Ethnic Differences in Posttraumatic Distress: Hispanics' Symptoms Differ in Kind and Degree

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

Volumn 77, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1169-1178

  Marshall, Grant N ^a   Schell, Terry L ^a   Miles, Jeremy N V ^a  

^a RAND CORPORATION   (United States)

Author keywords

ethnic disparities; Hispanics; posttraumatic stress disorder; structural equation modeling

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION DISTURBANCE; BRAIN INJURY; CAUCASIAN; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISEASE SEVERITY; ETHNICITY; FEMALE; GLASGOW COMA SCALE; HISPANIC; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL CONCENTRATION; PERCEPTIVE DISCRIMINATION; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGIC ASSESSMENT; SCORING SYSTEM; SLEEP DISORDER; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING; SYMPTOM; SYMPTOM CHECKLIST 90;

ADULT; CHECKLIST; CHI-SQUARE DISTRIBUTION; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; LIFE CHANGE EVENTS; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; QUESTIONNAIRES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; SURVIVORS; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 72449200744     PISSN: 0022006X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0017721     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. American Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine. The Abbreviated Injury Scale, 1990 revision (1990), Author, Des Plaines, IL
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed., text rev. (2000), Author, Washington, DC
3. Andrykowski M.A., Cordova M.J., Studts J.L., and Miller T.W. Posttraumatic stress disorder after treatment for breast cancer: Prevalence of diagnosis and use of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C) as a screening instrument. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66 (1998) 586-590
4. Baker S.P., O'Neill B., Haddon W., and Long W.B. The Injury Severity Score: A method for describing patients with multiple injuries and evaluating emergency care. Journal of Trauma 14 (1974) 187-196
5. Barrowclough C., Gregg L., and Tarrier N. Expressed emotion and causal attributions in relatives of post-traumatic stress disorder patients. Behavioural Research and Therapy 46 (2008) 207-218
6. Bentler P.M. Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin 107 (1990) 238-246
7. Bentler P.M. EQS structural equations program manual (1995), Multivariate Software, Encino, CA
8. Blanchard E.B., Jones-Alexander J., Buckley T.C., and Forneris C.A. Psychometric properties of the PTSD Checklist (PCL). Behavior Research and Therapy 34 (1996) 669-673
9. Campbell D.T., and Kenny D.A. A primer on regression artifacts (1999), Guilford Press, New York, NY
10. Curran P.J. Have multilevel models been structural equation models all along?. Multivariate Behavioural Research 38 (2003) 529-569
11. Denson T.F., Marshall G.N., Schell T.L., and Jaycox L.H. Predictors of posttraumatic distress 1 year after exposure to community violence: The importance of acute symptom severity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 75 (2007) 683-692
12. Emsley R., Lunt M., Pickles A., and Dunn G. Implementing double-robust estimators of causal effects. Stata Journal 8 (2008) 334-535
13. Escobar J.I., Randolph E.T., Puente G., Spiwak F., Asamen J.K., Hill M., and Hough R.L. Posttraumatic stress disorder in Hispanic veterans: Clinical phenomenology and sociocultural characteristics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171 (1983) 585-596
14. Farley D.O., Short P.F., Elliott M.N., Kanouse D.E., Brown J.A., and Hays R.D. Effects of CAHPS health plan performance information on plan choices by New Jersey Medicaid beneficiaries. Health Services Research 37 (2002) 985-1007
15. Ford J.D. Trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and ethnoracial minorities: Toward diversity and cultural competence in principles and practices. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 15 (2008) 62-67
16. Frueh B.C., Brady K.L., and de Arellano M.A. Racial differences in combat-related PTSD: Empirical findings and conceptual issues. Clinical Psychology Review 18 (1998) 287-305
17. Galea S., Vlahov D., Tracy T., Hoover D.R., Resnick H., and Kilpatrick D. Hispanic ethnicity and post-traumatic stress disorder after a disaster: Evidence from a general population survey after September 11, 2001. Annals of Epidemiology 14 (2004) 520-531
18. Glynn S.M., Eth S., Randolph E.T., Foy D.W., Urbaitis M., Boxer L., and Crothers J. A test of behavioral family therapy to augment exposure for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67 (1999) 243-251
19. Hirano K., Imbens G., and Ridder G. Efficient estimation of average treatment effects using the estimated propensity score. Econometrica 71 (2003) 1161-1189
20. Hough R.L., Canino G.J., Abueg F.R., and Gusman F.D. PTSD and related stress disorders among Hispanics. In: Marsella A.J., Friedman M.J., Gerrity E.T., and Scurfield R.M. (Eds). Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research and clinical applications (1996), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 301-340
21. Hu L., and Bentler P.M. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling 6 (1999) 1-55
22. Huber P.J. Robust estimation of a location parameter. Annals of Mathematical Statistics 35 (1964) 73-101
23. Kulka R.A., Schlenger W.E., Fairbank J.A., Hough R.L., Jordan B.K., Marmar C.R., and Weiss D.S. Trauma and the Vietnam war generation: Report of findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study (1990), Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY
24. Lewis-Fernandez R., Turner J.B., Marshall R., Turse N., Neria Y., and Dohrenwend B.P. Elevated rates of current PTSD among Hispanic veterans in the NVVRS: True prevalence or methodological artifact?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 21 (2008) 123-132
25. Little R.J.A., and Rubin D.B. Statistical analysis with missing data (1987), Wiley, New York, NY
26. Loo C.M., Fairbank J.A., Scurfield R.M., Ruch L.O., King D.W., Adams L.J., and Chemtob C.M. Measuring exposure to racism: Development and validation of a Race-Related Stressor Scale (RRSS) for Asian American Vietnam veterans. Psychological Assessment 13 (2001) 503-520
27. Marsella A.J., Friedman M.J., and Spain E. Ethnocultural aspects of PTSD: An overview of issues and research directions. In: Marsella A.J., Friedman M.J., Gerrity E.T., and Scurfield R.M. (Eds). Ethnocultural aspects of posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues, research and clinical applications (1996), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 105-129
28. Marsh H.W., Hau K.-T., and Wen Z. In search of golden rules: Comment on hypothesis-testing approaches to setting cutoff values for fit indexes and dangers of overgeneralizing Hu and Bentler's (1999) findings. Structural Equation Modeling 11 (2004) 320-341
29. Marshall G.N., and Schell T.L. Reappraising the link between peritraumatic dissociation and PTSD symptom severity: Evidence from a longitudinal study of community violence survivors. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 111 (2002) 626-636
30. McCaffrey D., Ridgeway G., and Morral A. Propensity score estimation with boosted regression for evaluating adolescent substance abuse treatment. Psychological Methods 9 (2004) 403-425
31. McLachlan G.J., and Krishnan T. The EM algorithm and extensions (1996), Wiley-Interscience, New York, NY
32. Miles J.N.V., Marshall G.N., and Schell T.L. Spanish and English versions of the PTSD Checklist-Civilian Version (PCL-C): Testing for differential item functioning. Journal of Traumatic Stress 21 (2008) 369-376
33. Muthén L.K., and Muthén B.O. Mplus: The comprehensive modeling program for applied researchers [Computer program] (2006), Author, Los Angeles, CA
34. Norris F.H., Perilla J.L., and Murphy A.D. Postdisaster stress in the United States and Mexico: A cross-cultural test of the multicriterion conceptual model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 110 (2001) 553-563
35. O'Donnell M.L., Creamer M., Pattison P., and Atkin C. Psychiatric morbidity following injury. American Journal of Psychiatry 161 (2004) 507-514
36. Ortega A.N., and Rosenheck R. Posttraumatic stress disorder among Hispanic American veterans. American Journal of Psychiatry 157 (2000) 615-619
37. Perilla J.L., Norris F.H., and Lavizzo E.A. Ethnicity, culture, and disaster response: Identifying and explaining ethnic differences in PTSD six months after Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 21 (2002) 20-45
38. Pole N., Best S.R., Metzler T., and Marmar C.R. Why are Hispanics at greater risk for PTSD?. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 11 (2005) 144-161
39. Pole N., Best S.R., Weiss D.S., Metzler T., Ligerman A.M., Fagan J., and Marmar C.R. Effects of gender and ethnicity on duty-related posttraumatic stress symptoms among urban police officers. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 189 (2001) 442-448
40. Pole N., Gone G.P., and Kulkarni M. Posttraumatic stress disorder among ethnoracial minorities in the United States. Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 15 (2008) 35-61
41. Ramchand R., Marshall G.N., Schell T.L., Jaycox L.H., Hambarsoomians K., Shetty V., and Belzberg H. Alcohol abuse and illegal drug use among Los Angeles County trauma patients: Prevalence and evaluation of single item screener. Journal of Trauma 66 (2009) 1461-1467
42. Raudenbush S.W. Toward a coherent framework for comparing trajectories of individual change. In: Collins L.M., and Sayer A.G. (Eds). New methods for the analysis of change (2001), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 35-64
43. Robins J.M., and Rotnitsky A. Comment on "Inference for semiparametric models": Some questions and an answer by P. Bickel and J. Kwon. Statistica Sinica 11 (2001) 920-936
44. Robins J.M., Rotnitsky A., and Zhao L.P. Estimation of regression coefficients when some regressors are not always observed. Journal of the American Statistical Association 89 (1994) 846-866
45. Rosenbaum P.R., and Rubin D.B. The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika 70 (1983) 41-55
46. Ruef A.M., Litz B.T., and Schlenger W.E. Hispanic ethnicity and risk for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology 6 (2000) 235-251
47. Satorra A. Scaled and adjusted restricted tests in multi-sample analysis of moment structures. In: Heijmans R.D.H., Pollock D.S.G., and Satorra A. (Eds). Innovations in multivariate statistical analysis: A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker (2000), Kluwer Academic, London, England 233-247
48. Satorra A., and Bentler P. A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis (UCLA Statistics Electronic Publication No. 260) (1999). http://preprints.stat.ucla.edu/260/chisquare.pdf Retrieved from http://preprints.stat.ucla.edu/260/chisquare.pdf
49. Schell T.L., and Marshall G.N. Survey of individuals previously deployed for OEF/OIF. In: Taniellian T., and Jaycox L.H. (Eds). Invisible wounds of war: Psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery (2008), RAND, Santa Monica, CA 87-115
50. Scherpenzeel A., and Saris W. Multitrait-multimethod models for longitudinal research. In: van Montfort K., Oud J., and Satorra A. (Eds). Longitudinal models in the behavioral and related sciences (2007), Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ 381-402
51. Steiger, J. H., & Lind, J. M. (1980, May). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA.
52. Sue S. In search of cultural competence in psychotherapy and counseling. American Psychologist 53 (1998) 440-448
53. Teasdale C., and Jennett B. Assessment of coma and impaired consciousness: A practical scale. Lancet 2 (1974) 81-84
54. U.S. Census Bureau. Nation's population one-third minority (2006). http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/006808.html Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/population/006808.html
55. U.S. Census Bureau. The American community-Hispanics: 2004 (American Community Survey Reports) (2007). http://www.census.gov/prod.2007pubs/acs-03.pdf Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod.2007pubs/acs-03.pdf
56. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity (2001), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Office of the Surgeon General, Rockville, MD
57. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX. Retrieved from http://www.pdhealth.mil/library/downloads/PCL_sychometrics.doc
58. Yuan K.H., Marshall L.L., and Bentler P.M. A unified approach to exploratory factor analysis with missing data, nonnormal data, and in the presence of outliers. Psychometrika 67 (2002) 95-122
59. Zatzick D., Jurkovich G.J., Rivara F.P., Wang J., Fan M.Y., Joesch J., and Mackenzie E. A national U.S. study of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and work and functional outcomes after hospitalization for traumatic injury. Annals of Surgery 248 (2008) 429-437