The drive for muscularity in men: Media influences and objectification theory

Body Image

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 32-38

  Daniel, Samantha ^a   Bridges, Sara K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

Author keywords

Body image; Drive for muscularity; Internalization of media ideals; Male body image; Media influences; Objectification theory

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY IMAGE; BODY MASS; DRIVE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; MASS MEDIUM; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOMETRY; SELF CONCEPT; SHAME; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STATISTICS; STUDENT;

ADOLESCENT; BODY IMAGE; BODY MASS INDEX; DRIVE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; MASS MEDIA; MUSCLE STRENGTH; PERSONALITY INVENTORY; PSYCHOMETRICS; SELF CONCEPT; SHAME; SOCIAL CONFORMITY; SOCIAL VALUES; STUDENTS; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 72249118872     PISSN: 17401445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2009.08.003     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Adams G., Turner H., and Bucks R. The experience of body dissatisfaction in men. Body Image 2 (2005) 271-283
2. Arbour K., and Martin Ginis K. Effects of exposure to muscular and hypermuscular media images on young men's muscularity dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction. Body Image 3 (2006) 153-161
3. Aubrey J.S. Effects of sexually objectifying media on self-objectification and body surveillance in undergraduates: Results of a 2-year panel study. Journal of Communication 56 (2006) 366-386
4. Bartky S.L. Femininity and domination: Studies in the phenomenology of oppression (1990), Routledge, New York
5. Bartlett C.P., Vowels C.L., and Saucier D.A. Meta-analyses of the effects of media images on men's body-image concerns. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 27 (2008) 279-310
6. Bohrnstedt G.W., and Carter T. Robustness in regression analysis. In: Costner H.L. (Ed). Sociological methodology 1971 (1971), Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
7. Boroughs M., Cafri G., and Thompson J.K. Male body depilation: Prevalence and associated features of body hair removal. Sex Roles 52 (2005) 637-644
8. Bottamini G., and Ste-Marie D.M. Male voices on body image. International Journal of Men's Health 5 (2006) 109-132
9. Cafri G., and Thompson J.K. Measuring male body image: A review of the current methodology. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 18-29
10. Calogero R.M. Objectification processes and disordered eating in British women and men. Journal of Health Psychology 14 (2009) 394-402
11. Calogero R.M., Davis W.N., and Thompson J.K. The role of self-objectification in the experience of women with eating disorders. Sex Roles 52 (2005) 43-50
12. De Souza P., and Ciclitira K. Men and dieting: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Health Psychology 10 (2005) 793-804
13. Dunkley D.M., and Grilo C.M. Self-criticism, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and over-evaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45 (2007) 139-149
14. Ethington C.A. A psychological model of student persistence. Research on Higher Education 31 (1990) 279-293
15. Ezekiel M., and Fox K.A. Methods of correlation and regression analysis. 3rd ed. (1959), Wiley, New York
16. Frederickson B.L., and Roberts T.A. Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experiences and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly 21 (1997) 173-206
17. Frederickson B.L., Roberts T.A., Noll S.M., Quinn D.M., and Twenge J.M. That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating, and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998) 269-294
18. Frith H., and Gleeson K. Clothing and embodiment: Men managing body image and appearance. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 40-48
19. Garner D.M. The 1997 Body Image Survey results. Psychology Today 30 (1997, January) 30-44, 75, 76, 78, 84
20. Goldfield G., Blouin A., and Woodside D.B. Body image, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa in male bodybuilders. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 51 (2006) 160-168
21. Grabe S., Ward L.M., and Hyde J.S. The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin 143 (2008) 460-476
22. Grieve F., Newton C., Kelley L., Miller R., and Kerr N. The preferred male body shapes of college men and women. Individual Differences Research 3 (2005) 188-192
23. Hebl M.R., King E.B., and Lin J. The swimsuit becomes us all: Ethnicity, gender, and vulnerability to self-objectification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (2004) 1322-1331
24. Heinberg L.J., Thompson J.K., and Stormer S. Development and validation of the sociocultural attitudes toward appearance questionnaire. International Journal of Eating Disorders 17 (1995) 81-89
25. Hildebrandt T., Schlundt D., Langenbucher J., and Chung T. Presence of muscle dysmorphia symptomology among male weightlifters. Comprehensive Psychiatry 47 (2006) 127-135
26. Kanayama G., Barry S., Hudson J., and Pope H. Body image and attitudes toward male roles in anabolic-androgenic steroid users. American Journal of Psychiatry 163 (2006) 697-703
27. Karazsia B.T., and Crowther J.H. Psychological and behavioral correlates of the SATAQ-3 with males. Body Image 5 (2008) 109-115
28. Labre M. The male body ideal: Perspectives of readers and non-readers of fitness magazines. Journal of Men's Health and Gender 2 (2005) 223-229
29. Leit R.A., Gray J., and Pope Jr. H.G. The media's representation of the ideal male body: A cause for muscle dysmorphia?. International Journal of Eating Disorders 31 (2002) 334-338
30. Leit R.A., Pope Jr. H.G., and Gray J. Cultural expectations of muscularity in men: The evolution of Playgirl centerfolds. International Journal of Eating Disorders 29 (2001) 90-93
31. Lever J., Frederick D., and Peplau L.A. Does size matter? Men's and women's views on penis size across the lifespan. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 7 (2006) 129-143
32. Lorenzen L., Grieve F., and Thomas A. Exposure to muscular male models decreases men's body satisfaction. Sex Roles 51 (2004) 743-748
33. Lynch S.M., and Zellner D.A. Figure preferences in two generations of men: The use of figure drawings illustrating differences in muscle mass. Sex Roles 40 (1999) 833-843
34. Martins Y., Tiggemann M., and Kirkbride A. Those speedos become them: The role of self-objectification in gay and heterosexual men's body image. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (2007) 634-647
35. McCabe M., and Ricciardelli L. Body image dissatisfaction among males across the lifespan: A review of past literature. Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56 (2004) 675-685
36. McCreary D., and Sadava S. Gender differences in relationships among perceived attractiveness, life satisfaction, and health in adult as a function of body mass index and perceived weight. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 2 (2001) 108-116
37. McCreary D., and Sasse D. An exploration of the drive for muscularity in adolescent boys and girls. Journal of American College Health 48 (2000) 297-304
38. McCreary D., Sasse D., Saucier D., and Dorsch K. Measuring the drive for muscularity: Factorial validity of the Drive for Muscularity Scale in men and women. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 49-58
39. McKinley N.M. Gender differences in undergraduates' body esteem: The mediating effect of objectified body consciousness and actual/ideal weight discrepancy. Sex Roles 39 (1998) 113-123
40. McKinley N.M. Women and objectified body consciousness: Mothers' and daughters' body experience in cultural, developmental, and familial context. Developmental Psychology 35 (1999) 760-769
41. McKinley N., and Hyde J. The Objectified Body Consciousness Scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly 20 (1996) 181-215
42. Monteath S.A., and McCabe M.P. The influence of societal factors on female body image. Journal of Social Psychology 137 (1997) 708-727
43. Moradi B., Dirks D., and Matteson A. Roles of sexual objectification experiences and internalization of standards of beauty in eating disorder symptomatology: A test and extension of objectification theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52 (2005) 420-428
44. Morrison T., Morrison M., and Hopkins C. Striving for bodily perfection? An exploration of the drive for muscularity in Canadian men. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 4 (2003) 111-120
45. Morry M., and Staska S. Magazine exposure: Internalization, self-objectification, eating attitudes, and body satisfaction in male and female university students. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 33 (2001) 269-279
46. National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2007). About BMI for adults. Retrieved October 31, 2007, from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/bmi/adult_BMI/about_adult_BMI.htm.
47. Noll S.M., and Fredrickson B.L. A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly 22 (1998) 623-636
48. Olivardia R., Pope H., Borowiecki III J., and Cohane G. Biceps and body image: The relationship between muscularity and self-esteem, depression, and eating disorder symptoms. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 5 (2004) 112-120
49. Pedhazur E.J. Multiple regression in behavioral research: Explanation and prediction. 2nd ed. (1982), CBS College Publishing, New York
50. Pope H., Olivardia R., Gruber A., and Borowiecki J. Evolving ideal of male body image as seen through action toys. International Journal of Eating Disorders 26 (1999) 65-72
51. Ridgeway R., and Tylka T. College men's perceptions of ideal body composition and shape. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 6 (2005) 209-220
52. Ringer F., and Crittenden P.M. Eating disorders and attachment: The effects of hidden family processes on eating disorders. European Eating Disorders Review 15 (2007) 119-130
53. Rolhinger D.A. Eroticizing men: Cultural influences on advertising and male objectification. Sex Roles 46 (2002) 61-74
54. Schooler D., and Ward L.M. Average Joes: Men's relationships with media, real bodies, and sexuality. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 7 (2006) 27-41
55. Schutz H.K., and Paxton S.J. Friendship quality, body dissatisfaction, dieting and disordered eating in adolescent girls. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 46 (2007) 67-83
56. Strelan P., and Hargreaves D. Reasons for exercise and body esteem: Men's response to self-objectification. Sex Roles 53 (2005) 495-503
57. Tiggemann M., and Kuring J.K. The role of body objectification in disordered eating and depressed mood. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 43 (2004) 299-311
58. Tiggemann M., and Lynch J.E. Body image across the life span in adult woman: The role of self-objectification. Developmental Psychology 37 (2001) 243-253
59. Weltzin T., Weisensel N., Franczyk D., Burnett K., Klitz C., and Bean P. Eating disorders in men: Update. Journal of Men's Health and Gender 2 (2005) 186-193