Neuroembryology and functional anatomy of craniofacial clefts

Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery

Volumn 42, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2009, Pages

  Ewings, Ember L ^a   Carstens, Michael H ^a  

^a SAINT LOUIS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cleft; Embryology; Tessier

Indexed keywords

EID: 72949097215     PISSN: 09700358     EISSN: 1998376X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4103/0970-0358.57184     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Carstens MH. Neural tube programming and the pathogenesis of craniofacial clefts, part I: the neuromeric organization of the head and neck. In: Sarnat HB, Curatolo P, editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Chapter 16, Vol.87. London: Elsevier; 2008.
2. Carstens MH. Neural tube programming and the pathogenesis of craniofacial clefts. Part II: mesenchyme, pharyngeal arches, developmental Fields; and the assembly of the human face. In: Sarnat HB, Curatolo P, editors. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Chapter 17, Vol.87. London: Elsevier; 2008.
3. DeMyer W, Zeman W, Palmer CG. The face predicts the brain: diagnostic significance of median facial anomalies for holoprosencephaly (arhinencephaly). Pediatrics 1964;34:256-263
4. Carstens MH. Neural tube programming and craniofacial cleft formation. 1. The neuromeric organzation of the head and neck. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2004;8:181-210.
5. Berquist H. Studies on the cerebral tube in vertebrates: the neuromeres. Acta Zool 1952;33:117-123
6. Vaage S. The segmentation of the primitive neural tube in chick embryos (Gallus domesticus). Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1969;41:1-88.
7. Landmesser LT, editor. The Assembly of the Nervous System. In: Liss AR, editor. New York: 1989.
8. Butler AB, Hood M. Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy. In: Wiley-Liss, editor. New York: 1997.
9. Christ B, Schmidt C, Huang R, Wilting J, Brand-Saberi B. Segmentation of the vertebrate body. Anat Embryol 1998;197:1-8.
10. Graham A, Papalopulu N, Krumlauf R. The murine and Drosophila homeobox gene complexes have common features of organization and expression. Cell 1989;57:367-378
11. Burke AC. Hox genes and the global patterning of the somatic mesoderm. In: Ordahl CP, editor. Somitogenesis, Part 1. San Diego: Academic Press; 2000. p. 155-181
12. DeRobertis EM, Oliver G, Wright CV. Homeobox genes and the vertebrate body plan. Sci Am 1990;263:46-52.
13. Duboule, editor. Guide to the Homeobox Genes. Oxford University Press; Oxford: 1994.
14. Couly GF, Le Douarin NM. Head morphogenesis in embryonic avian chimeras: evidence for a segmental pattern in the ectoderm corresponding to the neuromeres. Development 1990;108:543-558
15. Hall BK. The Neural Crest in Development and Evolution. New York: Academic Press; 1997.
16. Hunt P, Krumlauf R. Deciphering the Hox code: clues to patterning brachial regions of the head. Cell 1991;66:1075-1078
17. Hunt P, Krumlauf R. Hox codes and positional specification in vertebrate embryonic axes. Anu Rev Cell Biol 1992;8:227-256
18. Krumlauf P. Hox genes and pattern formation in the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Trends Genet 1993;9:106-112
19. Puelles L, Rubenstein JL. Expression patterns of homeobox and other putative regulatory genes in the embryonic mouse forebrain suggest a neuromeric organization. Trends Neurosci 1993;16:472-479
20. Puelles L, Rubenstein JL. Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:469-476
21. Rubenstein JL, Puelles L. Homeobox gene expression during development of the vertebrate brain. Curr Top Dev BioI 1994;29:1-63.
22. Rubenstein JL, Marinez S, Himamura K, Puelles L. The embryonic vertebrate forebrain: the prosomere model. Science 1994;266:578-580
23. Serbedzija GN, Fraser SE, Bronner-Fraser M. Pathways of neural crest migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labeling. Development 1990;108:605-612
24. Serbedzija GN, Bronner-Fraser M, Fraser SE. Vital dye analysis of cranial neural crest migration in the mouse embryo. Development 1992;116:297-307.
25. Le Douarin NM, Kalcheim C. The Neural Crest. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 1999.
26. Jacobson AG. Somitomeres: the primordial body segments. In: R Bellairs, DA Ede, JW Lash, editors. Somites in Developing Embryos. New York: Plenum; 1986.
27. Jacobson AG. Somitomeres: Mesodermal segments of the head and neck. In: J Hanen, BK Hall editors. The Skull Vol1: Development. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 1993.
28. Lobe CG. Transcription factors and mammalian development. Curr Topics Dev Biol 1992;27:57-63.
29. Keynes R, Lumsden A. Segmentation and the origin of regional diversity in the vertebrate nervous system. Neuron 1990;2:1-9. (Pubitemid 20149750)
30. Hunt P, Krumlauf R. Deciphering the Hox code: Clues to patterning brachial regions of the head. Cell 1991;66:1075-1078
31. Hunt P, Krumlauf R. Hox codes and positional specification in vertebrate embryonic axes. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1992;8:227-256
32. McGinnis W, Krumlauf. Homeobox genes and axial patterning. Cell 1992;68:283-302.
33. Scott MP. Vertebrate homeobox nomenclature. Cell 1992;71: 551-553
34. Krumlauf P. Hox genes and pattern formation in the branchial region of the vertebrate head. Trends Genet 1993;9:106-112
35. Mavilio F. Regulation of vertebrate homeobox-containing genes by morphogenesis. Eur J Biochem 1993;212:273-288
36. Lumsden A, Krumlauf R. Patterning the vertebrate neuroaxis. Science 1996;274:1109-1115
37. Stein S, Fritsch R, Lenmire L, Kessel M. Checklist: vertebrate homeobox genes. Mech Dev 1996;9:1-108.
38. Puelles L, Rubenstein JL. Forebrain gene expression domains and the evolving prosomeric model. Trends Neurosci 2003;26:469-476
39. Tam PP, Beddington RS. The formation of mesodermal tissues in the mouse embryo during gastrulation and early organogenesis. Development 1987;99:109-126
40. Carlson BM. Human Embryology and Developmental Biology. 2nd ed. Saint Louis: Mosby; 1999.
41. Noden DM. Vertebrate craniofacial development: the relation between ontogenetic process and morphological outcome. Brain Behav Evol 1991;38:190-225.
42. Depew MJ, Simpson CA, Morasso M, Rubenstein JL. Reassessing the Dlx code: Genetic regulation of branchial arch skeletal pattern and development. J Anat 2007;27:501-561
43. Nowicki JL, Burke AC. Testing Hox genes by surgical manipulation. Dev Biol 1999;210-238.
44. DeBeer GR. The Development of the Vertebrate Skull. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1937.
45. Hall BK. The embryonic development of bone. Am Sci 1988;76:174-181
46. Mukouyama YS, Shin D, Britsch S, Taniguchi M, Anderson DJ. Sensory nerves determine the pattern of arterial differentiation and blood vessel branching in the skin. Cell 2002;109:693-705.
47. Carstens MH. The sliding sulcus procedure: simultaneous repair of unilateral clefts of the lip and primary palate - a new technique. J Craniofac Surg 1999;10:415-434
48. Carstens MH. Correction of the unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity using the sliding sulcus procedure. J Craniofac Surg 1999;10:346-364
49. Carstens MH. Sequential cleft management with the sliding sulcus technique and alveolar extension palatoplasty. J Cranofac Surg 1999;10:503-518
50. Carstens MH. The spectrum of minimal clefting: process-oriented cleft management in the presence of an intact alveolus. J Cranofac Surg 2000;11:270-294
51. Carstens MH. Correction of the bilateral cleft using the sliding sulcus technique. J Craniofac Surg 2000;11:137-167
52. Carstens MH. Functional matrix cleft repair: a common strategy for unilateral and bilateral clefts. J Craniofac Surg 2000;11:437-469
53. Carstens MH. Development of the facial midline. J Craniofac Surg 2002;13:129-187
54. Carstens MH. Functional matrix cleft repair: principles and techniques. Clin Plast Surg 2004;31:159-189
55. Delaire J. La cheilo-rhinoplastie primaire pour fente labiomaxllarie congenitale unilateral. Rev Stomatol 1975;76:193-215.
56. Delaire J. Theoretical principles and technique of functional closure of the lip and nasal aperture. J Maxillofac Surg 1975;6:109-116
57. Delaire J, Precious D, Gordeef A. The advantage of wide subperiosteal exposure in primary surgical correction of labial maxillary clefts. Scan J Plast Reconstr Surg 1988;22:147-151
58. Markus AF, Delaire J, Smith WP. Facial balance in cleft lip and palate I. Normal development and cleft palate. Br J Oral Surg 1992;30:287-295
59. Precious DA, Delaire J. Surgical considerations in patients with cleft deformities. In: Bell WH, editor. Modern Practice in Orthognathic and Reconstructive Surgery. WB Saunders; Philadelphia: 1992. p. 390-425
60. Delaire J. The potential role of facial muscles in monitoring maxillary growth and morphogenesis. In: DS Carlson, McNamara JA Jr, editors. Muscle Adaptation and Craniofacial Growth. Craniofacial Growth Monograph 8. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; 1998. p. 157-180
61. Ahlgren SC, Bonner-Fraser M. Inhibition of Sonic hedgehog signaling in vivo results in craniofacial neural crest cell death. Curr Biol 1999;9:1304-1314
62. Bellon F. Identifcation of Sonic hedgehog as a candidate gene responsible for holoprosencephaly. Nat Genet 1996;14:353-356
63. Hu D, Helms JA. The role of Sonic hedgehog in normal and abnormal craniofacial morphogenesis. Development 1999;126:4873-4884
64. Helms JA, Kim CH, Hu D, Minkoff R, Thaller C, Eichele G. Sonic hedgehog participates in craniofacial morphogenesis and is down-regulated by teratogenic doses of retinoic acid. Dev Biol 1997;187:25-35.
65. Nagase T, Nagase M, Osumi N, Fukuda S, Nakamura S, Ohsaki K, et al. Craniofacial anomalies of the cultured mouse embryo induced by inhibition of sonic hedgehog signaling; an animal model of holoprosencephly. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:80-88
66. Zhang Z, Song Y, Zhao X, Zhang X, Fermin C, Chen Y. Rescue of cleft palate in Msx- deficient mice by transgenic bmp4 reveals a network of BMP and Shh signaling in the regulation of mammalian palatogenesis. Development 2002;129:4135-4140
67. Gong SG, Guo C. Bmp4 gene is expressed at the putative site of fusion in the midfacial region. Differentiation 2003;71:228-236
68. Ashique AM, Fu K, Richman JM. Endogenous bone morphogenetic proteins regulate outgrowth and epithelial survival during avian lip fusion. Development 2002;129:4647-4660
69. Tessier P. Fentes orbito-faciales verticales et obliques (colobomas) completes et frustes. Ann Chir Plast 1969;19:301-311
70. Tessier P. Anatomical classifications of facial, cranio-facial, and laterofacial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg 1976;4:69-92.
71. Tessier P. Plastic Surgery of the Orbit and Eyelids (trans. SA Wolfe). In: Masson, editor. Philadelphia: Mosby Inc; 1981.
72. Johnston MC, Millcovsky G. Normal and abnormal development of the lip and palate. Clin Plast Surg 1985;2:521.
73. Mulliken JB. Repair of bilateral cleft lip: Review, revisions, reß ections. J Craniofac Surg 2003;14:68-76.