Detecting multiple ground contacts in cloud-to-ground lightning flashes

Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology

Volumn 26, Issue 11, 2009, Pages 2392-2402

  Stall, Christina A ^a   Cummins, Kenneth L ^b   Philip Krider, E ^b   Cramer, John A ^c  

^a NOAA EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

^c VAISALA OYJ   (Finland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARIZONA; CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING; CLOUD-TO-GROUND LIGHTNING FLASH; FLORIDA; GROUND CONTACTS; LIGHTNING DETECTION; MULTIPLE GROUNDS; PEAK CURRENTS; PRIOR MEASUREMENT; RISETIMES; STANDARD DEVIATION; STROKE ORDER; TUCSON , ARIZONA;

LIGHTNING; STATISTICS; VIDEO RECORDING;

RANDOM ERRORS;

CLOUD TO GROUND LIGHTNING; ERROR ANALYSIS; STATISTICAL ANALYSIS;

ARIZONA; TUCSON; UNITED STATES;

EID: 73149112393     PISSN: 07390572     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2009JTECHA1278.1     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ballarotti M. G., M.M.F. Saba, and O. Pinto Jr., 2005: High-speed camera observations of negative ground flashes on a millisecond-scale. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L23802, doi:10.1029/2005GL023889.
2. Berger K., 1967: Novel observations on lightning discharges: Results of research on Mount San Salvatore. J. Franklin Inst., 283, 478-525.
3. Biagi C. J., K.L. Cummins, K.E. Kehoe, and E.P. Krider, 2007: National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) performance in southern Arizona, Texas, and Oklahoma in 2003-2004. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D05208, doi:10.1029/2006JD007341.
4. Cooray V., M. Fernando, T. Sorensen, T. Gotschl, and A.A. Pedersen, 2000: Propagation of lightning generated transient electromagnetic fields over finitely conducting ground. J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys., 62, 583-600.
5. Cummins K. L., M.J. Murphy, E.A. Bardo, W.L. Hiscox, R.B. Pyle, and A.E. Pifer, 1998: A combined TOA/MDF technology upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network. J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9035-9044.
6. Cummins K. L., J.A. Cramer, C.J. Biagi, E.P. Krider, J. Jerauld, M.A. Uman, and V.A. Rakov, 2006: The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network: Post-upgrade status. Preprints, Second Conf. on Meteorological Applications of Lightning Data, Atlanta, GA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 6.1.
7. Ferro M. A., M.M.F. Saba, and O. Pinto Jr., 2009: Continuing current in multiple channel cloud-to-ground lightning. Atmos. Res., 91, 399-403.
8. Fisher R. J., and M.A. Uman, 1972: Measured electric field risetimes for first and subsequent return strokes. J. Geophys. Res., 77, 399-406.
9. Fleenor S. A., C.J. Biagi, K.L. Cummins, E.P. Krider, and X.-M. Shao, 2008: Characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning in warm-season thunderstorms in the central Great Plains. Atmos. Res., 91, 333-352.
10. Guo C., and E.P. Krider, 1982: The optical and radiation field signatures produced by lightning return strokes. J. Geophys. Res., 87, 8913-8922.
11. IEC, 2006: Protection against lightning-Part 2: Risk management. International Electrotechnical Committee Document IEC 62305-2, 156 pp.
12. Ishii M., K. Shimizu, J. Hojo, and K. Shinjo, 1998: Termination of multiple-stroke flashes observed by electromagnetic field. Proc. 24th Int. Conf. on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, United Kingdom, 11-16.
13. Kitagawa N., M. Brook, and E.J. Workman, 1962: Continuing currents in cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. J. Geophys. Res., 67, 637-647.
14. Kong X. Z., X.S. Qui, Y. Zhao, and T. Zhang, 2009: Characteristics of negative lightning flashes presenting multiple-ground terminations on a millisecond-scale. Atmos. Res., 91, 381-386.
15. Nag A., Coauthors, 2008: First versus subsequent return-stroke current and field peaks in negative cloud-to-ground lightning discharges. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D19112, doi:10.1029/2007JD009729.
16. NFPA, 2004: Standard for the installation of lightning protection systems. National Fire Protection Association NFPA 780, 51 pp.
17. Orville R. E., and G.R. Huffines, 2001: Cloud-to-ground lightning in the United States: NLDN results in the first decade, 1989-98. Mon. Wea. Rev., 129, 1179-1183.
18. Qie X., and X. Kong, 2007: Progression features of a stepped leader with four grounded leader branches. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L06809, doi:10.1029/2006GL028771.
19. Rakov V. A., and M.A. Uman, 1990: Some properties of negative cloud-to-ground lightning versus stroke order. J. Geophys. Res., 95, 5447-5453.
20. Rakov V. A., and M.A. Uman, 1994: Origin of lightning electric field signatures showing two return-stroke waveforms separated in time by a millisecond or less. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 8157-8165.
21. Rakov V. A., M.A. Uman, and R. Thottappillil, 1994: Review of lightning properties from electric field and TV observations. J. Geophys. Res., 99, 10745-10750, (D5).
22. Saba M. M. F., M.G. Ballarotti, and O. Pinto Jr., 2006a: Negative cloud-to-ground lightning properties from high-speed video observations. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D03101, doi:10.1029/2005JD006415.
23. Saba M. M. F., O. Pinto Jr., and M.G. Ballarotti, 2006b: Relation between lightning return stroke peak current and following continuing current. Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L23807, doi:10.1029/2006GL027455.
24. Schonland B. F. J., 1938: Progressive lightning, 4. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 164A, 132-150.
25. Schonland B. F. J., 1956: The lightning discharge. Handbuch der Physik, Vol. 22, Springer-Verlag, 576-628.
26. Schonland B. F. J., 1964: The Flight of Thunderbolts. 2nd ed. Clarendon Press, 182 pp.
27. Schonland B. F. J., D.J. Malan, and H. Collens, 1935: Progressive lightning, 2. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 152A, 595-625.
28. Schonland B. F. J., D.J. Malan, and H. Collens, 1938: Progressive lightning, 6. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 168A, 455-469.
29. Schulz W., K. Cummins, G. Diendorfer, and M. Dorninger, 2005: Cloud-to-ground lightning in Austria: A 10-year study using data from a lightning location system. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09101, doi:10.1029/2004JD005332.
30. Shoory A., R. Moini, S.H.H. Sadeghi, and V.A. Rakov, 2005: Analysis of lightning-radiated electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of lossy ground. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 47, 131-145.
31. Thomson E. M., M.A. Galib, M.A. Uman, W.H. Beasley, and M.J. Master, 1984: Some features of stroke occurrence in Florida lightning flashes. J. Geophys. Res., 89, 4910-4916.
32. Thottappillil R., V.A. Rakov, M.A. Uman, W.H. Beasley, M.J. Master, and D.V. Shelukhin, 1992: Lightning subsequent stroke electric field peak greater than the first stroke peak and multiple ground terminations. J. Geophys. Res., 97, 77503-77509.
33. Tiller J. A., M.A. Uman, Y.T. Lin, R.D. Brantley, and E.P. Krider, 1976: Electric field statistics for close lightning return strokes near Gainesville, Florida. J. Geophys. Res., 81, 4430-4434.
34. Uman M. A., 1969: Lightning. McGraw-Hill, 264 pp.
35. Uman M. A., 1985: Lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields. J. Geophys. Res., 90, 6121-6130.
36. Valine W. C., and E.P. Krider, 2002: Statistics and characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning with multiple ground contacts. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 4441, doi:10.1029/2001JD001360.
37. Wang D., N. Takagi, T. Watanabe, V.A. Rakov, and M.A. Uman, 2000: Luminosity waves in branched channels of two negative lightning flashes. J. Atmos. Electr. Japan, 20, 91-97.
38. Weidman C. D., and E.P. Krider, 1978: The fine structure of lightning return stroke waveforms. J. Geophys. Res., 83, 6239-6247, Corrigendum, 87, 7351.
39. Willett J. C., and E.P. Krider, 2000: Rise times of impulsive high-current processes in cloud-to-ground lightning. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., 48, 1442-1451.