specifics in the light of global models (pp. 97-117). Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation/Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
68. Koryakova, L. N., & Epimakhov, A. V. (2007). The Urals and western Siberia in the Bronze and Iron ages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. Kosarev, M. F., Kozhin, P. M., & Dubova, N. A. (Eds.). (2004). U istokov tsivilizatsii: Sbornik statei k 75-letiyu Viktora Ivanovicha Sarianidi. Moscow: Staryi Sad.
70. Kovacik, M. E., & Judd M. (2008). Health at Kamennyi Ambar 5. Unpublished Report, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Anthropology.
71. Kristiansen, K. (1984). Ideology and material culture: An archaeological perspective. In M. Spriggs (Ed.), Marxist perspectives in archaeology (pp. 72-100). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
72. Kristiansen, K. (1998). Europe before history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
73. Kristiansen, K., & Larsson, T. (2005). The rise of Bronze Age society: Travels, transmissions and transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74. Kuz'mina, E. E. (1994). Otkuda prishli indoarii? Material'naya kul'tura plemen andronovskoi obshchnosti i proiskhozhdeniye indoirantsev. Moskva: Vostochnaya Literatura.
75. Kuz'mina, O. V. (2000). Metallicheskiye izdeliya i voprosi otnositel' noi khronologii abashevskoi kul'turi. Drevniye obshchestva yuga Vostochnoi Evropi v epokhu paleometalla (rannie kompleksnye obshchestva i voprosi kul'turnoi transformatsii). Arkheologicheskie iziskaniya (pp. 65-134). Vip. 63. SPB: Evropeiskii dom.
76. EE Kuz'mina 2002 On the origins of Indo-Iranians Current Anthropology 43 2 303 304 10.1086/339377
77. Kuznetzov, P. F. (2001). Territorial'niye osobennosti i vremenniye ramki perekhodnogo perioda k epokhe pozdnei bronzi Vostochnoi Evropi. Bronzovyi vek Vostochnoi Evropi: Kharakteristika kul'tur, khronologiya i periodizatsiya: Materiali mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii 'K stoletiyu periodizatsii V.A. Gorodtzova bronzovogo veka yuzhnoi polovini Vostochnoi Evropi' (pp. 178-182). Samara: 'NTTZ'.
78. CC Lamberg-Karlovsky 2002 Archaeology and language: The Indo-Iranians Current Anthropology 43 1 63 88 10.1086/324130 (Pubitemid 44277185)
79. Larsen, C. (1997). Bioarchaeology: Interpreting behavior from the human skeleton. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80. Levine, M., Renfrew, A. C., & Boyle, K. (Eds.). (2003). Prehistoric steppe adaptation and the horse. Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.
81. Levy, T. E. (1993). Production, space and social change in protohistoric Palestine. In A. Holl & T. Levy (Eds.), Spatial boundaries and social dynamics (pp. 63-81). Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.
82. Levy, T. (2003). Production, space and social change in protohistoric Palestine. In A. Holl & T. E. Levy (Eds.), Spatial boundaries and social dynamics: Case studies from food-producing societies (pp. 63-81). Ann Arbor: International Monographs in Prehistory.
83. Lewis, A. (1990). Fire setting experiments on the Great Orme. In P. Crew and S. Crew (Eds.), Early mining in the British isles: Proceedings of the early mining workshop at Plas Tan y Bwlch, Snowdonia National Park Study Centre [Plas Tan y Bwlch Occasional Paper 1], 55-56.
84. U Lindh D Brune G Nordberg P-O Wester 1980 Levels of antimony, arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, silver, tin and zinc in bone tissue of industrially exposed workers The Science of the Total Environment 16 109 116 10.1016/0048-9697(80)90018-2 (Pubitemid 10021570)
85. Lindstrum, R., (2002). Anthropological characteristics of the population of the Bolshekaragansky cemetery, Kurgan 25. In D. Zdanovich (Ed.), Arkaim: Nekropol', Kn. 1. Chelyabinsk: Yuzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izd-vo.
86. Linduff, K. (Ed.). (2004). Metallurgy in ancient eastern Eurasia from the Urals to the Yellow River. New York: Edwin Mellon Press.
87. Maddin, R. (Ed.). (1988). The beginning of the use of metals and alloys. Cambridge: MIT Press.
88. Mallory, J. P. (1989). In search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, archaeology and myth. New York: Thames and Hudson.
89. Masson, V. M. (1980). Rannezemledelcheskie obshchestva i formirovanie poseleniy gorodskogo Tipa. In N. Butinov & A. M. Reshetov (Eds.), Rannie zemledeltsy: Etnograficheskie ocherki (pp. 178-185). Leningrad: Nauka.
90. Merkel, J., Shimada, I., Swann, C. P., & Doonan, R. (1994). Pre-hispanic copper alloy production at Batan Grande, Peru: Interpretation of the analytical data for ore samples. In D. A. Scott & P. Meyers (Eds.), Archaeometry of pre-Columbian sites and artifacts (pp. 199-277). Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute.
91. Merrony, C., Hanks, B., & Doonan, R. (2009). Seeking the process: The application of geophysical survey on some early mining and metalworking sites. In T. K. Kienlin & B. W. Roberts (Eds.). Metals and societies. Studies in honour of Barbara S. Ottaway. Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie. Bonn: Habelt.
92. K Oakberg T Levy P Smith 2000 A method for skeletal arsenic analysis, applied to the Chalcolithic copper smelting site of Shiqmim, Israel Journal of Archaeological Science 27 895 901 10.1006/jasc.1999.0505 (Pubitemid 30779246)
93. Parzinger, H. (2006). Die Frühen Völker Eurasiens. Munich: Verlag C.H. Beck.
94. EA Pechenkina M Delgado 2006 Dimensions of health and social structure in the Early Intermediate Period cemetery at Villa El Salvador, Peru American Journal of Physical Anthropology 131 2 218 235 10.1002/ajpa.20432 (Pubitemid 44387500)
95. Peterson, D. (2009). Production and social complexity: Bronze Age metalworking in the Middle Volga. In B. Hanks & K. Linduff (Eds.), Social complexity in prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, metals and mobility (pp. 187-214). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
96. Peterson, D., Kuznetsov, P., & Mochalov, O. (2006). The Samara Bronze Age Metals Project: Investigating Changing Technologies and Transformations of Value in the Western Eurasian Steppes. In D. Peterson, L. Popova & A. Smith (Eds.), Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology (pp. 322-342). Leiden: Brill.
97. Piggott, V. (Ed.). (1999). The archaeometallurgy of the Asian old world. MASCA research papers in science and archaeology. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Museum.
98. Popova, L. (2006). Pastoralism during the Late Bronze Age in Russia: Past Interpretations and New Goals for Future Research. In D. Peterson, L. Popova & A. Smith (Eds.), Beyond the Steppe and the Sown: Proceedings of the 2002 University of Chicago Conference on Eurasian Archaeology (pp. 459-468). Leiden: Brill.
99. Powel, M. (1988). Status and health in prehistory: A case study of the Moundville chiefdom. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
100. Powel, M. (1991). Ranked status and health in the Mississippian chiefdom at Moundville. In M. Powell, P. Bridges, & A. Mires (Eds.), What mean these bones? Studies in Southeastern bioarchaeology (pp. 22-51). Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
101. Rajev, D., & A. V. Epimakhov (2004). Fenomen Mnogochislennosti Detskikh Pogrebenii v Mogil'nikakh Epokhi Bronzi. Vestnik Arkheologii, Antropologii i Etnografii, Vol. 5, 107-113.
102. Renfrew, C. (1987). Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. Cambridge: University Press.
103. J Robb R Bigazzi L Lazzarini C Scarsini F Sonego 2001 Social "status" and biological "status": A Comparison of grave goods and skeletal indicators from Pontecagnano American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115 213 222 10.1002/ajpa.1076 (Pubitemid 32624667)
104. Rothenberg, B. (1990). The ancient metallurgy of copper. London: IAMS.
105. Rowlands, M., Larsen, M., & Kristiansen, K. (Eds.). (1987). Centre and periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
106. Sarianidi, V. I. (2005). Gonurdepe Türkmenistan: City of kings and gods. Ashgabat: Türkmendöwlethabarlary.
107. S Shennan 1986 Central Europe in the third millennium BC: An evolutionary trajectory for the beginning of the Bronze Age Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5 115 146 10.1016/0278-4165(86)90011-5
108. Shennan, S. (1998). Producing copper in the eastern Alps during the second millennium BC. In A. B. Knapp, V. C. Pigott, & E. W. Herbert (Eds.), Social approaches to an industrial past: The archaeology and anthropology of mining (pp. 191-204). London: Routledge.
109. Sherratt, A., & Sherratt, S. (1991). From Luxuries to Commodities: the nature of Mediterranean Bronze Age Trading Systems. In N. H. Gale (ed.), Bronze Age Trade in the Mediterranean. Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Vol. xc. Jonsered: Paul Åströms Förlag.
110. Timberlake, S. (2003). Excavations on Copa Hill, Cwmystwyth (1986-1999): An early Bronze Age copper mine within the uplands of Central Wales [BAR British Series 348]. Oxford: Archaeopress.
111. Topping, P., & Lynott, M. (Eds.). (2005). The cultural landscapes of prehistoric mines. Oxford: Oxbow Books.
112. M Tsiashala D Kabengle B Lumu 1990 Trace element determination in scalp hair of people working at a copper smelter Biological Trace Element Research 26-27 287 294 10.1007/BF02992683
113. Tylecote, R. F. (1987). The early history of metallurgy in Europe. London: Longman.
114. Vicent, J., Ormeno, S., Martinez-Navarrete, M. I., & Delgado, J. (2006). The Kargaly Project: modeling Bronze Age landscapes in the steppe. In S. Campana & M. Forte (Eds.), From space to place: 2nd International conference on remote sensing in archaeology [BAR International Series 1568]. Oxford: BAR, pp. 279-284.
115. Vinogradov, N. B. (1995). Khronologiya, soderzhanie i kul'turnaya prinadlezhnost' pamyatnikov Sintashtinskogo tipa Bronzovogo veka v Yuzhnom Zaural'ye. Vestnik Chelyabinskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo instituta. Istoricheskiye nauki. No. 1. Chelyabinsk, pp. 16-26.
116. Vinogradov, N. B. (2003). Mogil'nik bronzovogo veka Krivoe Ozero v Yuzhnom Zaural'ye. Chelyabinsk: Yuzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izd-vo.
117. Vinogradov, N. B. (2004). Sintashtinskie i Petrovskie Drevnosti Yuzhnogo Urala. Problema Sootnosheniya i Interpretatsii. In A. N. Gei (Ed.), Pamyatniki Arkheologii i Drevnego Iskusstva Evrazii (pp. 261-284). Moscow: RAN.
118. Vinogradov, N. B., & Epimakhov, A. V. (2000). From a settled way of life to nomadism. Variants in models of transition. In J. Davis-Kimball, E. Murphy, L. Koryakova, & L. Yablonsky (Eds.), Kurgans, ritual sites, and settlements Eurasian Bronze and Iron Age [BAR International Series 890] (pp. 41-45). Oxford: BAR.
119. Wallerstein, I. (1974). The modern world system. New York: Academic Press.
120. Yener, K. A. (2000). The domestication of metals: The rise of complex metal industries in Anatolia. Boston: Brill.
121. Zaikov, V. V., Yuminov, A. M., Bushmakin, A. P., Zaikova, E. V., Tairov, A. D., & Zdanovich G. B. (2002). Ancient Copper Mines and Products from Base and Noble Metals in the Southern Urals. In K. Jones-Bley & G. B. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex societies of Central Eurasia from the Third to the First Millennia BC: Regional specifics in the light of global models (pp. 417-442). Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation/Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
122. Zaikov, V. V., Zdanovich, G. B., & Yuminov, A. M. (1995). Mednyi rudnik Bronzogo veka 'Vorovskaya Yama'. In Rossiya i Vostok: Problemy Vzaimodeistviya, Chast V, Kniga 1: Kul'tury Eneolita-Bronzy Stepnoi Evrazii. Chelyabinsk: 3-ya Mezhdunarodnaya Nauchnaya Konferentsiya, pp. 157-162.
123. Zdanovich, G. B. (1988). Bronzovyi vek Uralo-Kazakhstanskikh stepei (osnovi periodizatsii). Sverdlovsk: Izd-vo Ural'skogo universiteta.
124. Zdanovich, G. B. (1989). Fenomen protogorodskoi tsivilizatsii bronzovogo veka Uralo-kazakhstanskikh stepei. Kulturnaya i sotsialnaya obuslovlennost. In V. M. Masson (Ed.), Vzaimodeistvie kochevykh kultur i drevnikh tsivilizatsiy (pp. 179-189). Alma-Ata: Nauka.
125. Zdanovich, G. B. (1995). Arkaim: Arii na Urale ili nesostoyavshayasya tsivilizatsiya. In G. B. Zdanovich (Ed.), Arkaim: Issledovaniya. Poiski. Otkrytiya (pp. 21-42). Chelyabinsk: Kamenny Poyas.
126. GB Zdanovich 1997 Arkaim-kul'turnii kompleks epokhi srednei bronzi Yuzhnogo Zaural'ya Rossiiskaya Arkheologiya 2 47 62
127. Zdanovich, D. G. (1997b). Sintashtinskoye obshchestvo: sotsialnye osnovy (kvazigorodskoi) Kultury Yuzhnogo Zauralya epokhi srednei bronzy. Chelyabinsk: Chelyabinskiy Gosudarstvenny Universitet.
128. Zdanovich, D. G. (ed.) (2002). Arkaim: Nekropol', Kn. 1. Chelyabinsk: Yuzhno-Ural'skoe knizhnoe izd-vo.
129. Zdanovich, G. B., & Batanina, I. M. (2002). Planography of the Fortified Centers of the Middle Bronze Age in the Southern Trans-Urals According to Aerial Photography Data. In K. Jones-Bley & G. B. Zdanovich (Eds.), Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the Third to the First Millennia BC: Regional specifics in the light of global models (pp. 121-147). Chelyabinsk State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation/Journal of Indo-European Studies Monograph Series. Washington D.C.: Institute for the Study of Man.
130. Zdanovich, G. B., & Zdanovich, D. G. (2002). The 'country of towns' of southern trans-Urals and some aspects of steppe assimilation in the Bronze Age. In K. Boyle, A. C. Renfrew, & M. Levine (Eds.), Ancient interactions: East and West in Eurasia (pp. 249-263). Cambridge: McDonald Institute Mongraphs.