-
1
-
-
84982619278
-
The Victorian middle classes: Wealth, occupation and geography
-
W. D. Rubinstein, 'The Victorian middle classes: wealth, occupation and geography', Economic History Review 30, 3 (1977), 602-23;
-
(1977)
Economic History Review
, vol.30
, Issue.3
, pp. 602-623
-
-
Rubinstein, W.D.1
-
2
-
-
61149218317
-
Wealth, elites and the class structure of modern Britain
-
'Wealth, elites and the class structure of modern Britain', Past and Present 76 (1977), 69-126;
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(1977)
Past and Present
, vol.76
, pp. 69-126
-
-
-
5
-
-
84977321645
-
The size and distribution of the English middle classes, 1800-1914
-
'The size and distribution of the English middle classes, 1800-1914', Historical Research 61 (1988), 65-89;
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(1988)
Historical Research
, vol.61
, pp. 65-89
-
-
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6
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-
0344057033
-
The structure of wealth-holding in Britain, 1809-39: A preliminary anatomy
-
'The structure of wealth-holding in Britain, 1809-39: a preliminary anatomy', Historical Research 65 (1992), 74-89;
-
Historical Research
, vol.65
, pp. 74-89
-
-
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8
-
-
1642563420
-
The role of London in Britain's wealth structure
-
J. Stobart and A. Owens eds., Aldershot
-
'The role of London in Britain's wealth structure', in J. Stobart and A. Owens eds., Urban fortunes: property and inheritance in the town, 1700 - 1900 (Aldershot, 2000), 131-48;
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(2000)
Urban Fortunes: Property and Inheritance in the Town, 1700 - 1900
, pp. 131-148
-
-
-
10
-
-
0024813941
-
Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914
-
For debates surrounding Rubinstein's work see
-
For debates surrounding Rubinstein's work see M. J. Daunton, "'Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present 122 (1988), 119-158
-
(1988)
Past and Present
, vol.122
, pp. 119-158
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Daunton, M.J.1
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11
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-
1642563424
-
"'Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914: Reply
-
and
-
and "'Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914: reply', Past and Present 132 (1991), 170-87;
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(1991)
Past and Present
, vol.132
, pp. 170-187
-
-
-
13
-
-
0033005696
-
Wealth making in nineteenth-and twentieth-century Britain: Industry v. commerce and finance
-
T. Nicholas, 'Wealth making in nineteenth-and twentieth-century Britain: industry v. commerce and finance', Business History 41, 1 (1999), 16-36;
-
(1999)
Business History
, vol.41
, Issue.1
, pp. 16-36
-
-
Nicholas, T.1
-
14
-
-
84928831647
-
New rich, old rich, stinking rich
-
R. Pahl, 'New rich, old rich, stinking rich', Social History 15, 2 (1990), 229-39;
-
(1990)
Social History
, vol.15
, Issue.2
, pp. 229-239
-
-
Pahl, R.1
-
15
-
-
85065940416
-
From 'middling sort' to middle class in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century England
-
and M. L. Bush ed., London
-
and J. Seed, 'From 'middling sort' to middle class in late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth-century England', in M. L. Bush ed., Social orders and social classes in Europe since 1500: studies in social stratification (London, 1992), 114-135
-
(1992)
Social Orders and Social Classes in Europe since 1500: Studies in Social Stratification
, pp. 114-135
-
-
Seed, J.1
-
16
-
-
10144229680
-
Gentlemanly capitalism and British industry, 1820-1914: A comment
-
Rubinstein has responded to various of his critics: see
-
Rubinstein has responded to various of his critics: see W. D. Rubinstein, 'Gentlemanly capitalism and British industry, 1820-1914: a comment', Past and Present 132 (1991), 150-69;
-
(1991)
Past and Present
, vol.132
, pp. 150-169
-
-
Rubinstein, W.D.1
-
17
-
-
84933484779
-
Stinking rich: A response
-
'Stinking rich: a response' Social History 16, 2 (1991), 359-365
-
(1991)
Social History
, vol.16
, Issue.2
, pp. 359-365
-
-
-
18
-
-
1642481729
-
Wealth making in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: A response
-
and
-
and 'Wealth making in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: a response', Business History 42 (2000), 14-54.
-
(2000)
Business History
, vol.42
, pp. 14-54
-
-
-
20
-
-
84977380866
-
Income, expenditure and investment of a Victorian millionaire: Lord Overstone, 1823-83
-
R. Michie. 'Income, expenditure and investment of a Victorian millionaire: Lord Overstone, 1823-83', Historical Research 58 (1985), 59-77.
-
(1985)
Historical Research
, vol.58
, pp. 59-77
-
-
Michie., R.1
-
22
-
-
0002153441
-
The middle class and the property cycle during the industrial revolution
-
T. C. Smout ed., London
-
R. J. Morris, 'The middle class and the property cycle during the industrial revolution', in T. C. Smout ed., The search for wealth and stability (London, 1979), 91-113
-
(1979)
The Search for Wealth and Stability
, pp. 91-113
-
-
Morris, R.J.1
-
24
-
-
0000990842
-
Wealth accumulation and the life-cycle in economic history: Implications of alternative approaches to data
-
For a discussion of the North American context see
-
For a discussion of the North American context see L. Di Matteo, 'Wealth accumulation and the life-cycle in economic history: implications of alternative approaches to data', Explorations in Economic History 35, 3 (1998), 296-324.
-
(1998)
Explorations in Economic History
, vol.35
, Issue.3
, pp. 296-324
-
-
Di Matteo, L.1
-
25
-
-
38049181563
-
Doing business with gender: Service industries and British business history
-
There is a growing literature on this topic but for a recent discussion see
-
There is a growing literature on this topic but for a recent discussion see K. Honeyman, 'Doing business with gender: service industries and British business history', Business History Review 81 (2007), 471-493
-
(2007)
Business History Review
, vol.81
, pp. 471-493
-
-
Honeyman, K.1
-
26
-
-
72449136194
-
-
This estimate is based on the number of persons who died aged 21 or above compared to the number of probated estates in the year ending 31 March 1898. The figures come from the Registrar General's Sixty-first annual report (1898), 120 and the Commissioners of the Inland Revenue, Forty-first report for the year ending 31 March 1898 (1898), 147. The figure for 1858 was very similar
-
This estimate is based on the number of persons who died aged 21 or above compared to the number of probated estates in the year ending 31 March 1898. The figures come from the Registrar General's Sixty-first annual report (1898), 120 and the Commissioners of the Inland Revenue, Forty-first report for the year ending 31 March 1898 (1898), 147. The figure for 1858 was very similar.
-
-
-
-
27
-
-
38849097900
-
-
See also London, In theory anyone with personal property or bona notabilia worth £5 or more was required to file for probate
-
See also K. Grannum and N. Taylor, Wills and other probate records (London, 2004), 62-3. In theory anyone with personal property or bona notabilia worth £5 or more was required to file for probate.
-
(2004)
Wills and Other Probate Records
, pp. 62-63
-
-
Grannum, K.1
Taylor, N.2
-
29
-
-
0009370047
-
-
and Cambridge, Morris in particular equates property ownership with middle-class status;
-
and D. Wahrman, Imagining the middle class (Cambridge, 1995). Morris in particular equates property ownership with middle-class status;
-
(1995)
Imagining the Middle Class
-
-
Wahrman, D.1
-
33
-
-
72449189594
-
-
The following information is taken from the 1851 census enumerator's books and from The general and commercial directory of Birmingham (1856)
-
The following information is taken from the 1851 census enumerator's books and from The general and commercial directory of Birmingham (1856).
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
84869731943
-
-
Birmingham Daily Post, 16 July 1866. In the 1850s Thomas Webster suggested that a household income of between £250 and £300 per annum was sufficient to employ two female domestic servants; see Thomas Webster, An encyclopaedia of domestic economy (London, 1852), 331. The cost of servants also depended on alternative sources of female employment. In some northern towns with large amounts of factory work, female servants could command relatively high wages and the proportion of families able to employ one was therefore limited
-
Birmingham Daily Post, 16 July 1866. In the 1850s Thomas Webster suggested that a household income of between £250 and £300 per annum was sufficient to employ two female domestic servants; see Thomas Webster, An encyclopaedia of domestic economy (London, 1852), 331. The cost of servants also depended on alternative sources of female employment. In some northern towns with large amounts of factory work, female servants could command relatively high wages and the proportion of families able to employ one was therefore limited.
-
-
-
-
38
-
-
72449135280
-
-
The will of Isaac Robert Mott, proved in the Principal Registry 23rd September 1879
-
The will of Isaac Robert Mott, proved in the Principal Registry 23rd September 1879.
-
-
-
-
39
-
-
72449122310
-
-
The will of James Mott, proved in the Birmingham registry, 11 August 1927
-
The will of James Mott, proved in the Birmingham registry, 11 August 1927.
-
-
-
-
40
-
-
72449184066
-
-
See also Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder papers, MS/864/H/15c.
-
See also Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder papers, MS/864/H/15c.
-
-
-
-
41
-
-
72449129047
-
-
Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder papers, MS/884/H/11a. The census of that year records the head of household as Kate Brown, Herbert's widow
-
Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder papers, MS/884/H/11a. The census of that year records the head of household as Kate Brown, Herbert's widow.
-
-
-
-
42
-
-
72449183610
-
-
These are recorded in his account book held in the Birmingham City Archives (Lee Crowder papers, HO/864/42
-
These are recorded in his account book held in the Birmingham City Archives (Lee Crowder papers, HO/864/42).
-
-
-
-
43
-
-
72449187488
-
-
For each year between 1880 and 1927 the account book contains a listing of the amount paid and the market worth of each of his investments held on 1 January
-
For each year between 1880 and 1927 the account book contains a listing of the amount paid and the market worth of each of his investments held on 1 January.
-
-
-
-
45
-
-
38049009642
-
Consumer price inflation since 1750
-
During this period consumer prices remained virtually unchanged. See
-
During this period consumer prices remained virtually unchanged. See J. O'Donoghue, L. Goulding and G. Allen, 'Consumer price inflation since 1750', Economic Trends 604 (2004), 38-46.
-
(2004)
Economic Trends
, vol.604
, pp. 38-46
-
-
O'Donoghue, J.1
Goulding, L.2
Allen, G.3
-
46
-
-
72449138087
-
-
See 6 July
-
See Birmingham Post, 6 July 1900;
-
(1900)
Birmingham Post
-
-
-
47
-
-
72449173357
-
-
Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder Papers, MS 864/H/16: letter from Harry S. Brown to James Mott, 13 November 1915
-
Birmingham City Archives, Lee Crowder Papers, MS 864/H/16: letter from Harry S. Brown to James Mott, 13 November 1915.
-
-
-
-
48
-
-
72449154124
-
-
The will of James Mott, 11 August 1927
-
The will of James Mott, 11 August 1927.
-
-
-
-
50
-
-
84869736599
-
The final balance: Reconstructing wealth portfolios from death duty records in England and Wales, 1870-1930
-
For further discussion of sources and methodology see, Working Paper 2, funded by the Economic and Social Research Council, London, available at
-
For further discussion of sources and methodology see A. Owens, D. R. Green, C. Swan, S. Ainscough, C. van Lieshout, J. Maltby, C. van Mourik and J. Rutterford, 'The final balance: reconstructing wealth portfolios from death duty records in England and Wales, 1870-1930', Working Paper 2 'Women investors in England and Wales, 1870-1930', funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (London, 2008), available at http//:www.womeninvestors.org.uk.
-
(2008)
Women Investors in England and Wales, 1870-1930
-
-
Owens, A.1
Green, D.R.2
Swan, C.3
Ainscough, S.4
Van Lieshout, C.5
Maltby, J.6
Van Mourik, C.7
Rutterford, J.8
-
52
-
-
0021547442
-
Probate valuations and the death duty registers
-
B. English, 'Probate valuations and the Death Duty Registers', Historical Research 57, 135 (1984), 80-91;
-
(1984)
Historical Research
, vol.57
, Issue.135
, pp. 80-91
-
-
English, B.1
-
53
-
-
84977415125
-
Probate valuations and the death duty registers: Some comments
-
and
-
and M. Collinge, 'Probate valuations and the Death Duty Registers: some comments', Historical Research 60, 142 (1987), 240-245
-
(1987)
Historical Research
, vol.60
, Issue.142
, pp. 240-245
-
-
Collinge, M.1
-
54
-
-
72449126542
-
-
The National Archives, Kew, IR19, Board of Stamps: Legacy Duty Office and successors: Specimens of Death Duty Account, 1796 - 1903
-
The National Archives, Kew, IR19, Board of Stamps: Legacy Duty Office and successors: Specimens of Death Duty Account, 1796 - 1903.
-
-
-
-
55
-
-
34347280994
-
A measure of worth: Probate valuations, personal wealth and in indebtedness in England, 1810-40
-
Although this article focuses on the period after 1870, the authors are also analysing accounts for earlier in the century; for some preliminary analysis see A small number of additional Residuary Accounts relating to the estates of famous individuals - writers, artists, politicians and so on - can be found within the IR59 class of records at the National Archives, Kew; they are not included in the analysis in this article
-
Although this article focuses on the period after 1870, the authors are also analysing accounts for earlier in the century; for some preliminary analysis see A. Owens, D. R. Green, C. Bailey and A. Kay, 'A measure of worth: probate valuations, personal wealth and in indebtedness in England, 1810-40', Historical Research 79, 305 (2006), 383-403. A small number of additional Residuary Accounts relating to the estates of famous individuals - writers, artists, politicians and so on - can be found within the IR59 class of records at the National Archives, Kew; they are not included in the analysis in this article.
-
(2006)
Historical Research
, vol.79
, Issue.305
, pp. 383-403
-
-
Owens, A.1
Green, D.R.2
Bailey, C.3
Kay, A.4
-
56
-
-
84869734224
-
-
Our investigations suggest that when the sample was selected for preservation (sometime in the early to mid-twentieth century) an effort was made to select different letter clusters of papers based on the decedent's surname. We excluded the estates of Josiah Heap (aged 65) and John Du Pre (aged 92) from the analysis in this article. The net values of their estates were £284,650 and £245,367 respectively and together they comprised over 7 per cent of the total net value of estates in our sample. Inclusion of these extremely wealthy individuals would have significantly distorted the overall average holdings
-
Our investigations suggest that when the sample was selected for preservation (sometime in the early to mid-twentieth century) an effort was made to select different letter clusters of papers based on the decedent's surname. We excluded the estates of Josiah Heap (aged 65) and John Du Pre (aged 92) from the analysis in this article. The net values of their estates were £284,650 and £245,367 respectively and together they comprised over 7 per cent of the total net value of estates in our sample. Inclusion of these extremely wealthy individuals would have significantly distorted the overall average holdings.
-
-
-
-
57
-
-
72449176353
-
-
Valuation of some assets, such as shares in non-quoted companies, could be a complicated matter and sometimes involved negotiation with the Inland Revenue
-
Valuation of some assets, such as shares in non-quoted companies, could be a complicated matter and sometimes involved negotiation with the Inland Revenue
-
-
-
-
58
-
-
72449183609
-
-
The National Archives, Kew, IR26, Board of Inland Revenue and predecessors: Estate Duty Office and predecessors: Registers of Legacy Duty, Succession Duty and Estate Duty
-
The National Archives, Kew, IR26, Board of Inland Revenue and predecessors: Estate Duty Office and predecessors: Registers of Legacy Duty, Succession Duty and Estate Duty.
-
-
-
-
59
-
-
72449128538
-
-
Leasehold estates were liable for Legacy Duty up until 1853, after which time they became liable for Succession Duty instead
-
Leasehold estates were liable for Legacy Duty up until 1853, after which time they became liable for Succession Duty instead.
-
-
-
-
61
-
-
1642522472
-
Cutting up rich: A reply to F.M.L. Thompson
-
note 6.
-
W. D. Rubinstein, 'Cutting up rich: a reply to F.M.L. Thompson', Economic History Review 45, 2 (1992), 351, note 6.
-
(1992)
Economic History Review
, vol.45
, Issue.2
, pp. 351
-
-
Rubinstein, W.D.1
-
63
-
-
61249330417
-
-
For further debate about the use and interpretation of these sources see
-
For further debate about the use and interpretation of these sources see English, 'Probate valuations';
-
Probate Valuations
-
-
English1
-
65
-
-
84977407115
-
Wealth at death in the nineteenth century: The death duty registers
-
B. English, 'Wealth at death in the nineteenth century: the Death Duty Registers', Historical Research 60, 142 (1987), 246-49;
-
(1987)
Historical Research
, vol.60
, Issue.142
, pp. 246-249
-
-
English, B.1
-
67
-
-
84980198861
-
Stitching it together again
-
F. M. L. Thompson, 'Stitching it together again', Economic History Review 45, 2 (1992), 362-75;
-
(1992)
Economic History Review
, vol.45
, Issue.2
, pp. 362-375
-
-
Thompson, F.M.L.1
-
69
-
-
72449189125
-
-
The net annual yield normally comprised the annual rent that might reasonably be expected minus any expenses such as rates, taxes, repairs or maintenance. See London
-
The net annual yield normally comprised the annual rent that might reasonably be expected minus any expenses such as rates, taxes, repairs or maintenance. See Robert Dymond, The death duties (London, 1931), 459-460
-
(1931)
The Death Duties
, pp. 459-460
-
-
Dymond, R.1
-
70
-
-
84869740006
-
'Deriving real estate values from the IR26 death duty registers', training manual
-
We are grateful to W. D. Rubinstein and F. M. L. Thompson for advice on this matter. An alternative way of conceptualizing the multiplier is to consider it as a percentage return, in which case 30 represents an annual return of approximately 3 per cent on investment. Further discussion of the problem associated with specifying an appropriate multiplier and justification for the one chosen here can be found in London, available at
-
We are grateful to W. D. Rubinstein and F. M. L. Thompson for advice on this matter. An alternative way of conceptualizing the multiplier is to consider it as a percentage return, in which case 30 represents an annual return of approximately 3 per cent on investment. Further discussion of the problem associated with specifying an appropriate multiplier and justification for the one chosen here can be found in A. Owens and D. R. Green, 'Deriving real estate values from the IR26 Death Duty Registers', training manual, 'Women Investors in England and Wales, 1870-1930' (London, 2009), available at http://www. womeninvestors.org.uk.
-
(2009)
Women Investors in England and Wales, 1870-1930
-
-
Owens, A.1
Green, D.R.2
-
72
-
-
78650775510
-
Estimates of the realisable wealth of the United Kingdom basd mostly on estate duty returns
-
This is also the opinion expressed in
-
This is also the opinion expressed in W. Harris and K. A. Lake, 'Estimates of the realisable wealth of the United Kingdom basd mostly on estate duty returns', Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 69 (1906), 723-724
-
(1906)
Journal of the Royal Statistical Society
, vol.69
, pp. 723-724
-
-
Harris, W.1
Lake, K.A.2
-
74
-
-
72449121349
-
-
The strict definition of settled property was that it was limited to or in trust for persons by way of succession. See
-
The strict definition of settled property was that it was limited to or in trust for persons by way of succession. See Dymond, The death duties, 13-23.
-
The Death Duties
, pp. 13-23
-
-
Dymond1
-
75
-
-
0004030964
-
-
See, for example, Chapel Hill
-
See, for example, E. Spring, Law, land and family: aristocratic inheritance in England, 1300 - 1800 (Chapel Hill, 1993).
-
(1993)
Law, Land and Family: Aristocratic Inheritance in England, 1300-1800
-
-
Spring, E.1
-
77
-
-
1642481700
-
Property, will making and estate disposal in an industrial town, 1800-1857
-
J. Stobart and A. Owens eds., Aldershot
-
A. Owens, 'Property, will making and estate disposal in an industrial town, 1800-1857', in J. Stobart and A. Owens eds., Urban fortunes: property and inheritance in the town 1700-1900 (Aldershot, 2000), 93;
-
(2000)
Urban Fortunes: Property and Inheritance in the Town 1700-1900
, pp. 93
-
-
Owens, A.1
-
79
-
-
84909097816
-
To do the right thing: Gender, wealth, inheritance and the London middle class
-
A. Laurence, J. Maltby and J. Rutterford eds., London
-
D. R. Green, 'To do the right thing: gender, wealth, inheritance and the London middle class', in A. Laurence, J. Maltby and J. Rutterford eds., Women and their money 1700-1950 (London, 2009), 144.
-
(2009)
Women and Their Money 1700-1950
, pp. 144
-
-
Green, D.R.1
-
80
-
-
1642440740
-
Men, women, and property: The reform of the married women's property act 1870
-
point see F. M. L. Thompson ed., Oxford
-
On this point see R. J. Morris, 'Men, women, and property: the reform of the Married Women's Property Act 1870', in F. M. L. Thompson ed., Landowners, capitalists, and entrepreneurs: essays for Sir John Habakkuk (Oxford, 1994), 171-191
-
(1994)
Landowners, Capitalists, and Entrepreneurs: Essays for Sir John Habakkuk
, pp. 171-191
-
-
Morris, R.J.1
-
81
-
-
72449169365
-
-
For a wider discussion of trusts and trustees in Victorian Britain see
-
For a wider discussion of trusts and trustees in Victorian Britain see Stebbings, The private trustee.
-
The Private Trustee
-
-
Stebbings1
-
82
-
-
61249091631
-
Art, death and taxes: The taxation of works of art in Britain, 1796-1914
-
This was not the case for settled personalty, such as heirlooms and works of art, which were liable for duty at each succession. On this see
-
This was not the case for settled personalty, such as heirlooms and works of art, which were liable for duty at each succession. On this see P. Mandler, 'Art, death and taxes: the taxation of works of art in Britain, 1796-1914', Historical Research 74, 185 (2001), 271-297
-
(2001)
Historical Research
, vol.74
, Issue.185
, pp. 271-297
-
-
Mandler, P.1
-
84
-
-
72449208708
-
-
Dymond's The death duties is a useful guide to the complexities of assessing estates for inheritance tax
-
Dymond's The death duties is a useful guide to the complexities of assessing estates for inheritance tax.
-
-
-
-
85
-
-
84980266126
-
Life after death: How successful nineteenth-century businessmen disposed of their fortunes
-
Previous studies include, for example
-
Previous studies include, for example, F. M. L. Thompson, 'Life after death: how successful nineteenth-century businessmen disposed of their fortunes', Economic History Review 43, 1 (1990), 40-61;
-
(1990)
Economic History Review
, vol.43
, Issue.1
, pp. 40-61
-
-
Thompson, F.M.L.1
-
87
-
-
67649233522
-
Principles and prospects of the life course paradigm
-
For discussion of the life-course approach see, Further research will investigate the significance of the life course for selected individuals, tracing household characteristics using the census enumerator's books. Indexes to births, deaths and marriages were published quarterly by the General Register Office from 1837 onwards. These indexes have been digitized and are available from
-
For discussion of the life-course approach see J. Kok, 'Principles and prospects of the life course paradigm', Annales de Démographie Historique 1, 1 (2007), 203-230 Further research will investigate the significance of the life course for selected individuals, tracing household characteristics using the census enumerator's books. Indexes to births, deaths and marriages were published quarterly by the General Register Office from 1837 onwards. These indexes have been digitized and are available from http:// www.ancestry.co.uk.
-
(2007)
Annales de Démographie Historique
, vol.1
, Issue.1
, pp. 203-230
-
-
Kok, J.1
-
88
-
-
72449136193
-
-
This point is the currently the subject of ongoing research by the authors
-
This point is the currently the subject of ongoing research by the authors.
-
-
-
-
89
-
-
72449123664
-
-
The gap in the mid-1890s is a consequence of a fire in the Estate Duty Office which led to the destruction of papers for those years
-
The gap in the mid-1890s is a consequence of a fire in the Estate Duty Office which led to the destruction of papers for those years.
-
-
-
-
90
-
-
0001140692
-
The distribution of wealth and the individual life-cycle
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See, for example
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See, for example, A. B. Atkinson, 'The distribution of wealth and the individual life-cycle', Oxford Economic Papers 23 (1971), 239-54;
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(1971)
Oxford Economic Papers
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Atkinson, A.B.1
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92
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0000623550
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The age-wealth relationship: A cross section and cohort analysis
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A. F. Shorrocks, 'The age-wealth relationship: a cross section and cohort analysis', Review of Economics and Statistics 57, 2 (1975), 155-63;
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Review of Economics and Statistics
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Shorrocks, A.F.1
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93
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65149083017
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The life cycle in income, saving and asset ownership
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and
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and H. Lydall, 'The life cycle in income, saving and asset ownership', Econometrica 23, 2 (1955), 131-150
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(1955)
Econometrica
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Lydall, H.1
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94
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-
0000990842
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Wealth accumulation and the life-cycle in economic history: Implications of alternative approaches to data
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For a review of North American studies see
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For a review of North American studies see L. Di Matteo 'Wealth accumulation and the life-cycle in economic history: implications of alternative approaches to data', Explorations in Economic History 35, 3 (1998), 296-324.
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(1998)
Explorations in Economic History
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, pp. 296-324
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Di Matteo, L.1
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98
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0002719225
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Intergenerational transfers and savings
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L. Kotlikoff, 'Intergenerational transfers and savings', Journal of Economic Perspectives 2 (1988), 41-58.
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(1988)
Journal of Economic Perspectives
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, pp. 41-58
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Kotlikoff, L.1
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100
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84972191937
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Pitfalls in the estimation of the yield on British Consols, 1850-1914
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J. T. Klovland, 'Pitfalls in the estimation of the yield on British Consols, 1850-1914', Journal of Economic History 54, 2 (1994), 164-187
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(1994)
Journal of Economic History
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, pp. 164-187
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-
Klovland, J.T.1
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101
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-
72449201069
-
-
Simple debts might also include business transactions
-
Simple debts might also include business transactions.
-
-
-
-
103
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-
0040029106
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Patterns and characteristics of wealth inequality in late-nineteenth- century Ontario
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See, for example
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See, for example, L. Di Matteo, 'Patterns and characteristics of wealth inequality in late-nineteenth-century Ontario', Social Science History 25, 3 (2001), 347-380
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(2001)
Social Science History
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Di Matteo, L.1
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104
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1642569277
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Gentlewomanly capitalism? Spinsters widows and wealth-holding in England and Wales c. 1800-1860
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D. R. Green and A. Owens, 'Gentlewomanly capitalism? Spinsters, widows and wealth-holding in England and Wales c. 1800-1860', Economic History Review 56, 3 (2003), 510-536
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(2003)
Economic History Review
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, pp. 510-536
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Green, D.R.1
Owens, A.2
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108
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33645537263
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The impact of limited liability on ownership and control: Irish banking, 1877-1914
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G. C. Acheson and J. D. Turner, 'The impact of limited liability on ownership and control: Irish banking, 1877-1914', Economic History Review 59, 2 (2006), 320-46;
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(2006)
Economic History Review
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, pp. 320-346
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Acheson, G.C.1
Turner, J.D.2
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110
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-
33645638765
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The widow, the clergyman and the reckless": Women investors in England, 1830-1914
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For a discussion of some this literature see
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For a discussion of some this literature see J. Rutterford and J. Maltby, "'The widow, the clergyman and the reckless": women investors in England, 1830-1914', Feminist Economics 12, 1 (2006), 111-138
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(2006)
Feminist Economics
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, Issue.1
, pp. 111-138
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-
Rutterford, J.1
Maltby, J.2
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111
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3442889452
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Wives and household wealth: The impact of the 1870 British married women's property act on wealth-holding and share of household resources
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On this theme see
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On this theme see M. Combs, 'Wives and household wealth: the impact of the 1870 British Married Women's Property Act on wealth-holding and share of household resources', Continuity and Change 19, 1 (2004), 141-63;
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(2004)
Continuity and Change
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, pp. 141-163
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Combs, M.1
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112
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30444456682
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A measure of legal independence: The 1870 Married Women's Property Act and the wealth-holding patterns of British wives
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'A measure of legal independence: the 1870 Married Women's Property Act and the wealth-holding patterns of British wives', Journal of Economic History 65, 4 (2005), 1028-1057;
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(2005)
Journal of Economic History
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, Issue.4
, pp. 1028-1057
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-
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113
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33645796244
-
'Cui bono? the 1870 British Married Women's Property Act, bargaining power, and the distribution of resources within marriage
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and
-
and 'Cui bono? The 1870 British Married Women's Property Act, bargaining power, and the distribution of resources within marriage', Feminist Economics 12, 1 (2006), 51-83.
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(2006)
Feminist Economics
, vol.12
, Issue.1
, pp. 51-83
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