A comparison of the motivations of small business owners in Africa

Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 60-77

  Benzing, Cynthia ^a   Chu, Hung M ^a  

^a WEST CHESTER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Africa; Entrepreneurs; Motivation (psychology); Small to medium sized enterprises

Indexed keywords

EID: 73049090346     PISSN: 14626004     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/14626000910932881     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Benzing, C. and Chu, H. M. (2005), Entrepreneurial behavior in Andhra Pradesh, India, paper no. 5, Proceedings of the Association for Global Business, Miami, FL, November 8.
2. Benzing, C., Chu, H. M. and Callanan, G. (2005), Regional comparison of the motivation and problems of Vietnamese entrepreneurs, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 10, pp. 3-27.
3. Benzing, C., Chu, H. M. and Szabo, B. (2005), Hungarian and Romanian entrepreneurs in Romania - motivations, problems, and differences, Journal of Global Business, Vol. 16, pp. 77-87.
4. Bewayo, E. D. (1995), Uganda entrepreneurs: why are they in business?, Journal of Small Business Strategy, Vol. 6, pp. 67-78.
5. Birley, S. and Westhead, P. (1994), A taxonomy of business start-up reasons and their impact on firm growth and size, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 9, pp. 17-31.
6. Bowditch, N. H. (1999), The Last Emerging Market: From Asian Tigers to African Lions? The Ghana File, pp. 150-80, Praeger, Westport, CT.
7. Burke, A. E., FitzRoy, F. R. and Nolan, M. A. (2002), Self-employment wealth and job creation: the roles of gender, non-pecuniary motivation and entrepreneurial ability, Small Business Economics, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 255-70.
8. Buttner, E. H. and Moore, D. P. (1997), Women's organizational exodus to entrepreneurship: self-reported motivations and correlates with success, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 34-46.
9. Chamlee-Wright, E. (1997), Foundations of the Market Economy Series, The Cultural Foundations of Economic Development: Urban Female Entrepreneurship in Ghana, Routledge, London and New York, NY.
10. Chell, E. (1985), The entrepreneurial personality: a few ghosts laid to rest?, International Small Business Journal, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 43-54.
11. Chu, H. M. and Katsioloudes, M. I. (2001), Cultural context in the Vietnamese-American entrepreneurial experience, Journal of Transnational Development, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 37-46.
12. Chu, H. M., Benzing, C. and Kara, O. (2007), Turkish entrepreneurs: motivation for business ownership, success factors, problems, and stress, International Journal of Business and Public Administration, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 106-23.
13. Chu, H. M., Benzing, C. and McGee, C. (2007), Ghanaian and Kenyan entrepreneurs: a comparative analysis of their motivations, success characteristics, and problems, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 12, No. 3, September, pp. 295-322.
14. Collins, C. J., Hanges, P. J. and Locke, E. A. (2004), The relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behavior: a meta-analysis, Human Performance, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 95-117.
15. Cromie, S. (1987), Motivations of aspiring male and female entrepreneurs, Journal of Occupational Behavior, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 251-61.
16. Curran, J. and Blackburn, R. A. (2001), Older people and the enterprise society: age and self- employment propensities, Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 889-902.
17. Dovlo, E. (2005), Religion in the public sphere: challenges and opportunities in Ghanaian Lawmaking, 1989-2004, Brigham Young University Law Review, available at: http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200501/ai_n15704847/prin t (accessed September 10, 2007).
18. European Union (2007), Definition of Micro, Small and Medium-sized Enterprises, European Union, Brussels, available at: http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/lvb/n26026.htm (accessed August 2007).
19. Forrest, T. (1994), The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise, pp. 237-40, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA.
20. Ghanaweb.com (2007), VAT Flat Rate Scheme for Retailers launched in the Western Region, July 27, available at: www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/printnews.php?ID=127957 (accessed September 10, 2007).
21. Ginsburg, A. and Buchholtz, A. (1989), Are entrepreneurs a breed apart? A look at the evidence, Journal of General Management, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 32-40.
22. Government of Ghana (2003), National Medium Term Private Sector Development Strategy 2004-2008, Volume 1: Strategy, Government of Ghana, Accra, December.
23. Gray, K., Foster, H. and Howard, M. (2006), Motivations of Moroccans to be entrepreneurs, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 297-318.
24. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E. and Tatham, R. L. (2006), Multivariate Data Analysis, Pearson Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
25. International Finance Corporation (2000), Paths out of Poverty: The Role of Private Enterprise in Developing Countries, International Finance Corporation, Washington, DC.
26. Johnson, B. (1990), Toward a multidimensional model of entrepreneurship: the case of achievement motivation and the entrepreneur, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 14, pp. 39-54.
27. Kameri-Mbote, P. (1995), The law of succession in Kenya: gender perspectives in property management and control, Nairobi: women and law in East Africa, available at: www.ielrc.org/content/b9501.pdf.
28. Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. and Naffziger, D. W. (1997), An examination of owners' goals in sustaining entrepreneurship, Journal of Small Business Management, Vol. 35, pp. 24-33.
29. Manu, G. (1999), Enterprise development in Africa: strategies for impact and growth, in King, K. and McGrath, S. (Eds), Enterprise in Africa: Between Poverty and Growth, IT Publications, London, pp. 107-20.
30. Moore, D. P. and Buttner, E. H. (1997), Women Entrepreneurs: Moving beyond the Glass Ceiling, Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
31. OECD Development Centre (2005), African Economic Outlook (2004-2005), OECD Development Centre, Paris.
32. Robichaud, Y., McGraw, E. and Roger, A. (2001), Toward the development of a measurement instrument for entrepreneurial motivation, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, Vol. 6, pp. 189-202.
33. Scheinberg, S. and MacMillan, I. (1988), An 11-country study of the motivations to start a business, in Kirchhoff, B., Long, W., McMullan, W., Vesper, K., Wetzel, W (Eds), Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, Babson College, Wellesley, MA.
34. Shane, S., Kolvereid, L. and Westhead, P. (1991), An exploratory examination of the reasons leading to new firm formation across country and gender, Journal of Business Venturing, Vol. 6, pp. 431-46.
35. Shaver, K. G. and Scott, L. R. (1991), Person, process, choice: the psychology of new venture creation, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 23-45.
36. Spring, A. and McDade, B. (1998), Entrepreneurship in Africa: traditional and contemporary paradigms, in Spring, A., McDade, B. E. (Eds), African Entrepreneurship: Theory and Reality, University Press of Florida, Gainsville, FL.
37. Steer, L. and Taussig, M. (2003), A little engine that could ... domestic private companies and Vietnam's pressing need for wage employment, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 2873, Washington, DC, August.
38. Stewart, W. H., Carland, J. C. and Carland, J. W. (1996), Empirically defining the entrepreneur, Journal of Business and Entrepreneurship, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-18.
39. Swierczek, F. and Ha, T. T. (2003), Motivation, entrepreneurship and the performance of SMEs in Vietnam, Journal of Enterprising Culture, Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 47-68.
40. Ujah, E. (2007), Between efficient tax system and sustainable growth, Vanguard (Lagos), September 9, available at: http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200709101015.html (accessed September 11, 2007).
41. Wang, C., Walker, E. A. and Redmond, J. (2006), Ownership motivation and strategic planning in small business, special issue - initiate 21, available at: www.asiaentrepreneurshipjournal.com (accessed May 25, 2007), Journal of Asia Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 4.
42. Woodman, G. R. (1985), Ghana reforms the Law of Intestate Succession, Journal of African Law, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 118-28.
43. World Bank (2006a), Ghana: World Bank supports micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) development, News Release No. 2006/230/AFR, World Bank, Washington, DC, available at: www.worldbank.org (accessed March 16, 2006).
44. World Bank (2007a), Country Classification, World Bank, Washington, DC, available at: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS (accessed May 17, 2007).
45. World Bank (2007b), Top 10 Reformers, World Bank, Washington, DC, available at: www.doingbusiness.org/main/Top10Reformers.aspx (accessed July 8, 2007).