Methane sources feeding cold seeps on the shelf and upper continental slope off central Oregon, USA

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2009, Pages

  Torres, Marta E ^a   Embley, Robert W ^b   Merle, Susan G ^a   Tréhu, Anne M ^a   Collier, Robert W ^a   Suess, Erwin ^a,c,d   Heeschen, Katja U ^e  

^a OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NOAA PACIFIC MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^c GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^d Marine Research Consortium   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cascadia margin; Gas hydrate; Heceta bank; Methane seeps; Seep carbonates

Indexed keywords

EID: 72049084758     PISSN: 15252027     EISSN: 15252027     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2009GC002518     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Aloisi, G., J. P. Foucher, J. Woodside, C. Pierre, and J. M. Rouchy (2000), Methane-related authigenic carbonates of eastern Mediterranean Sea mud volcanoes and their possible relation to gas hydrate destabilization, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 184, 321-338, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00322-8. (Pubitemid 32192191)
2. Barnes, P. M., G. Lamarche, J. Bialas, S. Henrys, I. Pecher, G. L. Netzeband, J. Greinert, J. Mountjoy, K. Pedley, and G. Crutchley (2009), Tectonic and geological framework for gas hydrates and cold seeps on the Hikurangi Subduction Margin, New Zealand, Mar. Geol., doi:10.1016/j.margeo. 2009.03.012, in press.
3. Beget, J. E., and J. A. Addison (2007), Methane gas release from the Storegga submarine landslide linked to early Holocene climate change: A speculative hypothesis, Holocene, 17(3), 291-295.
4. Boetius, A., and E. Suess (2004), Hydrate Ridge: A natural laboratory for the study of microbial life fueled by methane from near-surface gas hydrates, in Geomicrobiology and Biogeochemistry of Gas Hydrates and Hydrocarbon Seeps, edited by C. Zhang and B. Lanoil, Chem. Geol., 205, 91-310.
5. Boetius, A., K. Ravenschlag, C. J. Schubert, D. Rickert, F. Widdel, A. Gieseke, R. Amann, B. B. Jørgensen, U. Witte, and O. Pfannkuche (2000), A marine consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane, Nature, 407, 623-626, doi:10.1038/35036572. (Pubitemid 30775371)
6. Böhm, F., A. Eisenhauer, H. Lehnert, J. Reitner, G. Wörheide, M. M. Joachimski, and W. C. Dullo (2000), Oxygen isotope fractionation in marine aragonite of coralline sponges, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 1695-1703, doi:10.1016/ S0016-7037(99)00408-1.
7. Bohrmann, G., J. Greinert, E. Suess, and M. E. Torres (1998), Authigenic carbonates from the Cascadia subduction zone and their relation to gas hydrate stability, Geology, 26, 647 - 650, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1998)026<0647: ACFTCS>2.3.CO;2.
8. Bohrmann, G., P. Linke, E. Suess, and O. Pfannkuche (2000), RV Sonne cruise report SO143 "TECFLUX-I-1999", Rep. 93, Leibniz Inst. of Mar. Sci. at Univ. of Kiel (IFMGEOMAR), Kiel, Germany.
9. Brooks, J. M., M. E. Field, and M. C. Kennicutt, II (1991), Observations of gas hydrates in marine sediments, offshore north California, Mar. Geol., 96, 103-109, doi:10.1016/ 0025-3227(91)90204-H.
10. Bustin, R. M. (1995), Organic maturation and petroleum source rock potential of Tofino Basin, southwestern British Columbia, Bull. Can. Pet. Geol., 43, 177-186.
11. Campbell, K. A. (2006), Hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent paleoceano-environments: Past developments and future research directions, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 362-407, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo. 2005.06.018. (Pubitemid 43363440)
12. Campbell, K. A., J. D. Farmer, and D. Des Marais (2002), Ancient hydrocarbon seeps from the Mesozoic convergent margin of California: Carbonate geochemistry, fluids and paleoenvironments, Geofluids, 2, 63-94, doi:10.1046/ j.1468-8123.2002.00022.x.
13. Chevallier, J., A. M. Tréhu, N. L. Bangs, J. E. Johnson, and H. J. Meyer (2006), Seismic sequence stratigraphy and tectonic evolution of southern Hydrate Ridge [online], Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 204, 29 pp., doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.204.121.2006. (Available at http:// www-odp.tamu.edu/ publications/204-SR/121/121.htm)
14. Claypool, G. E., and I. R. Kaplan (1974), The origin and distribution of methane in marine sediments, in Natural Gases in Marine Sediments, edited by I. R. Kaplan, pp. 99-139, Plenum, New York.
15. Claypool, G. E., A. V. Milkov, Y.-J. Lee, M. E. Torres, W. S. Borowski, and H. Tomaru (2006), Microbial methane generation and gas transport in shallow sediments of an accretionary complex, Southern Hydrate Ridge (ODP Leg 204), offshore Oregon, USA [online], Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 204, 52 pp. (Available at http://www-odp.tamu. edu/publications/204-SR/113/113.htm)
16. Cochonat, P., H. Nouze, C. Fouchet, J. P. Foucher, J.-P. Cadet, S. J. Lallemant, and S. Mazzotti (2002), Slope instabilities and gravity processes in fluid migration and tectonically active environment in the eastern Nankai accretionary wedge (KAIKO-Tokai'96 cruise), Mar. Geol., 187(1-2), 193-202.
17. Collier, R. W., and M. D. Lilley (2005), Composition of shelf methane seeps on the Cascadia Continental Margin, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06609, doi:10.1029/2004GL022050. (Pubitemid 40771670)
18. Colwell, F. S., M. E. Delwiche, D. W. Reed, D. T. Newby, and T. J. Phelps (2008), Estimates of biogenic methane production rates in deep marine sediments at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia margin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 74, 3444-3452, doi:10.1128/AEM.02114-07. (Pubitemid 351812799)
19. Dählmann, A., and G. J. De Lange (2003), Fluid-sediment interactions at eastern Mediterranean mud volcanoes: A stable isotope study from ODP Leg 160, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 212, 377-391, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00227-9. (Pubitemid 36915144)
20. Davidson, D. W., D. J. Leaist, and R. Hesse (1983), Oxygen-18 enrichment in water of a clathrate hydrate, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 47, 2293 - 2295, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(83)90053-4.
21. Dickens, G. R., and M. S. Quinby-Hunt (1994), Methane hydrate stability in seawater, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2115-2118, doi:10.1029/94GL01858.
22. Dillon, W., and C. Paull (1983), Marine gas hydrates II: Geophysical evidence, in Natural Gas Hydrates-Properties, Occurrences and Recovery, edited by J. Cox, pp. 73-90, Butterworth, Boston, Mass.
23. Dominguez, S., S. E. Lallemand, J. Malavieille, and R. Von Huene (1998), Upper plate deformation associated with seamount subduction, Tectonophysics, 293, 207 - 224, doi:10.1016/S0040-1951(98)00086-9. (Pubitemid 28560857)
24. Etiope, G., and A. V. Milkov (2004), A new estimate of global methane flux from onshore and shallow submarine mud volcanoes to the atmosphere, Environ. Geol., 46(8), 997-1002.
25. Fleming, S. W., and A. M. Tréhu (1999), Crustal structure beneath the central Oregon convergent margin from potential-field modeling: Evidence for a buried basement ridge in local contact with a seaward dipping backstop, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,431-20,447, doi:10.1029/1999JB900159.
26. Formolo, M. J., C. Kelley, R. Sassen, J. Horita, D. R. Cole, T. W. Lyons, and C. Zhang (2004), Quantifying carbon sources in the formation of authigenic carbonates at gas hydrate sites in the Gulf of Mexico, Chem. Geol., 205, 253-264, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2003.12.021. (Pubitemid 38549686)
27. Friedman, I., and J. R. Oneil (1977), Compilation of stable isotope fractionation factors of geochemical interest, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 440-kk.
28. Gieskes, J., J. B. Martin, J. Greinert, A. Rathburn, B. McAdoo, C. Mahn, and S. Day (2005), A study of the chemistry of pore fluids and authigenic carbonates in methane seep environments: Kodiak Trench, Hydrate Ridge, Monterey Bay, and Eel River Basin, Chem. Geol., 220, 329-345, doi:10.1016/ j.chemgeo.2005.04.002.
29. Goldfinger, C., M. E. MacKay, G. F. Moore, L. D. Kulm, S. S. Yeats, and B. Appelgate (1992), Transverse structural trends along the Oregon convergent margin: Implications for Cascadia earthquake potential and crustal rotations, Geology, 20, 141 - 144, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0141: TSTATO>2.3.CO;2.
30. Goldfinger, C., C. Hummon, L. D. Kulm, R. S. Yeats, and L. McNeill (1997), Oblique strike-slip faulting of the central Cascadia submarine forearc, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 8217-8243, doi:10.1029/96JB02655.
31. Goldfinger, C., L. D. Kulm, L. C. McNeill, and P. Watts (2000), Super-scale failure of the southern Oregon Cascadia margin, Pure Appl. Geophys., 157, 1189-1226, doi:10.1007/ s000240050023.
32. Greinert, J., G. Bohrmann, and M. Elvert (2002), Stromatolitic fabric of authigenic carbonate crusts: Result of anaerobic methane oxidation at cold seeps in 4,850 m water depth, Int. J. Earth Sci., 91, 698-711, doi:10.1007/s00531- 001-0244-9. (Pubitemid 35016518)
33. Han, X., E. Suess, H. Sahling, and K. Wallmann (2004), Fluid venting activity on the Costa Rica margin: New results from authigenic carbonates, Int. J. Earth Sci., 93, 596-611.
34. Heeschen, K. U., R. W. Collier, M. A. DeAngelis, E. Suess, G. Rehder, P. Linke, and G. P. Klinkhammer (2005), Methane sources, distributions, and fluxes from cold vent sites at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 19, GB2016, doi:10.1029/2004GB002266. (Pubitemid 41576415)
35. Hinrichs, K.-U., J. M. Hayes, S. P. Sylva, P. G. Brewert, and E. F. DeLong (1999), Methane-consuming archaebacteria in marine sediments, Nature, 398, 802-805, doi:10.1038/ 19751.
36. Hornafius, J. S., D. Quigley, and B. P. Luyendyk (1999), The world's most spectacular marine hydrocarbon seeps (Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara Channel, California): Quantification of emissions, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 20,703-20,711, doi:10.1029/1999JC900148.
37. Hudson, J. C., and T. F. Anderson (1989), Ocean temperatures and isotopic composition through time, in Environments and Physiology of Fossil Organisms, edited by E. N. K. Clarkson, G. B. Curry, and W. D. I. Rolfe, Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh Earth Sci., 8, 183-192.
38. Hughes-Clarke, J. E., L. A. Mayer, and D. E. Wells (1996), Shallow-water imaging multibeam sonars: A new tool for investigating seafloor processes in the coastal zone and on the continental shelf, Mar. Geophys. Res., 18, 607-629, doi:10.1007/BF00313877.
39. Hyndman, R. D., and G. D. Spence (1992), A seismic study of methane hydrate marine bottom simulating reflectors, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 6683-6698, doi:10.1029/92JB00234.
40. Johnson, J. E. (2004), Deformation, fluid venting and slope failure at an active margin gas hydrate province Hydrate Ridge Cascadia accretionary wedge, doctoral dissertation, 145 pp., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis.
41. Johnson, J. E., C. Goldfinger, and E. Suess (2003), Geophysical constraints on the surface distribution of authigenic carbonates across the Hydrate Ridge region, Cascadia margin, Mar. Geol., 202, 79-120, doi:10.1016/S0025-3227(03)00268-8. (Pubitemid 37470587)
42. Johnson, J. E., C. Goldfinger, A. M. Tréhu, N. L. B. Bangs, M. E. Torres, and J. Chevallier (2006), North-south variability in the history of deformation and fluid venting across Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin [online], Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 204, 16 pp. (Available at http://wwwodp. tamu.edu/publications/204-SR/125/125.htm)
43. Jørgensen, B. B., and A. Boetius (2007), Feast and famine-Microbial life in the deep-sea bed, Nat. Rev. Microbiol., 5, 770-781, doi:10.1038/nrmicro1745. (Pubitemid 47423765)
44. Kennett, J. P., K. G. Cannariato, I. L. Hendy, and R. J. Behl (2003), Methane Hydrates in Quaternary Climate Change: The Clathrate Gun Hypothesis, 216 pp., AGU, Washington, D. C.
45. Kulm, L. D., and G. A. Fowler (1974), Oregon continental margin structure and stratigraphy: A test of the imbricate thrust model, in The Geology of Continental Margins, edited by C. A. Burk and C. L. Drake, pp. 261-283, Springer, New York.
46. Kulm, L. D., and E. Suess (1990), Relationship between carbonate deposits and fluid venting: Oregon accretionary prism, J. Geophys. Res., 95, 8899-8915, doi:10.1029/ JB095iB06p08899.
47. Kulm, L. D., et al. (1986), Oregon subduction zone: Venting, fauna, and carbonates, Science, 231, 561-566, doi:10.1126/ science.231.4738.561.
48. Kvenvolden, K. A., and M. E. Field (1981), Thermogenic hydrocarbons in unconsolidated sediment of Eel river basin, offshore northern California, Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull., 65, 1642-1646.
49. Kvenvolden, K. A., and T. D. Lorenson (2001), The global occurrence of natural gas hydrate, in Natural Gas Hydrates Occurrence, Distribution, and Detection, Geophys. Monogr. Ser., vol. 124, edited by C. K. Paull and W. P. Dillon, pp. 3-18, AGU, Washington, D. C.
50. Lanier, A., C. Romsos, and C. Goldfinger (2007), Seafloor habitat mapping on the Oregon continental margin: A spatially nested GIS approach to mapping scale, mapping methods, and accuracy quantification, Mar. Geod., 30, 51-76, doi:10.1080/01490410701296143. (Pubitemid 46711301)
51. Luff, R., K. Wallmann, and G. Aloisi (2004), Numerical modeling of carbonate crust formation at cold vent sites: Significance for fluid and methane budgets and chemosynthetic biological communities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 221, 337-353, doi:10.1016/S0012-821X(04)00107-4. (Pubitemid 38554974)
52. MacKay, M. E. (1995), Structural variation and landward vergence at the toe of the Oregon accretionary prism, Tectonics, 14, 1309-1320, doi:10.1029/95TC02320. (Pubitemid 26462261)
53. MacKay, M. E., G. F. Moore, G. R. Cochrane, J. C. Moore, and L. D. Kulm (1992), Landward vergence and oblique structural trends in the Oregon accretionary prism: Implications and effect on fluid flow, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 109, 477-491, doi:10.1016/0012-821X(92)90108-8.
54. Maclennan, J., and S. M. Jones (2006), Regional uplift, gas hydrate dissociation and the origins of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 245(1-2), 65-80.
55. Maslin, M., M. Owen, S. Day, and D. Long (2004), Linking continental-slope failures and climate change: Testing the clathrate gun hypothesis, Geology, 32(1), 53-56.
56. Matsumoto, R. (1989), Isotopically heavy oxygen-containing siderite derived from the decomposition of methane hydrate, Geology, 17, 707-710, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017< 0707:IHOCSD>2.3.CO;2.
57. Mazzotti, S., P. Henry, X. Le Pichon, and T. Sagiya (1999), Strain partitioning in the zone of transition from Nankai subduction to Izu-Bonin collision (Central Japan): Implications for an extensional tear within the subducting slab, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 172, 1-10.
58. McCulloch, D. S. (1987), Regional geology and hydrocarbon potential of offshore central California, in Geologic and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins-Beaufort Sea to Baja California, edited by D. W. Scholl, A. Grantz, and J. G. Vedder, pp. 353-401, Circum-Pac. Counc. for Energy and Miner. Resour., Houston, Tex.
59. McNeill, L. C., C. Goldfinger, L. V. D. Kulm, and R. S. Yeats (2000), Tectonics of the Neogene Cascadia forearc basin: Investigations of a deformed late Miocene unconformity, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112(8), 1209-1224.
60. Mienert, J., S. Bunz, S. Guidard, M. Vanneste, and C. Berndt (2005), Ocean bottom seismometer investigations in the Ormen Lange area offshore mid-Norway provide evidence for shallow gas layers in subsurface sediments, Mar. Pet. Geol., 22(1-2), 287-297.
61. Milkov, A. V., R. Sassen, T. V. Apanasovich, and F. G. Dadashev (2003), Global gas flux from mud volcanoes: A significant source of fossil methane in the atmosphere and the ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30(2), 1037, doi:10.1029/ 2002GL016358.
62. Muehlberg, G. E. (1971), Structure and stratigraphy of Quaternary strata of the Heceta Bank, central Oregon shelf, Msc. thesis, 78 pp., Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis.
63. Orphan, V. J., C. H. House, K.-U. Hinrichs, C. K. Paull, W. Ussler III, and T. H. Naehr (2004), Geological, geochemical, and microbiological heterogeneity of the seafloor around methane vents in the Eel River Basin, offshore California, Chem. Geol., 205, 265-289, doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo. 2003.12.035.
64. Pearcy, W. G., D. L. Stein, M. A. Hixon, E. K. Pikitch, W. H. Barss, and R. M. Starr (1989), Submersible observations of deep-reef fishes of Heceta Bank, Oregon, Fish. Bull., 87, 955-965.
65. Pecher, I. A., C. R. Ranero, R. Von Huene, T. A. Minshull, and S. C. Singh (1998), The nature and distribution of bottom simulating reflectors at the Costa Rican convergent margin, Geophys. J. Int., 133(2), 219-229.
66. Pecher, I. A., K. Faure, G. J. Massoth, J. Greinert, S. M. Ellis, S. A. Henrys, S. M. Chiswell, and N. Kukowski (2005), Seafloor erosion at the top of gas hydrate stability and its implications, Rock Garden and Ritchie Banks, Hikurangi margin, paper presented at Symposium of the New Zealand Geophysical Society, Lower Hutt, New Zealand, 27 and 28 Oct.
67. 12C and D/H) and molecular composition of hydrate and gas vent, Org. Geochem., 36, 703-716, doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.01.011. (Pubitemid 40561000)
68. Popp, B. N., F. J. Sansone, T. M. Rust, and D. A. Merritt (1995), Rapid method for determining abundance and carbon isotopic composition of dissolved methane in sediments and nearshore waters, Anal. Chem., 67, 405-411, doi:10.1021/ ac00098a028.
69. Rao, Y. H., C. Subrahmanyam, A. Rastogi, and B. Deka (2002), Slope failures along the western continental margin of India: A consequence of gas-hydrate dissociation, rapid sedimentation rate, and seismic activity?, Geo Mar. Lett., 22(3), 162-169.
70. Riedel, M., G. D. Spence, N. R. Chapman, and R. D. Hyndman (2002), Seismic investigations of a vent field associated with gas hydrates, offshore Vancouver Island, J. Geophys. Res., 107(B9), 2200, doi:10.1029/2001JB000269.
71. Riedel, M., R. D. Hyndman, I. Novosel, G. D. Spence, R. N. Chapman, R. C. Solem, and T. Lewis (2006), Geophysical and geochemical signatures associated with gas hydraterelated venting in the northern Cascadia margin, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 118, 23-38, doi:10.1130/B25720.1. (Pubitemid 43149953)
72. Rodrigo, C., A. Gonzalez-Fernandez, and E. Vera (2009), Variability of the bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) and its association with tectonic structures in the Chilean margin between Arauco Gulf (37°S) and Valdivia (40°S), Mar. Geophys. Res., 30(1), 1-19.
73. Sain, K., T. A. Minshull, S. C. Singh, and R. W. Hobbs (2000), Evidence for a thick free gas layer beneath the bottom simulating reflector in the Makran accretionary prism, Mar. Geol., 164(1-2), 3-12.
74. Sample, J. C., and A. Kopf (1995), Isotope geochemistry of syntectonic carbonate cements and veins from the Oregon Margin: Implications for the hydrogeologic evolution of the accretionary wedge, Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 146, 137-148.
75. Sample, J. C., and M. R. Reid (1998), Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults in the Oregon convergent margin: Evidence from the chemistry of syntectonic carbonate cements and veins, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 110, 48 - 59, doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0048: CHRASS>2.3.CO;2.
76. Sample, J. C., M. R. Reid, H. J. Tobin, and J. C. Moore (1993), Carbonate cements indicate channeled fluid flow along a zone of vertical faults at the deformation front of the Cascadia accretionary wedge (northwest U.S. coast), Geology, 21, 507 - 510, doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0507: CCICFF>2.3.CO;2.
77. Sassen, R., M. C. Kennicutt, II, S. T. Sweet, A. V. Milkov, and D. A. DeFreitas (2001), Thermogenic vent gas and gas hydrate in the gulf of Mexico slope: Is gas hydrate decomposition significant?, Geology, 29, 107-110, doi:10.1130/ 0091-7613(2001)029<0107:TVGAGH>2.0.CO;2.
78. Snavely, P. D. Jr. (1987), Tertiary geologic framework, neotectonic and petroleum potential of the Oregon-Washington continental margin, in Geologic and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins-Beaufort Sea to Baja California, edited by D. W. Scholl, A. Grantz, and J. G. Vedder, pp. 305-351, Circum-Pac. Counc. for Energy and Miner. Resour., Houston, Tex.
79. Suess, E., et al. (1999), Gas hydrate destabilization: Enhanced dewatering, benthic material turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 170, 1-15, doi:10.1016/S0012- 821X(99)00092-8. (Pubitemid 29471833)
80. Sultan, N., J. P. Foucher, P. Cochonat, T. Tonnerre, J. F. Bourillet, H. Ondreas, E. Cauquil, and D. Grauls (2004), Dynamics of gas hydrate: Case of the Congo continental slope, Mar. Geol., 206(1-4), 1-18.
81. Tarutani, T., R. N. Clayton, and T. K. Meyeda (1969), The effect of polymorphism and magnesium substitution on oxygen isotopic fractionation between calcium carbonate and water, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 33, 987 - 996, doi:10.1016/0016-7037(69)90108-2.
82. 18O) in gas hydrate environments, Geology, 33, 213 - 216, doi:10.1130/ G21317.1.
83. Teichert, B. M. A., G. Bohrmann, and E. Suess (2005b), Chemoherms on Hydrate Ridge-Unique microbially mediated carbonate build-ups growing into the water column, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 227, 67 -85, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2005.04.029. (Pubitemid 41446267)
84. Tomaru, H., R. Matsumoto, M. E. Torres, and W. S. Borowski (2006), Geological and geochemical constraints on the isotopic composition of interstitial waters from the Hydrate Ridge region, Cascadia Continental Margin [online], Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 204, 20 pp. (Available at http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/204-SR/109/109.htm)
85. Torres, M. E., and M. Kastner (2009), Data report: Clues about carbon cycling in methane bearing sediments using stable isotopes of the dissolved inorganic carbon, IODP Expedition 311 [online], Proc. Integrated Ocean Drill. Program, 311, 8 pp., doi:10.2204/iodp.proc.311.206.2009. (Available at http://publications.iodp.org/proceedings/311/206/206-.htm)
86. 13C of benthic foraminifera shells?, Paleoceanography, 18(3), 1062, doi:10.1029/2002PA000824.
87. Torres, M. E., B. M. A. Teichert, A. M. Tréhu, W. Borowski, and H. Tomaru (2004), Relationship of pore water freshening to accretionary processes in the Cascadia margin: Fluid sources and gas hydrate abundance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L22305, doi:10.1029/2004GL021219. (Pubitemid 40280934)
88. Tréhu, A. M., L. Guibiao, E. Maxwell, and C. Goldfinger (1995), A seismic reflection profile across the Cascadia subduction zone offshore central Oregon: New constraints on methane distribution and crustal structure, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 15,101-15,116, doi:10.1029/95JB00240.
89. Tréhu, A. M., P. B. Flemings, N. L. Bangs, J. Chevallier, E. Gràcia, J. E. Johnson, C.-S. Liu, X. Liu, M. Riedel, and M. E. Torres (2004), Feeding methane vents and gas hydrate deposits at south Hydrate Ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L23310, doi:10.1029/2004GL021286. (Pubitemid 40482445)
90. Tréhu, A. M., M. E. Torres, G. Bohrmann, and F. S. Colwell (2006), Leg 204 synthesis: Gas hydrate distribution and dynamics in the central Cascadia accretionary complex [online], Proc. Ocean Drill. Program Sci. Results, 204, 40 pp. (Available at http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/ 204-SR/synth/synth.htm)
91. Vogt, P. R., and W.-Y. Jung (2002), Holocene mass wasting on upper non-Polar continental slopes-Due to post-Glacial ocean warming and hydrate dissociation?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 1341, doi:10.1029/2001GL013488.
92. Von Huene, R., and I. A. Pecher (1999), Vertical tectonics and the origins of BSRs along the Peru margin, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 166(1-2), 47-55.
93. Von Rad, U., et al. (2000), Gas and fluid venting at the Makran accretionary wedge off Pakistan, Geo Mar. Lett., 20(1), 10-19.
94. Xie, X., S. Li, X. Liu, and H. He (2003), Seismic evidence for fluid migration pathways from an overpressured system in the South China Sea, Geofluids, 3(4), 245-253.