From relative risk to absolute fracture risk calculation: The FRAX algorithm

Current Osteoporosis Reports

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 77-83

  McCloskey, Eugene V ^a   Johansson, Helena ^b   Oden, Anders ^b   Kanis, John A ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GLUCOCORTICOID;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ALGORITHM; BODY MASS; BONE DENSITY; BONE STRENGTH; CALCULATION; CIGARETTE SMOKING; COMPUTER PREDICTION; COMPUTER PROGRAM; DRUG EXPOSURE; FALL RISK ASSESSMENT; FEMUR NECK; FRACTURE; FRAGILITY FRACTURE; HIP FRACTURE; HUMAN; INFORMATION PROCESSING; INFORMATION RETRIEVAL; MENOPAUSE; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; RISK FACTOR; VALIDITY;

ALGORITHMS; BONE DENSITY; COMPUTER SIMULATION; DECISION SUPPORT TECHNIQUES; FEMALE; FRACTURES, BONE; HUMANS; MALE; RISK; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 72449208662     PISSN: 15441873     EISSN: 15442241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-009-0013-4     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. World Health Organization: Assessment of Fracture Risk and its Application to Screening for Postmenopausal Osteoporosis; Technical Report No. 843. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1994.
2. World Health Organization: The World Health Report, 1997: Conquering Suffering, Enriching Humanity. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 1997.
3. H.K. Genant C. Cooper G. Poor, et al. 1999 Interim report and recommendations of the World Health Organization Task-Force for Osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 10 259 264 10692972 10.1007/s001980050224 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3c7lslelsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 29476187)
4. J.A. Kanis E.V. McCloskey H. Johansson, et al. 2008 A reference standard for the description of osteoporosis Bone 42 467 475 18180210 10.1016/j.bone.2007.11.001 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXitVOmtbk%3D
5. J.A. Kanis O. Johnell C. De Laet, et al. 2004 A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk Bone 35 375 382 15268886 10.1016/j.bone.2004.03.024 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2czmsVCntg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38953182)
6. J.A. Kanis H. Johansson A. Oden, et al. 2004 A family history of fracture and fracture risk: a meta-analysis Bone 35 1029 1037 15542027 10.1016/j.bone.2004.06.017 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2crmvV2kug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39487348)
7. D. Feskanich W. Willett G. Colditz 2002 Walking and leisure-time activity and risk of hip fracture in postmenopausal women JAMA 288 2300 2306 12425707 10.1001/jama.288.18.2300 (Pubitemid 35291760)
8. J.A. Kanis O. Johnell A. Oden, et al. 2005 Smoking and fracture risk: a meta-analysis Osteoporos Int 16 155 162 15175845 10.1007/s00198-004-1640-3 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2M%2FksVentA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40193202)
9. World Health Organization: WHO Scientific Group on the Assessment of Osteoporosis at the Primary Health Care Level, Summary Meeting Report, Brussels, Belgium, 5-7 May 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2007.
10. T.W. O'Neill D. Felsenberg J. Varlow, et al. 1996 The prevalence of vertebral deformity in European men and women: the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study J Bone Miner Res 11 1010 1018 8797123
11. G. Jones T. Nguyen P.N. Sambrook, et al. 1994 Symptomatic fracture incidence in elderly men and women: the Dubbo Osteoporosis Epidemiology Study (DOES) Osteoporos Int 4 277 282 7812076 10.1007/BF01623352 1:STN:280: DyaK2M7htFaitQ%3D%3D
12. S.A. Jackson A. Tenenhouse L. Robertson 2000 Vertebral fracture definition from population-based data: preliminary results from the Canadian Multicenter Osteoporosis Study (CaMos) Osteoporos Int 11 680 687 11095171 10.1007/s001980070066 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3M%2FlsFarsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30786248)
13. L.J. Melton 3rd 1996 History of the Rochester Epidemiology Project Mayo Clin Proc 71 266 274 8594285 10.4065/71.3.266
14. L.J. Melton 3rd 2001 The prevalence of osteoporosis: gender and racial comparison Calcif Tissue Int 69 179 181 11730244 10.1007/s00223-001-1043-9 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovFKkt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 33035381)
15. E.V. McCloskey M. Beneton D. Charlesworth, et al. 2007 Clodronate reduces the incidence of fractures in community-dwelling elderly women unselected for osteoporosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized study J Bone Miner Res 22 135 141 17042717 10.1359/jbmr.061008 1:CAS:528: DC%2BD2sXhtVWnurs%3D (Pubitemid 46032606)
16. M. Van der Klift C.E. De Laet E.V. McCloskey, et al. 2002 The incidence of vertebral fractures in men and women: the Rotterdam Study J Bone Miner Res 17 1051 1056 12054160 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.6.1051
17. M. van der Klift C.E. de Laet E.V. McCloskey, et al. 2004 Risk factors for incident vertebral fractures in men and women: the Rotterdam Study J Bone Miner Res 19 1172 1180 15177001 10.1359/JBMR.040215 (Pubitemid 41110570)
18. R.J. Honkanen K. Honkanen H. Kroger, et al. 2000 Risk factors for perimenopausal distal forearm fracture Osteoporos Int 11 265 270 10824244 10.1007/s001980050291 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c3osVamug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30216180)
19. S. Fujiwara F. Kasagi M. Yamada K. Kodama 1997 Risk factors for hip fracture in a Japanese cohort J Bone Miner Res 12 998 1004 9199997 10.1359/jbmr.1997.12.7.998 1:STN:280:DyaK2szktlCnsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27264212)
20. G. Albrand F. Munoz E. Sornay-Rendu, et al. 2003 Independent predictors of all osteoporosis-related fractures in healthy postmenopausal women: the OFELY study Bone 32 78 85 12584039 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00919-5 1:STN:280: DC%2BD3s%2FntlajsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36173815)
21. P. Dargent-Molina M.N. Douchin C. Cormier, et al. 2002 Use of clinical risk factors in elderly women with low bone mineral density to identify women at higher risk of hip fracture: The EPIDOS prospective study Osteoporos Int 13 593 599 12111021 10.1007/s001980200078 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zmslSmtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34790633)
22. A. Svanborg 1977 Seventy-year-old people in Gothenburg a population study in an industrialized Swedish city. II. General presentation of social and medical conditions Acta Med Scand Suppl 611 5 37 271458 1:STN:280: DyaE1c%2FnslOgug%3D%3D
23. J.A. Kanis H. Johansson A. Oden, et al. 2004 A meta-analysis of prior corticosteroid use and fracture risk J Bone Miner Res 19 893 899 15125788 10.1359/JBMR.040134 (Pubitemid 41103445)
24. C. De Laet A. Oden H. Johansson, et al. 2005 The impact of the use of multiple risk indicators for fracture on case-finding strategies: a mathematical approach Osteoporos Int 16 313 318 15241584 10.1007/s00198-004-1689-z (Pubitemid 40379431)
25. J.A. Kanis A. Oden O. Johnell, et al. 2007 The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women Osteoporos Int 18 1033 1046 17323110 10.1007/s00198-007-0343-y 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2sznvV2hug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 47020000)
26. A.C. Looker H.W. Wahner W.L. Dunn, et al. 1998 Updated data on proximal femur bone mineral levels of US adults Osteoporos Int 8 468 489 9850356 10.1007/s001980050093 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FmslensA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28486716)
27. D. Marshall O. Johnell H. Wedel 1996 Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures BMJ 312 1254 1259 8634613 1:STN:280:DyaK283isFejtw%3D%3D
28. A.M. Schott C. Cormier D. Hans, et al. 1998 How hip and whole-body bone mineral density predict hip fracture in elderly women: the EPIDOS Prospective Study Osteoporos Int 8 247 254 9797909 10.1007/s001980050061 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FhsVKnsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28427074)
29. S.R. Cummings M.C. Nevitt W.S. Browner, et al. 1995 Risk factors for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group N Engl J Med 332 767 773 7862179 10.1056/NEJM199503233321202 1:STN:280: DyaK2M7ms1aktw%3D%3D
30. K.M. Sanders G.C. Nicholson A.M. Ugoni, et al. 1999 Health burden of hip and other fractures in Australia beyond 2000. Projections based on the Geelong Osteoporosis Study Med J Aust 170 467 470 10376021 1:STN:280: DyaK1MzgsVejuw%3D%3D
31. K.M. Sanders J.A. Pasco A.M. Ugoni, et al. 1998 The exclusion of high trauma fractures may underestimate the prevalence of bone fragility fractures in the community: the Geelong Osteoporosis Study J Bone Miner Res 13 1337 1342 9718203 10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.8.1337 1:STN:280:DyaK1czot1ehuw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28373336)
32. C.C. Gluer R. Eastell D.M. Reid, et al. 2004 Association of five quantitative ultrasound devices and bone densitometry with osteoporotic vertebral fractures in a population-based sample: the OPUS Study J Bone Miner Res 19 782 793 15068502 10.1359/JBMR.040304 (Pubitemid 41094390)
33. Y.Z. Bagger L.B. Tanko P. Alexandersen, et al. 2006 The long-term predictive value of bone mineral density measurements for fracture risk is independent of the site of measurement and the age at diagnosis: results from the Prospective Epidemiological Risk Factors study Osteoporos Int 17 471 477 16261280 10.1007/s00198-005-0009-6
34. J. Porthouse Y.F. Birks D.J. Torgerson, et al. 2004 Risk factors for fracture in a UK population: a prospective cohort study QJM 97 569 574 15317925 10.1093/qjmed/hch097 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvhtlKnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 39214323)
35. T. Walley A. Mantgani 1997 The UK General Practice Research Database Lancet 350 1097 1099 10213569 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)04248-7 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3ivVGrsQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 27437871)
36. M.A. Krieg J. Cornuz C. Ruffieux, et al. 2003 Comparison of three bone ultrasounds for the discrimination of subjects with and without osteoporotic fractures among 7562 elderly women J Bone Miner Res 18 1261 1266 12854836 10.1359/jbmr.2003.18.7.1261 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szisFSnsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 37294919)
37. G.L. Anderson J. Manson R. Wallace, et al. 2003 Implementation of the Women's Health Initiative study design Ann Epidemiol 13 S5 S17 14575938 10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00043-7 (Pubitemid 37324175)
38. N. Yoshimura T. Takijiri H. Kinoshita, et al. 2004 Characteristics and course of bone mineral densities among fast bone losers in a rural Japanese community: the Miyama Study Osteoporos Int 15 139 144 14618301 10.1007/s00198-003-1518-9 (Pubitemid 38252428)
39. P. Dargent-Molina F. Favier H. Grandjean, et al. 1996 Fall-related factors and risk of hip fracture: the EPIDOS prospective study Lancet 348 145 149 8684153 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01440-7 1:STN:280:DyaK283psFaqtg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 26238096)
40. C.W. McGrother M.M. Donaldson D. Clayton, et al. 2002 Evaluation of a hip fracture risk score for assessing elderly women: the Melton Osteoporotic Fracture (MOF) study Osteoporos Int 13 89 96 11883411 10.1007/s198-002-8343-6 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ltFSqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34157836)
41. D.M. Black M. Steinbuch L. Palermo, et al. 2001 An assessment tool for predicting fracture risk in postmenopausal women Osteoporos Int 12 519 528 11527048 10.1007/s001980170072 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MvosFagtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 32777427)
42. J.A. Kanis O. Johnell C. De Laet, et al. 2002 International variations in hip fracture probabilities: implications for risk assessment J Bone Miner Res 17 1237 1244 12096837 10.1359/jbmr.2002.17.7.1237
43. Kanis JA, on behalf of the WHO Scientific Group: Assessment of osteoporosis at the primary health-care level. Technical Report. 2008. Available at http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/reference.htm. Accessed August 14, 2009.
44. T.P. van Staa H.G. Leufkens L. Abenhaim, et al. 2000 Oral corticosteroids and fracture risk: relationship to daily and cumulative doses Rheumatology (Oxford) 39 1383 1389 10.1093/rheumatology/39.12.1383
45. J.A. Kanis H. Johansson O. Johnell, et al. 2005 Alcohol intake as a risk factor for fracture Osteoporos Int 16 737 742 15455194 10.1007/s00198-004-1734-y (Pubitemid 40933589)
46. P.D. Delmas H.K. Genant G.G. Crans, et al. 2003 Severity of prevalent vertebral fractures and the risk of subsequent vertebral and nonvertebral fractures: results from the MORE trial Bone 33 522 532 14555255 10.1016/S8756-3282(03)00241-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3svnslSgsw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 37222378)
47. O. Johnell J.A. Kanis A. Oden, et al. 2004 Fracture risk following an osteoporotic fracture Osteoporos Int 15 175 179 14691617 10.1007/s00198-003- 1514-0 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2c7hsVGmug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 38391531)
48. J.A. Kanis D. Black C. Cooper, et al. 2002 A new approach to the development of assessment guidelines for osteoporosis Osteoporos Int 13 527 536 12111012 10.1007/s001980200069 1:STN:280:DC%2BD38zmslSntQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 34790624)
49. R.E. Orstavik G. Haugeberg P. Mowinckel, et al. 2004 Vertebral deformities in rheumatoid arthritis: a comparison with population-based controls Arch Intern Med 164 420 425 14980993 10.1001/archinte.164.4.420 (Pubitemid 38240706)
50. S.A. Wainwright L.M. Marshall K.E. Ensrud, et al. 2005 Hip fracture in women without osteoporosis J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 2787 2793 15728213 10.1210/jc.2004-1568 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkt1Wgtrk%3D (Pubitemid 40686325)
51. D.K. Roy S.R. Pye M. Lunt, et al. 2002 Falls explain between-center differences in the incidence of limb fracture across Europe Bone 31 712 717 12531567 10.1016/S8756-3282(02)00909-2 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s%2FisVGktA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36092096)
52. M.R. McClung P. Geusens P.D. Miller, et al. 2001 Effect of rise-dronate on the risk of hip fracture in elderly women. Hip Intervention Program Study Group N Engl J Med 344 333 340 11172164 10.1056/NEJM200102013440503 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXht1Wlu7g%3D (Pubitemid 32107641)
53. Kayan K, Johansson H, Oden A, et al.: Can fall risk be incorporated into fracture risk assessment algorithms: a pilot study of responsiveness to clodronate. Osteoporos Int 2009 (in press).
54. J.A. Kanis E.V. McCloskey H. Johansson, et al. 2008 Case finding for the management of osteoporosis with FRAX-assessment and intervention thresholds for the UK Osteoporos Int 19 1395 1408 18751937 10.1007/s00198-008-0712-1 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1crnvFelug%3D%3D
55. B. Dawson-Hughes A.N. Tosteson L.J. Melton 3rd, et al. 2008 Implications of absolute fracture risk assessment for osteoporosis practice guidelines in the USA Osteoporos Int 19 449 458 18292975 10.1007/s00198-008-0559-5 1:STN:280:DC%2BD1c7nvF2nsQ%3D%3D