Interpreting the image of the human body in premodern India

International Journal of Hindu Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 189-228

  Wujastyk, Dominik ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA   (Austria)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 72549102902     PISSN: 10224556     EISSN: 15749282     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11407-009-9077-0     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Acharya, Jadavji Trikamji, ed. 1981 [1941]. Carakasam hita, śrícakrapaN idattaviracitaya ayurvedadípikavyakhyaya sam valita. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
2. Acharya, Yadavasharma Trivikrama, ed. 1915. Suśrutasam hita Suśrutena viracita, VaidyavaraśrídalhaN acaryaviracitaya Nibandhasam grahakhyavyakhyaya samullasita, Acaryopahvena Trivikramatmajena YadavaśarmaNa sam śodhita. Bombay: Nirnayasagaramudrayantralaye.
3. Alter, Joseph S. 1997 [1992]. The Wrestler's Body, Identity and Ideology in North India. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
4. Arnold David (2000) Science, Technology and Medicine in Colonial India. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
5. Basham, A. L. 1967 [1954]. The Wonder That was India. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
6. Bhattacharya, Jayanta. 2008. "Encounter in Anatomical Knowledge: East and West." Indian Journal of History of Science 43, 2: 163-209.
7. Bouy, Christian. 1994. Les natha-yogin et les Upanisads: étude d'histoire de la littérature hindoue. Paris: Boccard.
8. Breton, Peter. 1825. A Vocabulary of the Names of the Various Parts of the Human Body and of Medical and Technical Terms in English, Arabic, Persian, Hindee and Sanscrit for the Use of the Members of the Medical Department in India. Calcutta: Government Lithographic Press.
9. Briggs, George Weston. 1982 [1938]. Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogís. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
10. Caillat, Colette. 1981. La cosmologie jaina (ed. Ravi Kumar). Paris: Éditions du Chêne.
11. Daniélou, Alain. 1991 [1964]. The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism. Rochester: Inner Traditions.
12. Dasgupta, Surendranath. 1969 [1932]. A History of Indian Philosophy. Volume 2 of 5. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
13. Deshpande, S. H. 1992. Physical Education in Ancient India. Varanasi: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.
14. Dissanayake, Wimal. 1993. "Self and Body in Theravada Buddhism: A Tropological Analysis of the Dhammapada." In Thomas P. Kasulis, Roger T. Ames, and Wimal Dissanayake, eds., Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice, 123-45. Albany: State University of New York Press.
15. Dundas Paul (1992) The Jains. Routledge, London.
16. Eliade, Mircea. 1970 [1954]. Yoga: Immortality and Freedom (trans. Willard R. Trask). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
17. Farquhar J.N. (1925) "The Fighting Ascetics of India". Bulletin of the John Rylands Library 9(2): 431-52.
18. Fedorova, Mariana. 1990. Die Marmantheorie in der klassischen indischen Medizin. Ph.D. dissertation. Munich: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Library.
19. Filliozat, Pierre-Sylvain 1999. "Homologies du monde, de la parole et de l'homme dans les religions de l'Inde (des Veda aux Tantra)." In Philippe Gignoux, P.-S Filliozat, M. Tardieu, J.-D. Dubois, and M.-J. Pierre, eds., Ressembler au monde: nouveaux documents sur la théorie du macro-microcosme dans l'antiquité orientale, 11-40. Turnhout: Brepols.
20. Flood, Gavin D. 1993. Body and Cosmology in Kashmir Śaivism. San Francisco: Mellen Research University Press.
21. Fox, Nick J. 1997. "Is There Life After Foucault? Texts, Frames and differends." In Alan Petersen and Robin Bunton, eds., Foucault, Health and Medicine, 31-50. London: Routledge.
22. French, Roger. 1984. "An Origin for the Bone Text of the 'Five-figure Series'." Sudhoffs Archiv 68, 2: 143-56.
23. Gombrich, Richard F. 1996. "Foreword." In Sue Hamilton, Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism. London: Luzac Oriental.
24. Goudriaan, Teun and Sanjukta Gupta. 1981. Hindu Tantric and Śakta Literature. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
25. Grosz, Elizabeth. "Inscriptions and Body-Maps: Representations and the Corporeal." In T. Threadgold and A. Cranny-Francis, eds., Feminine/Masculine and Representation, 62-74. Sydney: Allen and Unwin.
26. Gupta, Brahmananda. 1976. "Indigenous Medicine in Nineteenth- and Twentieth-century Bengal." In Charles Leslie, ed., Asian Medical Systems: A Comparative Study, 368-78. Berkeley: University of California Press.
27. Gupta, Sanjukta, Dirk Jan Hoens, and Teun Goudriaan. 1979. Hindu Tantrism. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
28. Hamilton, Sue. 1995. "From the Buddha to Buddhaghosa: Changing Attitudes Toward the Human Body in Theravada Buddhism." In Jane Marie Law, ed., Religious Reflections on the Human Body, 46-63. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
29. Hamilton, Sue. 1996. Identity and Experience: The Constitution of the Human Being according to Early Buddhism. London: Luzac Oriental.
30. Heilijgers-Seelen, Dory. 1990. "The Doctrine of the S atcakra according to the Kubjikamata." In Teun Goudriaan, ed., The Sanskrit Tradition and Tantrism, 56-65. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
31. Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf. 1907. Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford: Clarendon.
32. Hooper, Robert. 1801 [1797]. The Anatomist's Vade-Mecum: Containing the Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Body. Boston: David Carlisle.
33. Hopkins, Edward Washburn. 1895. The Religions of India. Boston: Ginn.
34. Jordens, J. T F. 1998 [1978]. "A Fake Autobiography." In J. T. F. Jordens, Dayananda Saraswati: His Life and Ideas, 179-81. New Delhi: Manohar.
35. Kapani, Lakshmi. 1989. "Upanisad of the Embryo and Notes on the Garbha- Upanisad." In Michel Feher, with Ramona Naddaff and Nadia Tazi, eds., Fragments for a History of the Human Body, 3.177-96. New York: Zone Books.
36. Keith, Arthur Berriedale. 1925. The Religion and Philosophy of the Veda and Upanishads. Volume 2 of 2. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
37. Kiñjavadekara, Ramachandrashastri, ed. 1990 [1938-40]. Astaṅgasaṅgrahah mulasutraNi, śaśilekhatíka t uptippaNí, śarírapariśistam as taṅgahr dayaśaríram, śarírakos t hakani, śariracitrN i, sutra-śabda-visayasucyah , visayapraveśah nivedanam, ityadibhih samvalitam. 3 volumes. Poona: Citrasala Mudrandlaya. Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.
38. Krishnankutty, Gita. 2001. A Life of Healing: A Biography of Vaidyaratnam P. S Varier. New Delhi: Viking.
39. Kumar, Anil. 1998. Medicine and the Raj: British Medical Policy in India, 1835- 1911. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
40. Kutumbiah, P. 1999 [1962]. Ancient Indian Medicine. Bombay: Orient Longman.
41. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson. 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
42. Larson, Gerald James and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, eds. 2008 [1970]. Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
43. Leslie, Charles. 1992. "Interpretations of Illness: Syncretism in Modern Ayurveda." In Charles Leslie and Allan Young, eds., Paths to Asian Medical Knowledge, 177- 208. Berkeley: University of California Press.
44. Losty, Jeremiah. 1982. The Art of the Book in India. London: The British Library.
45. Lupton, Deborah. 1994. Medicine as Culture: Illness, Disease and the Body in Western Societies. London: Sage Publications.
46. Malamoud, Charles. 1996 [1989]. "Paths of the Knife: Carving up the Victim in Vedic Sacrifice." In Charles Malamoud, Cooking the World: Ritual and Thought in Ancient India (trans. David White), 169-80. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
47. Manzalaoui, M. A. 1974. "The Pseudo-Aristotelian Kitab Sirr al-Asrar: Facts and Problems." Oriens 23-24: 147-257.
48. Meulenbeld, G. Jan. 1999-2002. A History of Indian Medical Literature. 5 volumes. Groningen: Egbert Forsten.
49. Meulenbeld, G. Jan. 2008. "The Woes of Ojas in the Modern World." In Dagmar Wujastyk and Frederick M. Smith, eds., Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms, 157-76. Albany: State University of New York Press.
50. Mitra, Rajendra Lal. 1876. "On Human Sacrifices in India." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 45, 1: 76-118.
51. Mookerjee, Ajit. 1982. Kundalini: The Arousal of the Inner Energy. London: Thames and Hudson.
52. Nair, Kizhedath Vasudevan. 1954. A Biography of Vaidyaratnam P. S Varier. Kottakal: Arya Vaidya Sala.
53. Olivelle, Patrick, trans. 1998. The Early Upanisads. New York: Oxford University Press.
54. Padoux, André. 1990. "The Body in Tantric Ritual: The Case of the Mudras." In Teun Goudriaan, ed., The Sanskrit Tradition and Tantrism, 66-75. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
55. Perumal, P., ed. 1989. A Catalogue of Serfoji's Personal Collection and Other Rare Books. Thanjavur: TMSSM Library Society.
56. Phillips, Eustace Dockray. 1973. Greek Medicine: Philosophy and Medicine from Alcmaeon to the Alexandrians. London: Thames and Hudson.
57. Rao, G. Prabhakara. 1994. Model Papers for Ayurvedic Competitive Examinations. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Sanskrit Bhavan.
58. Rawson, Philip. 1973. The Art of Tantra. London: Thames and Hudson.
59. Ros, Frank. 1994. The Lost Secrets of Ayurvedic Acupuncture. Twin Lake: Lotus Press.
60. Roşu, Arion. 1981. "Les marman et les arts martiaux Indiens." Journal asiatique 269: 417-51.
61. Ruska, Julius. 1926. Tabula Smaragdina: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der hermetischen Literatur. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung.
62. Sahlins, Marshall. 1995. How "Natives" Think, About Captain Cook for Example. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
63. Savage-Smith, Emilie. 1997. "The Depiction of Human Anatomy in the Islamic World." In Francis Maddison, ed., Science, Tools & Magic, 14-24. London: The Nour Foundation in association with Azimuth Editions and Oxford University Press.
64. Schwab, Julius 1886. Das altindische Tieropfer Mit Benützung handschriftlicher Quellen bearbeitet. Erlangen: Andreas Deichert.
65. Sen, Gananath. 1913-22. Pratyaksaśaríra: Pratyaksha-sháríram. 3 volumes. Calcutta: Gobardhan Press, Standard Drug Press, and Kalpataru Press.
66. Sen, Gananath. 1966. Siddhantanidanam. 2 volumes. Varanasi: Caukhamba Sanskrit Series.
67. Shankar, Darshan and Ram Manohar. 1995. "Ayurvedic Medicine Today: Ayurveda at the Crossroads." In Jan van Alphen and Anthony Aris, eds., Oriental Medicine: An Illustrated Guide to the Asian Arts of Healing, 99-105. London: Serindia.
68. Sharma, Muralidhar, ed. 1895-99. Śrí-Dhanvantaribhagavatasamupadist a, tacchisyeNa suśrutena viracita suśrutasamhita arogyasudhakarasampadakena pharrukhanagaranivasina pamdita muralidharaśarmaNa rajavaidyena sanvayasatippaNikasapariśis taya bhasat ikaya sambhusita. 4 volumes. Bombay: Khemaraja Srikrsnadasa at Srivenkatesvara Press.
69. Sharma, Muralidhar. [1899]. Mahamarí ka Vivecana. Bombay: Khemaraja Srikrsnadasa at Srivenkatesvara Press.
70. Shastri, Parasurama, ed. 1931 [1920]. Damodarasunuśarṅgadharacaryavi racita śarṅgadharasamhita. bhisagvaradhamallaviracitadipika kaśiramavaidyaviracitagud harthadipikabhyam, t ikabhyam, samvalita. Bombay: Nirnayasagara Press.
71. Sjoman, Norman E. 1996. The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace. New Delhi: Abhinav Publications.
72. Staal, Frits. 1993. "Indian Bodies." In Thomas P. Kasulis, Roger T. Ames, and Wimal Dissanayake, eds., Self as Body in Asian Theory and Practice, 59-102. Albany: State University of New York Press.
73. Storey, C. A. 1958-[1997]. Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey. London: Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
74. Sudhoff, Karl. 1907. "Anatomische Zeichnungen (Schemata) aus dem 12. und 13. Jh. und eine Skelettzeichnung des 14. Jhrs." Studien zur Geschichte der Medicin 1: 49-65.
75. Tawney, C. H., trans. 1924 [1880-84]. The Ocean of Story Being C. H. Tawney's Translation of Somadeva's Katha Sarit Sagara (or Ocean of Streams of Story) (ed. N. M. Penzer). 10 volumes. London: Chas J. Sawyer.
76. Thatte, Dinkar Govind, with Renu and Subhash Chandra Verma. 1988. Acupuncture Marma and Other Asian Therapeutic Techniques. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Orientalia.
77. Varier, P. S 1925, 1961. Ast aṅgaśariram. Kottakal: Arya Vaidya Sala.
78. Varier, P. S. 1988 [1942, 1969]. Brhacchariram, navinamatanusareNa pracinaśariraśastratattvana ̄m vivaraNam, tesu sandigdhataya 'sampurNataya va sthitanamtattvanam adhunikaśastra 'virodhi vistaraś casmin susthu kr tah. Kottakal: P. S Varier's Arya Vaidya Sala.
79. Vasudeva, Somadeva. 2004. The Yoga of the Malinivijayottaratantra: Critical Edition, Translation and Notes. Pondicherry: IFP-EFEO.
80. Watson, Gay. 2002. The Resonance of Emptiness: A Buddhist Inspiration for Contemporary Psychotherapy. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
81. White, David Gordon. 1996. The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
82. Wilson, Elizabeth. 1995. "The Female Body as a Source of Horror and Insight in Post-Ashokan Indian Buddhism." In Jane Marie Law, ed. Religious Reflections on the Human Body, 76-99. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
83. Wujastyk, Dominik. 1984a. "An Alchemical Ghost: the Rasaratnakara by Nagarjuna." Ambix 31, 2: 70-83.
84. Wujastyk, Dominik. 1984b. "The Spikes in the Ears of the Ascetic: An Illustrated Tale in Buddhism and Jainism." Oriental Art 30, 2: 189-94.
85. Wujastyk, Dominik. 1998. "Science and Vedic Studies." Journal of Indian Philosophy 26, 4: 335-45.
86. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2002. "Interpréter l'image du corps humain dans l'Inde prémoderne." In Véronique Bouillier and Gilles Tarabout, eds, Les représentations du corps dans le monde hindou, chapter 2. Paris: CNRS Éditions.
87. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2003. The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. London: Penguin.
88. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2004. "Review of Gerrit Jan Meulenbeld, A History of Indian Medical Literature." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 67, 3: 404-407.
89. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2007. "A Persian Anatomical Image in a Non-Muslim Manuscript from Gujarat." Medical History 51, 2: 237-42.
90. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2008a. "The Evolution of Indian Government Policy on Ayurveda in the Twentieth Century." In Dagmar Wujastyk and Frederick M. Smith, eds., Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms, 43-76. Albany: State University of New York Press.
91. Wujastyk, Dominik. 2008b. "A Body of Knowledge: The Wellcome Ayurvedic Anatomical Man and His Sanskrit Context." Asian Medicine: Tradition & Modernity 4: 201-248.
92. Wujastyk, Dagmar and Frederick M. Smith, eds. 2008. Modern and Global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms. Albany: State University of New York Press.
93. Yadav, K. C. 1976. Autobiography of Swami Dayanand Saraswati. New Delhi: Manohar.
94. Zarrilli, Phillip B. 1998. When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
95. Zimmermann, Francis. 1978. "Introducing Western Anatomy to the Practitioners of Classical Indian Medicine: An Ethno-historical Analysis of the Treatises by P. S Varier in the 1920s." In, Asie du Sud, Traditions et Changements, VIth European Conference on Modern South Asian Studies, Sèvres, July 8-13, 1-3. Paris: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
96. Zimmermann, Francis 1983 [1979]. "Remarks on the Conception of the Body in Ayurvedic Medicine." In Beatrix Pfleiderer and Guenther D. Sontheimer, eds, Sources of Illness and Healing in South Asian Regional Literature, 10-26. Heidelberg: South Asia Institute, Department of Tropical Hygiene and Public Health, Department of Indology, Heidelberg University.
97. Zysk, Kenneth G. 1986. "The Evolution of Anatomical Knowledge in Ancient India with Special Reference to Cross-cultural Influences." Journal of the American Oriental Society 106, 4: 687-705.
98. Zysk, Kenneth G. 1995. "Vital Breath (PraNa) in Ancient Indian Medicine and Religion." In Yosio Kawakita, Shizu Sakai, and Yasuo Otsuka, eds., The Comparison Between Concepts of Life-breath in East and West: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on the Comparative History of Medicine-East and West, 33-65. Bretwood: Ishiyaku EuroAmerica.