메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 90, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 3367-3378

Intraspecific competition between co-infecting parasite strains enhances host survival in African trypanosomes

Author keywords

Africa; Host parasite interaction; Immune mediated apparent competition; Interference competition; Intraspecific interaction; Intraspecific variation; Pathogen; Population dynamics; Trypanosoma brucei

Indexed keywords

FLUORESCENT DYE;

EID: 72949110233     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/08-2291.1     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (88)

References (81)
  • 3
    • 52949124400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple-strain infections of Trypanosoma brucei across Africa
    • Balmer, O., and A. Caccone. 2008. Multiple-strain infections of Trypanosoma brucei across Africa. Acta Tropica 107: 275-279.
    • (2008) Acta Tropica , vol.107 , pp. 275-279
    • Balmer, O.1    Caccone, A.2
  • 4
    • 33646896129 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of di-, tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers with perfect repeats for Trypanosoma brucei and related species
    • Balmer, O., C. Palma, A. MacLeod, and A. Caccone. 2006. Characterization of di-, tri- and tetranucleotide microsatellite markers with perfect repeats for Trypanosoma brucei and related species. Molecular Ecology Notes 6: 508-510.
    • (2006) Molecular Ecology Notes , vol.6 , pp. 508-510
    • Balmer, O.1    Palma, C.2    MacLeod, A.3    Caccone, A.4
  • 5
    • 28744433885 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New fluorescence markers to distinguish co-infecting Trypanosoma brucei strains in experimental multiple infections
    • Balmer, O., and C. Tostado. 2006. New fluorescence markers to distinguish co-infecting Trypanosoma brucei strains in experimental multiple infections. Acta Tropica 97: 94-101.
    • (2006) Acta Tropica , vol.97 , pp. 94-101
    • Balmer, O.1    Tostado, C.2
  • 7
    • 72949097295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Barry, D., and M. Carrington. 2004. Antigenic variation. Pages 25-37 in I. Maudlin, P. H. Holmes, and M. A. Miles, editors. The trypanosomiases. CABI, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
    • Barry, D., and M. Carrington. 2004. Antigenic variation. Pages 25-37 in I. Maudlin, P. H. Holmes, and M. A. Miles, editors. The trypanosomiases. CABI, Wallingford, UK and Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
  • 9
    • 33748198741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within-host competition in genetically diverse malaria infections: Parasite virulence and competitive success
    • Bell, A. S., J. C. de Roode, D. Sim, and A. F. Read. 2006. Within-host competition in genetically diverse malaria infections: parasite virulence and competitive success. Evolution 60: 1358-1371.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 1358-1371
    • Bell, A.S.1    de Roode, J.C.2    Sim, D.3    Read, A.F.4
  • 10
    • 47349091798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of multiple infections on the expression and evolution of virulence in a Daphnia - endoparasite system
    • Ben-Ami, F., L. Mouton, and D. Ebert. 2008a. The effects of multiple infections on the expression and evolution of virulence in a Daphnia - endoparasite system. Evolution 62: 1700-1711.
    • (2008) Evolution , vol.62 , pp. 1700-1711
    • Ben-Ami, F.1    Mouton, L.2    Ebert, D.3
  • 11
    • 39149118887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A quantitative test of the relationship between parasite dose and infection probability across different host-parasite combinations
    • Ben-Ami, F.,R.R.Regoes, and D. Ebert. 2008b. A quantitative test of the relationship between parasite dose and infection probability across different host-parasite combinations. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275: 853-859.
    • (2008) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.275 , pp. 853-859
    • Ben-Ami, F.1    Regoes, R.R.2    Ebert, D.3
  • 12
    • 0033602470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities
    • Berlow, E. L. 1999. Strong effects of weak interactions in ecological communities. Nature 398: 330-334.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.398 , pp. 330-334
    • Berlow, E.L.1
  • 14
  • 15
    • 0019856301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brun, R., L. Jenni, M. Schonenberger, and K. F. Schell. 1981. In vitro cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense,and T. gambiense. Journal of Protozoology 28: 470-479.
    • Brun, R., L. Jenni, M. Schonenberger, and K. F. Schell. 1981. In vitro cultivation of bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei, T. rhodesiense,and T. gambiense. Journal of Protozoology 28: 470-479.
  • 17
    • 0001327030 scopus 로고
    • Structured habitats and the evolution of anticompetitor toxins in bacteria
    • Chao, L., and B. R. Levin. 1981. Structured habitats and the evolution of anticompetitor toxins in bacteria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 78: 6324-6328.
    • (1981) Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) , vol.78 , pp. 6324-6328
    • Chao, L.1    Levin, B.R.2
  • 19
    • 0036312664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed strain schistosome infections of snails and the evolution of parasite virulence
    • Davies, C. M., E. Fairbrother, and J. P. Webster. 2002. Mixed strain schistosome infections of snails and the evolution of parasite virulence. Parasitology 124: 31-38.
    • (2002) Parasitology , vol.124 , pp. 31-38
    • Davies, C.M.1    Fairbrother, E.2    Webster, J.P.3
  • 21
    • 0344011645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rodent malaria parasites suffer from the presence of conspecific clones in three-clone Plasmodium chabaudi infections
    • de Roode, J. C., A. F. Read, B. H. K. Chan, and M. J. Mackinnon. 2003. Rodent malaria parasites suffer from the presence of conspecific clones in three-clone Plasmodium chabaudi infections. Parasitology 127: 411-418.
    • (2003) Parasitology , vol.127 , pp. 411-418
    • de Roode, J.C.1    Read, A.F.2    Chan, B.H.K.3    Mackinnon, M.J.4
  • 22
    • 0003585551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dieckmann, U, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, and K. Sigmund, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Dieckmann, U., J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, and K. Sigmund, editors. 2002. Adaptive dynamics of infectious diseases: in pursuit of virulence management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2002) Adaptive dynamics of infectious diseases: In pursuit of virulence management
  • 23
    • 0026540207 scopus 로고
    • Regulation and stability of a free-living host - parasite system: Trichostrongy-lus tenuis in red grouse. II. Population models
    • Dobson, A. P., and P. J. Hudson. 1992. Regulation and stability of a free-living host - parasite system: Trichostrongy-lus tenuis in red grouse. II. Population models. Journal of Animal Ecology 61: 487-498.
    • (1992) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.61 , pp. 487-498
    • Dobson, A.P.1    Hudson, P.J.2
  • 24
    • 0032494707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Within- and between-population variation for resistance of Daphnia magna to the bacterial endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa
    • Ebert, D., C. D. Zschokke-Rohringer, and H. J. Carius. 1998. Within- and between-population variation for resistance of Daphnia magna to the bacterial endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 265: 2127-2134.
    • (1998) Proceedings of the Royal Society B , vol.265 , pp. 2127-2134
    • Ebert, D.1    Zschokke-Rohringer, C.D.2    Carius, H.J.3
  • 26
    • 0036605951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why is the effect of malaria parasites on mosquito survival still unresolved?
    • Ferguson, H. M., and A. F. Read. 2002. Why is the effect of malaria parasites on mosquito survival still unresolved? Trends in Parasitology 18: 256-261.
    • (2002) Trends in Parasitology , vol.18 , pp. 256-261
    • Ferguson, H.M.1    Read, A.F.2
  • 27
  • 28
    • 0004085058 scopus 로고
    • Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Gause, G. F. 1934. The struggle for existence. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
    • (1934) The struggle for existence
    • Gause, G.F.1
  • 29
    • 33845204804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protozoan encounters with Toll-like receptor signalling pathways: Implications for host parasitism
    • Gazzinelli, R. T., and E. Y. Denkers. 2006. Protozoan encounters with Toll-like receptor signalling pathways: implications for host parasitism. Nature Reviews Immunology 6: 895-906.
    • (2006) Nature Reviews Immunology , vol.6 , pp. 895-906
    • Gazzinelli, R.T.1    Denkers, E.Y.2
  • 30
    • 23944448813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The SRA gene: The key to understanding the nature of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
    • Gibson, W. C. 2005. The SRA gene: the key to understanding the nature of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Parasitology 131: 143-150.
    • (2005) Parasitology , vol.131 , pp. 143-150
    • Gibson, W.C.1
  • 32
    • 0032496361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chaos, persistence, and evolution of strain structure in antigenically diverse infectious agents
    • Gupta, S., N. Ferguson, and R. Anderson. 1998. Chaos, persistence, and evolution of strain structure in antigenically diverse infectious agents. Science 280: 912-915.
    • (1998) Science , vol.280 , pp. 912-915
    • Gupta, S.1    Ferguson, N.2    Anderson, R.3
  • 33
    • 0029894768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents
    • Gupta, S., M. C. Maiden, I. M. Feavers, S. Nee, R. M. May, and R. M. Anderson. 1996. The maintenance of strain structure in populations of recombining infectious agents. Nature Medicine 2: 437-442.
    • (1996) Nature Medicine , vol.2 , pp. 437-442
    • Gupta, S.1    Maiden, M.C.2    Feavers, I.M.3    Nee, S.4    May, R.M.5    Anderson, R.M.6
  • 34
    • 25144509849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid evolution and the convergence of ecological and evolutionary time
    • Hairston, N. G., S. P. Ellner, M. A. Geber, T. Yoshida, and J. A. Fox. 2005. Rapid evolution and the convergence of ecological and evolutionary time. Ecology Letters 8: 1114-1127.
    • (2005) Ecology Letters , vol.8 , pp. 1114-1127
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Ellner, S.P.2    Geber, M.A.3    Yoshida, T.4    Fox, J.A.5
  • 36
    • 0017544146 scopus 로고
    • Predation, apparent competition, and structure of prey communities
    • Holt, R. D. 1977. Predation, apparent competition, and structure of prey communities. Theoretical Population Biology 12: 197-229.
    • (1977) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.12 , pp. 197-229
    • Holt, R.D.1
  • 37
    • 0017102176 scopus 로고
    • Immunodepression, high IgM levels and evasion of the immune response in murine trypanosomiasis
    • Hudson, K. M., C. Byner, J. Freeman, and R. J. Terry. 1976. Immunodepression, high IgM levels and evasion of the immune response in murine trypanosomiasis. Nature 264: 256-258.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.264 , pp. 256-258
    • Hudson, K.M.1    Byner, C.2    Freeman, J.3    Terry, R.J.4
  • 38
    • 0003961754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hudson, P. J, A. Rizzoli, B. T. Grenfell, H. Heesterbeek, and A. P. Dobson, editors, Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA
    • Hudson, P. J., A. Rizzoli, B. T. Grenfell, H. Heesterbeek, and A. P. Dobson, editors. 2002. The ecology of wildlife diseases. Oxford University Press, New York, New York, USA.
    • (2002) The ecology of wildlife diseases
  • 40
    • 0242721418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why are dengue virus serotypes so distantly related? Enhancement and limiting serotype similarity between dengue virus strains
    • Kawaguchi, I., A. Sasaki, and M. Boots. 2003. Why are dengue virus serotypes so distantly related? Enhancement and limiting serotype similarity between dengue virus strains. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 2241-2247.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , vol.270 , pp. 2241-2247
    • Kawaguchi, I.1    Sasaki, A.2    Boots, M.3
  • 41
    • 33846084316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal diversity of the marine trematode Maritrema novaezealan- densis within intermediate hosts: The molecular ecology of parasite life cycles
    • Keeney, D. B., J. M. Waters, and R. Poulin. 2007. Clonal diversity of the marine trematode Maritrema novaezealan- densis within intermediate hosts: the molecular ecology of parasite life cycles. Molecular Ecology 16: 431-439.
    • (2007) Molecular Ecology , vol.16 , pp. 431-439
    • Keeney, D.B.1    Waters, J.M.2    Poulin, R.3
  • 42
    • 0004010707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
    • Keller, L. 1999. Levels of selection in evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
    • (1999) Levels of selection in evolution
    • Keller, L.1
  • 43
    • 0037062936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors
    • Kerr, B., M. A. Riley, M. W. Feldman, and B. J. M. Bohannan. 2002. Local dispersal promotes biodiversity in a real-life game of rock-paper-scissors. Nature 18: 171-174.
    • (2002) Nature , vol.18 , pp. 171-174
    • Kerr, B.1    Riley, M.A.2    Feldman, M.W.3    Bohannan, B.J.M.4
  • 44
    • 0028261060 scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic T-cell activity antagonized by naturally occurring HIV-1 Gag variants
    • Klenerman, P., et al. 1994. Cytotoxic T-cell activity antagonized by naturally occurring HIV-1 Gag variants. Nature 369: 403-407.
    • (1994) Nature , vol.369 , pp. 403-407
    • Klenerman, P.1
  • 45
    • 0032581491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Original antigenic sin impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses bearing variant epitopes
    • Klenerman, P., and R. M. Zinkernagel. 1998. Original antigenic sin impairs cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses bearing variant epitopes. Nature 394: 482-485.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.394 , pp. 482-485
    • Klenerman, P.1    Zinkernagel, R.M.2
  • 46
    • 14544292938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum
    • Lambrechts, L., J. Halbert, P. Durand, L. Gouagna, and J. Koella. 2005. Host genotype by parasite genotype interactions underlying the resistance of anopheline mosquitoes to Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria Journal 4: 3.
    • (2005) Malaria Journal , vol.4 , pp. 3
    • Lambrechts, L.1    Halbert, J.2    Durand, P.3    Gouagna, L.4    Koella, J.5
  • 47
    • 1942435224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Competition and mutualism among the gut helminths of a mammalian host
    • Lello, J., B. Boag, A. Fenton, I. R. Stevenson, and P. J. Hudson. 2004. Competition and mutualism among the gut helminths of a mammalian host. Nature 428: 840-844.
    • (2004) Nature , vol.428 , pp. 840-844
    • Lello, J.1    Boag, B.2    Fenton, A.3    Stevenson, I.R.4    Hudson, P.J.5
  • 48
    • 72949088264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levin, B. R., and R. M. Anderson. 1999. The population biology of anti-infective chemotherapy and the evolution of drug resistance: more questions than answers. Pages 125-137 in S. C. Stearns, editor. Evolution in health and disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK and New York, New York, USA.
    • Levin, B. R., and R. M. Anderson. 1999. The population biology of anti-infective chemotherapy and the evolution of drug resistance: more questions than answers. Pages 125-137 in S. C. Stearns, editor. Evolution in health and disease. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK and New York, New York, USA.
  • 49
    • 33646675344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasite-host specificity: Experimental studies on the basis of parasite adaptation
    • Little, T. J., K. Watt, and D. Ebert. 2006. Parasite-host specificity: experimental studies on the basis of parasite adaptation. Evolution 60: 31-38.
    • (2006) Evolution , vol.60 , pp. 31-38
    • Little, T.J.1    Watt, K.2    Ebert, D.3
  • 50
    • 77951051419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization ofmucosal surfaces
    • Lysenko, E. S., A. J. Ratner, A. L. Nelson, and J. N. Weiser. 2005. The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization ofmucosal surfaces. PloS Pathogens 1: 3-11.
    • (2005) PloS Pathogens , vol.1 , pp. 3-11
    • Lysenko, E.S.1    Ratner, A.J.2    Nelson, A.L.3    Weiser, J.N.4
  • 51
    • 0030966917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum: Biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity
    • Maitland, K., T. N. Williams, and C. I. Newbold. 1997. Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum: biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity. Parasitology Today 13: 227-231.
    • (1997) Parasitology Today , vol.13 , pp. 227-231
    • Maitland, K.1    Williams, T.N.2    Newbold, C.I.3
  • 52
    • 0346099248 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular regulation of the life cycle of African trypanosomes
    • Matthews, K. R., J. R. Ellis, and A. Paterou. 2004. Molecular regulation of the life cycle of African trypanosomes. Trends in Parasitology 20: 40-47.
    • (2004) Trends in Parasitology , vol.20 , pp. 40-47
    • Matthews, K.R.1    Ellis, J.R.2    Paterou, A.3
  • 54
    • 1642431902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti
    • Onah, D. N., I. W. Onyenwe, J. I. Ihedioha, and O. S. Onwumere. 2004. Enhanced survival of rats concurrently infected with Trypanosoma brucei and Strongyloides ratti. Veterinary Parasitology 119: 165-176.
    • (2004) Veterinary Parasitology , vol.119 , pp. 165-176
    • Onah, D.N.1    Onyenwe, I.W.2    Ihedioha, J.I.3    Onwumere, O.S.4
  • 55
    • 0037854316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional consequences of genetic diversity in Strongyloides ratti infections
    • Paterson, S., and M. E. Viney. 2003. Functional consequences of genetic diversity in Strongyloides ratti infections. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 270: 1023-1032.
    • (2003) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B , vol.270 , pp. 1023-1032
    • Paterson, S.1    Viney, M.E.2
  • 58
    • 84884094961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Second edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
    • Poulin, R. 2007. Evolutionary ecology of parasites. Second edition. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
    • (2007) Evolutionary ecology of parasites
    • Poulin, R.1
  • 60
    • 33746221355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of immune-mediated apparent competition in genetically diverse malaria infections
    • Raberg, L., J. C. de Roode, A. S. Bell, P. Stamou, D. Gray, and A. F. Read. 2006. The role of immune-mediated apparent competition in genetically diverse malaria infections. American Naturalist 168: 41-53.
    • (2006) American Naturalist , vol.168 , pp. 41-53
    • Raberg, L.1    de Roode, J.C.2    Bell, A.S.3    Stamou, P.4    Gray, D.5    Read, A.F.6
  • 61
    • 0003143131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kin-selection models as evolutionary explanations of malaria
    • U. Dieckmann, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, and K. Sigmund, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Read, A. F., M. J. Mackinnon, M. A. Anwar, and L. H. Taylor. 2002. Kin-selection models as evolutionary explanations of malaria. Pages 165-178 in U. Dieckmann, J. A. J. Metz, M. W. Sabelis, and K. Sigmund, editors. Adaptive dynamics of infectious diseases: in pursuit of virulence management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (2002) Adaptive dynamics of infectious diseases: In pursuit of virulence management , pp. 165-178
    • Read, A.F.1    Mackinnon, M.J.2    Anwar, M.A.3    Taylor, L.H.4
  • 62
    • 0030617889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
    • Reznick, D. N., F. H. Shaw, F. H. Rodd, and R. G. Shaw. 1997. Evaluation of the rate of evolution in natural populations of guppies (Poecilia reticulata). Science 275: 1934-1937.
    • (1997) Science , vol.275 , pp. 1934-1937
    • Reznick, D.N.1    Shaw, F.H.2    Rodd, F.H.3    Shaw, R.G.4
  • 63
    • 0003101073 scopus 로고
    • Overview: The role of species interactions in community ecology
    • J. M. Diamond and T. J. Case, editors, Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA
    • Roughgarden, J., and J. Diamond. 1986. Overview: the role of species interactions in community ecology. Pages 333-343 in J. M. Diamond and T. J. Case, editors. Community ecology. Harper and Row, New York, New York, USA.
    • (1986) Community ecology , pp. 333-343
    • Roughgarden, J.1    Diamond, J.2
  • 64
    • 37349054125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotype- specific interactions and the trade-off between host and parasite fitness
    • Salvaudon, L., V. Heraudet, and J. Shykoff. 2007. Genotype- specific interactions and the trade-off between host and parasite fitness. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 189.
    • (2007) BMC Evolutionary Biology , vol.7 , pp. 189
    • Salvaudon, L.1    Heraudet, V.2    Shykoff, J.3
  • 65
    • 4344599236 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmid-Hempel, P., and C. Reber Funk. 2004. The distribution of genotypes of the trypanosome parasite, Crithidia bombi,in populations of its host, Bombus terrestris. Parasitology 129: 147-158.
    • Schmid-Hempel, P., and C. Reber Funk. 2004. The distribution of genotypes of the trypanosome parasite, Crithidia bombi,in populations of its host, Bombus terrestris. Parasitology 129: 147-158.
  • 66
    • 0030613986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: Effects of predation risk on food web interactions
    • Schmitz, O. J., A. P. Beckerman, and K. M. Brien. 1997. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 78: 1388-1399.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1388-1399
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Beckerman, A.P.2    Brien, K.M.3
  • 67
  • 68
    • 12444341944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptors in innate immunity
    • Takeda, K., and S. Akira. 2005. Toll-like receptors in innate immunity. International Immunology 17: 1-14.
    • (2005) International Immunology , vol.17 , pp. 1-14
    • Takeda, K.1    Akira, S.2
  • 69
    • 0031979535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virulence of mixed-clone and single-clone infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi
    • Taylor, L. H., M. J. Mackinnon, and A. F. Read. 1998. Virulence of mixed-clone and single-clone infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi. Evolution 52: 583-591.
    • (1998) Evolution , vol.52 , pp. 583-591
    • Taylor, L.H.1    Mackinnon, M.J.2    Read, A.F.3
  • 70
    • 0030818203 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixed-genotype infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi are more infectious to mosquitoes than single-genotype infections
    • Taylor, L. H., D. Walliker, and A. F. Read. 1997. Mixed-genotype infections of the rodent malaria Plasmodium chabaudi are more infectious to mosquitoes than single-genotype infections. Parasitology 115: 121-132.
    • (1997) Parasitology , vol.115 , pp. 121-132
    • Taylor, L.H.1    Walliker, D.2    Read, A.F.3
  • 72
    • 36048946668 scopus 로고
    • Competition and nutrient kinetics along a temperature-gradient: An experimental test of a mechanistic approach to niche theory
    • Tilman, D., M. Mattson, and S. Langer. 1981. Competition and nutrient kinetics along a temperature-gradient: an experimental test of a mechanistic approach to niche theory. Limnology and Oceanography 26: 1020-1033.
    • (1981) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.26 , pp. 1020-1033
    • Tilman, D.1    Mattson, M.2    Langer, S.3
  • 73
    • 0029655721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of growth of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in chronic infection
    • Turner, C. M. R., N. Aslam, and S. D. Angus. 1996. Inhibition of growth of Trypanosoma brucei parasites in chronic infection. Parasitology Research 82: 61-66.
    • (1996) Parasitology Research , vol.82 , pp. 61-66
    • Turner, C.M.R.1    Aslam, N.2    Angus, S.D.3
  • 74
    • 0028995656 scopus 로고
    • The dynamics of multiple infection and the evolution of virulence
    • Van Baalen, M., and M. W. Sabelis. 1995. The dynamics of multiple infection and the evolution of virulence. American Naturalist 146: 881-910.
    • (1995) American Naturalist , vol.146 , pp. 881-910
    • Van Baalen, M.1    Sabelis, M.W.2
  • 75
    • 54549083155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parasites prevent summer breeding in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus
    • Vandegrift, K. J., T. R. Raffel, and P. J. Hudson. 2008. Parasites prevent summer breeding in white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus. Ecology 89: 2251-2258.
    • (2008) Ecology , vol.89 , pp. 2251-2258
    • Vandegrift, K.J.1    Raffel, T.R.2    Hudson, P.J.3
  • 77
    • 27844449025 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The extraordinary mitochondrion and unusual citric acid cycle in Trypanosoma brucei
    • van Hellemond, J. J., F. R. Opperdoes, and A. G. Tielens. 2005. The extraordinary mitochondrion and unusual citric acid cycle in Trypanosoma brucei. Biochemical Society Transactions 33: 967-971.
    • (2005) Biochemical Society Transactions , vol.33 , pp. 967-971
    • van Hellemond, J.J.1    Opperdoes, F.R.2    Tielens, A.G.3
  • 80
    • 0003731907 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • WHO, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
    • WHO. 2002. World Health Report 2002. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
    • (2002) World Health Report 2002
  • 81
    • 0028165937 scopus 로고
    • The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities
    • Wootton, J. T. 1994. The nature and consequences of indirect effects in ecological communities. Annual Review ofEcology and Systematics 25: 443-466.
    • (1994) Annual Review ofEcology and Systematics , vol.25 , pp. 443-466
    • Wootton, J.T.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.