Computing with words in decision making: Foundations, trends and prospects

Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making

Volumn 8, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 337-364

  Herrera, F ^a   Alonso, S ^a   Chiclana, F ^b   Herrera Viedma, E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GRANADA   (Spain)

^b DE MONTFORT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Computing with words; Decision making; Linguistic information

Indexed keywords

COMPUTATIONAL MODEL; COMPUTING WITH WORDS; CURRENT TRENDS; DECISION MODELS; HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE; HUMAN REASONING; LINGUISTIC INFORMATION; MENTAL PROCESS;

COMPUTER SCIENCE; LINGUISTICS;

DECISION MAKING;

EID: 72949111408     PISSN: 15684539     EISSN: 15732908     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10700-009-9065-2     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Alonso, S., Arambourg, S., Cabrerizo, F., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2008). Implementation of a mobile group decision making support system with incomplete information. In Proceedings of the 8th International FLINS Conference on Computational Intelligence in Decision and Control, Madrid, Spain (pp. 775-780).
2. S. Alonso F. Cabrerizo F. Chiclana F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma 2009 Group decision making with incomplete fuzzy linguistic preference relations International Journal of Intelligent Systems 24 2 201 222 1162.68647
3. K. Anagnostopoulos H. Doukas J. Psarras 2008 A linguistic multicriteria analysis system combining fuzzy sets theory, ideal and anti-ideal points for location site selection Expert Systems with Applications 35 4 2041 2048
4. A. Bargiela W. Pedrycz 2005 Granular mappings IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 35 2 292 297
5. D. Ben-Arieh Z. Chen 2006 Linguistic-labels aggregation and consensus measures for autocratic decision making using group recommendations IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 36 3 558 568
6. G. Bordogna M. Fedrizzi G. Pasi 1997 A linguistic modeling of consensus in group decision making based on owa operators IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 27 1 126 132
7. J. Buckley 1984 The multiple judge, multiple criteria ranking problem: A fuzzy set approach Fuzzy Sets and Systems 13 1 25 37 0546.90003 747389
8. Burstein F., Holsapple C. (eds) (2008) Handbook on decision support systems 1. Springer-Verlag, New York
9. G. Büyüközkan D. Ruan 2008 Evaluation of software development projects using a fuzzy multi-criteria decision approach Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 77 5-6 464 475 1147.68452 2432201
10. F. Cabrerizo S. Alonso E. Herrera-Viedma 2009 A consensus model for group decision making problems with unbalanced fuzzy linguistic information International Journal of Information Technology & Decision Making 8 1 1 23
11. Y. Cao M. Ying G. Chen 2007 Retraction and generalized extension of computing with words IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 15 6 1238 1250
12. D. Cassone D. Ben-Arieh 2005 Successive proportional additive numeration using fuzzy linguistic labels (fuzzy linguistic span) Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 4 3 155 174 1132.91369 2174246
13. S.-L. Chang R.-C. Wang S.-Y. Wang 2007 Applying a direct multi-granularity linguistic and strategy-oriented aggregation approach on the assessment of supply performance European Journal of Operational Research 177 2 1013 1025 1114.90047
14. Chen S., Hwan C. (1992) Fuzzy multiple attribute decision making-methods and applications. Springer, Berlin
15. Z. Chen D. Ben-Arieh 2006 On the fusion of multi-granularity linguistic label sets in group decision making Computers and Industrial Engineering 51 3 526 541
16. F. Chiclana F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma 1998 Integrating three representation models in fuzzy multipurpose decision making based on fuzzy preference relations Fuzzy Sets and Systems 97 33 48 0932.91012 1618276
17. T.-Y. Chou C.-L. Hsu M.-C. Chen 2008 A fuzzy multi-criteria decision model for international tourist hotels location selection International Journal of Hospitality Management 27 2 293 301
18. S.-J. Chuu 2007 Evaluating the flexibility in a manufacturing system using fuzzy multi-attribute group decision-making with multi-granularity linguistic information International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 32 3-4 409 421
19. R. Degani G. Bortolan 1988 The problem of linguistic approximation in clinical decision making International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 2 143 162
20. M. Delgado F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma L. Martínez 1998 Combining numerical and linguistic information in group decision making Information Sciences 107 1-4 177 194 1629857 (Pubitemid 128383780)
21. M. Delgado J. Verdegay M. Vila 1993 On aggregation operations of linguistic labels International Journal of Intelligent Systems 8 3 351 370 0794.68154
22. S. Díaz S. Montes B. D. Baets 2007 Transitivity bounds in additive fuzzy preference structures IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 15 2 275 286
23. S. Dick A. Schenker W. Pedrycz A. Kandel 2007 Regranulation: A granular algorithm enabling communication between granular worlds Information Sciences 177 2 408 435 1142.68065 2273314
24. Y. Dong Y. Xu H. Li 2008 On consistency measures of linguistic preference relations European Journal of Operational Research 189 2 430 444 1149.90349 2399754
25. W. Dongrui J. Mendel 2007 Aggregation using the linguistic weighted average and interval type-2 fuzzy sets IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 15 6 1145 1161
26. H. Doukas B. Andreas J. Psarras 2007 Multi-criteria decision aid for the formulation of sustainable technological energy priorities using linguistic variables European Journal of Operational Research 182 2 844 855 1121.90350
27. Dubois D., Prade H. (1988) Possibility theory: An approach to computerized processing of uncertainty. Plenum Press, New York
28. D. Dubois H. Prade 1997 The three semantics of fuzzy sets Fuzzy Sets and Systems 90 141 150 0919.04006 1486259
29. Evangelos T. (2000) Multi-criteria decision making methods: A comparative study. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
30. Fodor J., Roubens M. (1994) Fuzzy preference modelling and multicriteria decision support. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
31. G. Fu 2008 A fuzzy optimization method for multicriteria decision making: An application to reservoir flood control operation Expert Systems with Applications 34 1 145 149
32. J. García-Lapresta 2006 A general class of simple majority decision rules based on linguistic opinions Information Sciences 176 352 365 1126.91014 2198904
33. J. García-Lapresta L. Meneses 2003 An empirical analysis of transitivity with four scaled preferential judgment modalities Review of Economic Design 8 335 346 1070.91501
34. M. Genevois Y. Albayrak 2008 A fuzzy multiattribute decision making model to evaluate human resource flexibility problem Journal of Multiple-Valued Logic and Soft Computing 14 3-5 495 509 2458625
35. A. Gharehgozli M. Rabbani N. Zaerpour J. Razmi 2008 A comprehensive decision-making structure for acceptance/rejection of incoming orders in make-to-order environments International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 39 9-10 1016 1032
36. Z. Güngör F. ArIkan 2007 Using fuzzy decision making system to improve quality-based investment Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing 18 2 197 207
37. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma 1997 Aggregation operators for linguistic weighted information IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 27 5 646 656
38. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma 2000 Linguistic decision analysis: steps for solving decision problems under linguistic information Fuzzy Sets and Systems 115 67 82 1073.91528 1776304
39. Herrera, F., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (Eds.). (2001). Computing with words: Foundations and applications (special issue). International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems (IJUFKS), 9.
40. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma L. Martínez 2000 A fusion approach for managing multi-granularity linguistic term sets in decision making Fuzzy Sets and Systems 114 1 43 58 0963.91025
41. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma L. Martínez 2008 A fuzzy linguistic methodology to deal with unbalanced linguistic term sets IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 16 2 354 370
42. Herrera, F., Herrera-Viedma, E., Martínez, L., & Wang, P. (Eds.). (2006). Recent advancements of fuzzy sets: Theory and practice (special issue). Information Sciences, 176(4)
43. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma J. Verdegay 1996 Direct approach processes in group decision making using linguistic OWA operators Fuzzy Sets and Systems 79 175 190 0870.90007 1388390
44. F. Herrera E. Herrera-Viedma J. Verdegay 1996 A model of consensus in group decision making under linguistic assessments Fuzzy Sets and Systems 78 73 87 1376216 (Pubitemid 126667360)
45. F. Herrera L. Martínez 2000 A 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic representation model for computing with words IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 8 6 746 752
46. F. Herrera L. Martínez 2001 A model based on linguistic 2-tuples for dealing with multigranular hierarchical linguistic context in multi-expert decision making IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, And Cybernetics Part B: Cybernetics 31 2 227 234
47. F. Herrera L. Martínez P. Sánchez 2005 Managing non-homogeneous information in group decision making European Journal of Operational Research 166 115 132 1066.90533
48. E. Herrera-Viedma F. Herrera F. Chiclana M. Luque 2004 Some issues on consistency of fuzzy preference relations European Journal of Operational Research 154 1 98 109 1099.91508 2025664
49. E. Herrera-Viedma A. López-Herrera 2007 A model of information retrieval system with unbalanced fuzzy linguistic information International Journal Of Intelligent Systems 22 11 1197 1214 1147.68491
50. E. Herrera-Viedma L. Martínez F. Mata F. Chiclana 2005 A consensus support system model for group decision-making problems with multigranular linguistic preference relations IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 13 5 644 658
51. E. Herrera-Viedma G. Pasi A. López-Herrera C. Porcel 2006 Evaluating the information quality of web sites: A methodology based on fuzzy computing with words Journal of American Society for Information Science and Technology 57 4 538 549
52. E. Herrera-Viedma A. López-Herrera M. Luque C. Porcel 2007 A fuzzy linguistic irs model based on a 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic approach International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 15 2 225 250 1120.68047
53. E. Herrera-Viedma E. Peis J. M. del Castillo S. Alonso E. Anaya 2007 A fuzzy linguistic model to evaluate the quality of web sites that store xml documents International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 46 1 226 253
54. V. N. Huynh Y. Nakamori 2005 A satisfactory-oriented approach to multi-expert decision-making under linguistic assessments IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics SMC-35 2 184 196 (Pubitemid 40535904)
55. Y.-P. Jiang Z.-P. Fan J. Ma 2008 A method for group decision making with multi-granularity linguistic assessment information Information Sciences 178 4 1098 1109 1132.91373
56. Kacprzyk J., Fedrizzi M. (1990) Multiperson decision making models using fuzzy sets and possibility theory. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht
57. S. Kim B. Ahn 1997 Group decision making procedure considering preference strength under incomplete information Computers & Operations Research 24 12 1101 1112 0883.90069
58. Klir G., Folger T. (1988) Fuzzy sets, uncertainty, and information. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
59. J. Lawry 2001 An alternative approach to computing with words International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowlege-Based Systems 9 Suppl 3 16 1113.68526 1857636
60. J. Lawry 2001 A methodology for computing with words International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 28 51 89 0991.68109 1857890
61. J. Lawry 2004 A framework for linguistic modelling Artificial Intelligence 155 1-2 1 39 1085.68695 2052923
62. Lawry, J., Shanahan, J., & Ralescu, A. (Eds.). (2003). Modelling with words: Learning, fusion, and reasoning within a formal linguistic representation framework. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 2873). New York: Springer-Verlag.
63. D.-F. Li T. Sun 2007 Fuzzy linmap method for multiattribute group decision making with linguistic variables and incomplete information International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowlege-Based Systems 15 2 153 173
64. G.-D. Li D. Yamaguchi M. Nagai 2007 A grey-based decision-making approach to the supplier selection problem Mathematical and Computer Modelling 46 3-4 573 581
65. X. Li D. Ruan J. Liu Y. Xu 2008 A linguistic-valued weighted aggregation operator to multiple attribute group decision making with quantative and qualitative information International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 1 3 274 284 2456266
66. H.-Y. Lin P.-Y. Hsu G.-J. Sheen 2007 A fuzzy-based decision-making procedure for data warehouse system selection Expert Systems with Applications 32 3 939 953
67. Lu J., Zhang G., Ruan D., Wu F. (2007) Multi-objective group decision making. Methods, software and applications with fuzzy set techniques. Imperial College Press, London
68. J. Lu G. Zhang D. Ruan 2008 Intelligent multi-criteria fuzzy group decision-making for situation assessments Soft Computing: A Fusion of Foundations, Methodologies and Applications 36 1 18 26
69. J. Lu G. Zhang F. Wu 2008 Team situation awareness using web-based fuzzy group decision support systems International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 1 1 51 60 1968468
70. J. Ma D. Ruan Y. Xu G. Zhang 2007 A fuzzy-set approach to treat determinacy and consistency of linguistic terms in multi-criteria decision making International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 44 2 165 181 1115.68144 2295333
71. O. Martin G. Klir 2006 On the problem of retranslation in computing with perceptions International Journal of General Systems 35 6 655 674 1116.68072 2268154
72. L. Martínez 2007 Sensory evaluation based on linguistic decision analysis International Journal of Approximate Reasoning 44 2 148 164
73. L. Martínez M. Barranco L. Perez M. Espinilla 2008 A knowledge based recommender system with multigranular linguistic information International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 1 3 225 236
74. L. Martínez M. Espinilla L. Perez 2008 A linguistic multigranular sensory evaluation model for olive oil International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems 1 2 148 158
75. L. Martínez J. Liu J.-B. Yang F. Herrera 2005 A multigranular hierarchical linguistic model for design evaluation based on safety and cost analysis International Journal of Intelligent Systems 20 12 1161 1194 1085.68168
76. L. Martínez J. Liu D. Ruan J.-B. Yang 2007 Dealing with heterogeneous information in engineering evaluation processes Information Sciences 177 7 1533 1542
77. L. Martínez L. Pérez M. Barranco 2007 A multi-granular linguistic based-content recommendation model International Journal of Intelligent Systems 22 5 419 434
78. P. Meesad G. Yen 2003 Combined numerical and linguistic knowledge representation and its application to medical diagnosis IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part A: Systems and Humans 33 2 206 222
79. Mendel, J. (2001). The perceptual computer: An architecture for computing with words. In IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (Vol. 1, pp. 35-38).
80. J. Mendel 2002 An architecture for making judgement using computing with words International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences 12 3 325 335 1062.68125 1910280
81. J. Mendel 2007 Computing with words and its relationships with fuzzistics Information Sciences 177 4 988 1006 2288742
82. Mendel, J. (2008). Historical reflections on perceptual computing. In Proceedings of the 8th International FLINS Conference on Computational Intelligence in Decision and Control (pp. 181-186).
83. J. M. Mendel H. Wu 2006 Type-2 fuzzistics for symmetric interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Part 1: Forward problems IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 14 6 781 792
84. J. M. Mendel H. Wu 2007 Type-2 fuzzistics for symmetric interval type-2 fuzzy sets. Part 2: Inverse problems IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 15 2 301 308 2273311 (Pubitemid 46563429)
85. S. Önüt S. Soner 2008 Transshipment site selection using the ahp and topsis approaches under fuzzy environment Waste Management 28 9 1552 1559
86. J. Peláez J. Doña 2003 LAMA: A linguistic aggregation of majority additive operator International Journal of Intelligent Systems 18 7 809 820 1048.68109
87. T. Pham 2000 Computing with words in formal methods International Journal of Intelligent Systems 15 8 801 810 0957.68074
88. M. Roubens 1997 Fuzzy sets and decision analysis Fuzzy Sets and Systems 90 199 206 0921.90007 1486262
89. S. Rubin 1999 Computing with words IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics Part B: Cybernetics 29 4 518 524
90. Rutkowska, D., Kacprzyk, J., & Zadeh, L., (Eds.). (2002). Computing with words and perceptions (special issue). International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, 12(3).
91. Z. Sahnoun F. DiCesare P. Bonissone 1991 Efficient methods of computing linguistic consistency Fuzzy Sets and Systems 39 1 15 26 0713.68040 1089008
92. Saint S., Lawson J. R. (1994) Rules for reaching consensus. A modern approach to decision making. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA
93. Schmucker K. (1984) Fuzzy sets, natural language computations, and risk analysis. Computer Science Press, Rockville, MD
94. G. Shevchenko L. Ustinovichius A. Andruševičius 2008 Multi-attribute analysis of investments risk alternatives in construction Technological and Economic Development of Economy 14 3 428 443
95. Y.-H. Sun J. Ma Z.-P. Fan J. Wang 2008 A group decision support approach to evaluate experts for r&d project selection IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 55 1 158 170
96. W.-S. Tai C.-T. Chen 2008 A new evaluation model for intellectual capital based on computing with linguistic variable Expert Systems With Applications 36 2 Part 2 3483 3488
97. Y. Tang J. Zheng 2006 Linguistic modelling based on semantic similarity relation among linguistic labels Fuzzy Sets and Systems 157 12 1662 1673 1101.68886 2235584
98. R. Tong P. Bonissone 1980 A linguistic approach to decisionmaking with fuzzy sets IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-10 11 716 723 600022
99. V. Torra 1996 Negation functions based semantics for ordered linguistic labels International Journal of Intelligent Systems 11 975 988
100. V. Torra 2001 Aggregation of linguistic labels when semantics is based on antonyms International Journal of Intelligent Systems 16 513 524 0990.68156
101. E. Trillas 2006 On the use of words and fuzzy sets Information Sciences 176 11 1463 1487 1098.03066 2225325
102. E. Trillas S. Guadarrama 2005 What about fuzzy logic's linguistic soundness? Fuzzy Sets and Systems 156 3 334 340 1085.03019 2180467
103. I. Türkşen 2002 Type 2 representation and reasoning for cww Fuzzy Sets and Systems 127 17 36 1006.68134 1889024
104. I. Türkşen 2007 Meta-linguistic axioms as a foundation for computing with words Information Sciences 177 2 332 359 1111.68135 2273310
105. H. Wang D. Qiu 2003 Computing with words via turing machines: A formal approach IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 11 6 742 753 2278598
106. J.-H. Wang J. Hao 2006 A new version of 2-tuple fuzzy linguistic representation model for computing with words IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 14 3 435 445
107. J.-H. Wang J. Hao 2007 An approach to computing with words based on canonical characteristic values of linguistic labels IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 15 4 593 604
108. Wang, P. (eds) (2001) Computing with words. Wiley Series on Intelligent Systems. Wiley, New York
109. T.-C. Wang T.-H. Chang 2007 Forecasting the probability of successful knowledge management by consistent fuzzy preference relations Expert Systems with Applications 32 3 801 813
110. Y.-M. Wang T. Elhag 2007 A fuzzy group decision making approach for bridge risk assessment Computers and Industrial Engineering 53 1 137 148
111. Wu, D., & Mendel, J. (2008). Perceptual reasoning using interval type-2 fuzzy sets: Properties. IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems (pp. 1219-1226).
112. Z. Xu 2004 Eowa and eowg operators for aggregating linguistic labels based on linguistic preference relations International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowlege-Based Systems 12 6 791 810 1076.91508
113. Z. Xu 2004 A method based on linguistic aggregation operators for group decision making with linguistic preference relations Information Sciences 166 1-4 19 30 1101.68849 2104245
114. Z. Xu 2006 Incomplete linguistic preference relations and their fusion Information Fusion 7 3 331 337
115. Z. Xu 2006 Induced uncertain linguistic owa operators applied to group decision making Information Fusion 7 2 231 238
116. R. Yager 1981 A new methodology for ordinal multiobjective decisions based on fuzzy sets Decision Sciences 12 589 600 632284
117. R. Yager 1983 Some relationships between possibility, truth and certainty Fuzzy Sets and Systems 11 1-3 151 156 0524.94038 718741
118. R. Yager 1993 Non-numeric multi-criteria multi-person decision making Group Decision and Negotiation 2 1 81 93
119. R. Yager 2004 On the retranslation process in zadeh's paradigm of computing with words IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Part B: Cybernetics 34 2 1184 1195
120. R. Yager 2007 Aggregation of ordinal information Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 6 3 199 219 1153.68496 2353342
121. T. Yang M.-C. Chen C.-C. Hung 2007 Multiple attribute decision-making methods for the dynamic operator allocation problem Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 73 5 285 299 1144.90422 2288358
122. M. Ying 2002 A formal model of computing with words IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 10 5 640 652
123. L. Zadeh 1965 Fuzzy sets Information and Control 8 338 353 0139.24606 219427
124. L. Zadeh 1973 Outline of a new approach to the analysis of complex systems and decision processes IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-3 1 28 44 309582
125. L. Zadeh 1975 The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Part I Information Sciences 8 3 199 249 386369
126. L. Zadeh 1975 The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Part II Information Sciences 8 4 301 357 386370
127. L. Zadeh 1975 The concept of a linguistic variable and its application to approximate reasoning. Part III Information Sciences 9 1 43 80 386371
128. L. Zadeh 1983 The role of fuzzy logic in the management of uncertainty in expert systems Fuzzy Sets and Systems 11 1-3 199 227 0553.68049 727205 (Pubitemid 14507022)
129. L. Zadeh 1996 Fuzzy logic = computing with words IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems 94 2 103 111 1416687
130. L. Zadeh 1997 Toward a theory of fuzzy information granulation and its centrality in human reasonning and fuzzy logic Fuzzy Sets and Systems 90 111 127 0988.03040 1486256
131. L. Zadeh 1999 From computing with numbers to computing with words-from manipulation of measurements to manipulation of perceptions IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems Part I: Fundamental Theory and Applications 45 1 105 119 1683230
132. Zadeh, L., & Kacprzyk, J. (Eds.). (1999a). Computing with words in information/intelligent systems 1 (foundations). Studies in fuzziness and soft computing (Vol. 33). New York: Springer-Verlag.
133. Zadeh, L., & Kacprzyk, J. (Eds.). (1999b). Computing with words in information/intelligent systems 2 (applications). Studies in fuzziness and soft computing (Vol. 34). New York: Springer-Verlag.
134. M. Zarghami F. Szidarovszky R. Ardakanian 2008 A fuzzy-stochastic OWA model for robust multi-criteria decision making Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 7 1 1 15 1140.90435
135. L. Zou X. Liu Z. Wu Y. Xu 2008 A uniform approach of linguistic truth values in sensor evaluation Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making 7 4 387 397 1168.90526