The arctic in play: Governance in a time of rapid change

International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law

Volumn 24, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 423-442

  Young, Oran R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Arctic council; Ecosystem based management; Geopolitics; Governance; Policy discourse; Stakeholder; State change

Indexed keywords

ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; GEOPOLITICS; GOVERNANCE APPROACH; MARINE POLICY; POLICY MAKING;

ARCTIC OCEAN;

EID: 72449195242     PISSN: 09273522     EISSN: 15718085     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/157180809X421833     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. The quoted phrases are from J. Graff, "Fight for the Top of the World" (1 October 2007) Time, URL: www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599. 1663445,00.html
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9. The quoted phrases are from, respectively, D. Cressey, "The next land rush" (2008) 451 Nature 12-15;
10. Borgerson, (Nature)op. cit., supra note 1;
11. Nazavisimaya Gazeta, "A very cold war for energy resources" (11 March 2008)
12. and Graff, ("A very cold war for energy resources") op. cit., supra note 1.
13. See also O.R.Young, "Whither the Arctic? Conflict or cooperation in the circumpolar north" (2009) 40 Polar Record 1-10.
14. The characterization of the Arctic Council as a "high-level forum" is from the Ottawa Dec laration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (1996) 35 ILM 1385-1390.
15. See also O.R. Young, "Governing the Arctic: from cold war theater to mosaic of cooperation" (2005) Global Governance 8-15
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23. Article 122 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) states that the phrase 'enclosed or semi-enclosed sea' ". . . means a gulf, basin, or sea surrounded by two or more States and connected to another sea or the ocean by a narrow outlet or consisting entirely or primarily of the territorial seas and exclusive economic zones of two or more coastal states." In addition, LOS Article 234 on "ice-covered areas" accords coastal states the right to "adopt and enforce non-discriminatory laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and con trol of marine pollution from vessels . . ."
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31. and Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, (Arctic Pollution Issues: A State of the Arctic Environment Report) op. cit., supra note 15.
32. On the types of roles international regimes play, see O.R. Young, Governance in Word Affairs (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1999), Ch. 2.
33. Ottawa Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council, op. cit., supra note 10. A footnote to the main text of the Ottawa Declaration states that "The Arctic Council should not deal with matters related to military security."
34. The quoted phrases are from R. Huebert and B.B. Yeager, "A New Sea: The Need for a Regional Agreement on Management and Conservation of the Arctic Marine Environment" (2008), WWF International Arctic Programme (WWF, Gland)
35. (2008), WWF International Arctic Programme (WWF, Gland) and R. Rayfuse, "Melting Moments: The Future of Polar Oceans Governance in a Warming World", 16 RECIEL (2007) 196-216.
36. Ilulissat Declaration, (R. Rayfuse, RECIEL)op. cit., supra note 4.
37. Ibid. R. Rayfuse, RECIEL
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40. I. Krupnik, Arctic Adaptations: Native Whalers and Reindeer Herders of Northern Eurasia (University Press of New England, Hanover, 1993).
41. For a more general treatment of institutional interplay, see O.R. Young, L.A. King, and H. Schroeder (eds.), Institutions and Environmental Change: Principal Findings, Applications, and Research Frontiers (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2008).
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47. European Parliament Resolution of 9 October 2008 on Arctic governance, (T. Koivurova, RECIEL)op. cit., supra note 19.
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53. Article XII.2 of the Antarctic Treaty states that any Contracting Party may call for a review conference "after the expiration of thirty years from the date pf entry into force of the present Treaty" and that a "Conference of all the Contracting Parties shall be held as soon as practicable to review the operation of the Treaty." (Antarctic Treaty, done at Washington, 1 Decem ber 1959, entered into force 23 June 1961, (1959) 402 U.N.T.S. 71.)
54. M. Kaldor, "The Idea of Global Civil Society", 70 International Affairs (2003) 583-593.
55. O.R. Young, "Can the Arctic Council and the Northern Forum Find Common Ground", 38 Polar Record (2002) 289-296.