Geochemical processes in peridotite xenoliths from the Premier diamond mine, South Africa: Evidence for the depletion and refertilisation of subcratonic lithosphere

Lithos

Volumn 112, Issue , 2009, Pages 1133-1142

  Viljoen, Fanus ^a   Dobbe, René ^b   Smit, Braam ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

^b Thermo Fisher Scientific   (United States)

^c Anglo American Research Laboratories   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Geochemistry; Lithosphere; Mantle; Peridotite; Refertilisation

Indexed keywords

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE; DEFORMATION; DIAMOND; KIMBERLITE; MANTLE CHEMISTRY; MANTLE SOURCE; METASOMATISM; PERIDOTITE; PETROGRAPHY; RESOURCE DEPLETION; XENOLITH;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 71749090996     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.05.004     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Allsopp H.L., Burger A.J., and Van Zyl C. A minimum age for the Premier kimberlite pipe yielded by biotite Rb-Sr measurements, with related galena isotopic data. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 2 (1967) 161-166
2. Allsopp, H.L., Bristow, J.W., Smith, C.B., Brown, R., Gleadow, A.J.W., Kramers, J.D., Garvie, O.G., 1989. A summary of radiometric dating methods applicable to kimberlites and related rocks. In: Kimberlites and Related Rocks, vol. 1, Their composition, occurrence, origin and emplacement. Geological Society of Australia Special Publication vol. 14, 343-357.
3. Aulbach S., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and McCandless T.E. Genesis and evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the Buffalo Head Terrane, Alberta (Canada). Lithos 77 (2004) 413-451
4. Boyd F.R. High- and low-temperature garnet peridotite xenoliths and their possible relation to the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary beneath southern Africa. In: Nixon P.H. (Ed). Mantle Xenoliths (1987), Wiley, Chichester 403-412
5. Boyd F.R. Compositional distinction between oceanic and cratonic lithosphere. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 96 (1989) 15-26
6. Boyd F.R. The origin of cratonic peridotites: a major element approach. International Geology Review 40 (1998) 755-764
7. Boyd F.R., and Mertzman S.A. Composition and structure of the Kaapvaal lithosphere, southern Africa. In: Mysen B.O. (Ed). Magmatic Processes. Physicochemical Principles. The Geochemical Society Special Publication No 1 (1987)
8. Boyd F.R., Pearson D.G., Nixon P.H., and Mertzman S.A. Low-calcium garnet harzburgites from southern Africa: their relations to cratonic structure and diamond crystallisation. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 113 (1993) 352-366
9. Boyd F.R., Pokhilenko N.P., Pearson D.G., Mertzman S.A., Sobolev N.V., and Finger L.W. Composition of the Siberian cratonic mantle: evidence from Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 128 (1997) 228-246
10. Boyd F.R., Pearson D.G., Hoal K.O., Hoal B.G., Nixon P.H., Kingston M.J., and Mertzman S.A. Garnet lherzolites from Louwrensia, Namibia: bulk composition and P/T relations. Lithos 77 (2004) 573-592
11. Brey G.P., Köhler T., and Nickel K.G. Geothermobarometry in four-phase lherzolites I. Experimental results from 10 to 60 kb. Journal of Petrology 31 (1990) 1313-1352
12. Burgess S.R., and Harte B. Tracing lithosphere evolution through the analysis of heterogeneous G9-G10 garnets in peridotite xenoliths, II: REE chemistry. Journal of Petrology 45 (2004) 609-634
13. Campbell J.L., Teesdale W.J., Kjarsgaard B.A., and Cabri L.J. Micro-PIXE analysis of silicate reference standards for trace Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo and Pb, with emphasis on Ni for application of the Ni-in-garnet geothermometer. The Canadian Mineralogist 34 (1996) 37-48
14. Canil D. Vanadium in peridotites, mantle redox and tectonic environments: Archean to present. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 195 (2002) 75-90
15. Canil D. Mildly incompatible elements in peridotites and the origins of mantle lithosphere. Lithos 77 (2004) 375-393
16. Canil D., and Wei K. Constraints on the origin of mantle-derived low Ca garnets. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 109 (1992) 421-430
17. Canil D., Schulze D.J., Hall D., Hearn B.C., and Milliken S.M. Lithospheric roots beneath western Laurentia: the geochemical signal in mantle garnets. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 40 (2003) 1027-1051
18. Carbno G.B., and Canil D. Mantle structure beneath the SW Slave craton, Canada: constraints from garnet geochemistry in the Drybones Bay kimberlite. Journal of Petrology 43 (2002) 129-142
19. Carswell D.A., Griffin W.L., and Kresten P. Peridotite nodules from the Ngopetsoeu and Lipelaneng kimberlites, Lesotho: a crustal or mantle origin. In: Kornprobst J. (Ed). Kimberlites II: the mantle and crust-mantle relationships. Proceedings of the Third International Kimberlite Conference vol II (1984), Elsevier, Amsterdam
20. Cox K.G., Gurney J.J., and Harte B. Xenoliths from the Matsoku pipe. In: Nixon P.H. (Ed). Lesotho kimberlites. Lesotho National Development Corporation, Maseru, Lesotho (1973) 76-100
21. Cox K.G., Smith M.R., and Beswetherik S. Textural studies of garnet lherzolite: evidence of exsolution origin from high-temperature harzburgites. In: Nixon P.H. (Ed). Mantle xenoliths (1987), John Wiley and Sons Ltd
22. Danchin R.V. Mineral and bulk chemistry of garnet lherzolite and garnet harzburgite xenoliths from the Premier mine, South Africa. In: Boyd F.R., and Meyer H.O.A. (Eds). The mantle sample: inclusions in kimberlites and other volcanics. Proceedings of the Second International Kimberlite Conference vol. 2 (1979), American Geophysical Union, Washington DC 104-126
23. Dawson J.B. Contrasting types of upper-mantle metasomatism?. In: Kornprobst J. (Ed). Kimberlites II: the Mantle and Crust-Mantle Relationships (1984), Elsevier, Amsterdam 289-294
24. Deines, P., et al., 2009, this issue. Systematic regional variations in diamond carbon isotopic composition and inclusion chemistry beneath the Orapa kimberlite cluster, in Botswana. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 776-784.
25. De Wit M.J., Roering C., Hart R.J., Armstrong R.A., de Ronde C.E.J., Green R.W.E., Tredoux M.T., Pederby E., and Hart R.A. Formation of an Archaean continent. Nature 357 (1992) 553-562
26. Erlank A.J., Waters F.G., Hawkesworth C.J., Haggerty S.E., Allsopp H.L., Rickard R.S., and Menzies M. Evidence for mantle metasomatism in peridotite nodules from the Kimberley pipes, South Africa. In: Menzies M., and Hawkesworth C.J. (Eds). Mantle Metasomatism (1987), Academic Press, London 221-309
27. Foley S.F. Rejuvenation and erosion of the cratonic lithosphere. Nature GeoScience 1 (2008) 503-510
28. Fouch M.J., James D.E., VanDecar J.C., van der Lee S., Kaapvaal, and SeismicGroup. Mantle seismic structure beneath the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe Cratons. South African Journal of Geology 107 (2004) 33-44
29. Gibson S.A., Malarkey J., and Day J.A. Melt depletion and enrichment beneath the western Kaapvaal Craton: evidence from Finsch peridotite xenoliths. Journal of Petrology 49 10 (2008) 1817-1852
30. Grégoire M., Bell D.R., and Le Roux A.P. Garnet lherzolites from the Kaapvaal Craton (South Africa): trace element evidence for a metasomatic history. Journal of Petrology 44 (2003) 629-657
31. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Ryan C.G., Gaul O., and Ionov D.A. Secular variation in the composition of subcontinental lithospheric mantle. In: Braun J., Dooley J.C., Goleby B.R., van der Hilst R.D., and Klootwijk C.T. (Eds). Structure and evolution of the Australian continent, Geodynamics vol. 26 (1998), American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC 1-26
32. Griffin W.L., Shee S.R., Ryan C.G., Win T.T., and Wyatt B.A. Harzburgite to lherzolite and back again: metasomatic processes in ultramafic xenoliths from the Wesselton kimberlite, South Africa. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 134 (1999) 232-250
33. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Ryan C.G. The composition and origin of sub-continental mantle. In: Fei Y., Bertka C.M., and Mysen B.O. (Eds). Mantle Petrology: Field Observations and High Pressure Experimentation: A Tribute to F.R. (Joe) Boyd. The Geochemical Society, Special Publication No 6 (1999) 13-45
34. Griffin W.L., Fisher N.I., Friedman J., Ryan C.G., and O'Reilly S.Y. Cr-pyrope garnets in the lithospheric mantle. I. Compositional systematics and relations to tectonic setting. Journal of Petrology 40 (1999) 679-704
35. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Abe N., Aulbach S., Davies R.M., Pearson N.J., Doyle B.J., and Kivi K. The origin and evolution of Archean lithospheric mantle. Precambrian Research 127 (2003) 19-41
36. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Natapov L.M., and Ryan C.G. The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari craton and its margins. Lithos 71 (2003) 215-241
37. Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., Afonso J.C., and Begg G.C. The composition and evolution of lithospheric mantle: a re-evaluation and its tectonic implications. Journal of Petrology (2008) 1-20 10.1093/petrology/egn033
38. Grütter H.S. The Genesis of High Cr/Al Garnet Peridotite, With Implications for Cratonic Crust-Mantle Architecture. The Slave-Kaapvaal Workshop (05-09 Sep 2001: Merrickville, Ontario) - Extended Abstracts (2001) 175-177
39. Grütter H.S., Latti D., and Menzies A.H. Cr-Saturation arrays in concentrate garnet compositions from kimberlite and their use in mantle barometry. Journal of Petrology 47 (2006) 801-820
40. Gurney J.J., Harris J.W., Rickard R.S., and Moore R.O. Inclusions in Premier Mine diamonds. Transactions of the Geological Society of South Africa 88 (1985) 301-310
41. Harte B. Mantle peridotites and processes-the kimberlite sample. In: Hawkesworth C.J., and Norry M.J. (Eds). Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths. Nantwich: Shiva (1983) 46-91
42. Helmstaedt H., and Schulze D.J. Southern African kimberlites and their mantle sample: implications for the Archean tectonics and lithosphere evolution. Special Publication of the Geological Society of Australia vol. 14 (1989) 358-368
43. Herzberg C. Generation of plume magmas through time: an experimental perspective. Chemical Geology 126 (1995) 1-16
44. Herzberg C. Geodynamic information in peridotite petrology. Journal of Petrology 45 (2004) 2507-2530
45. Kelemen P.B., Hart S.R., and Bernstein S. Silica enrichment in the continental upper mantle via melt/rock reaction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 164 (1998) 387-406
46. Kennedy C., and Kennedy G. The equilibrium boundary between graphite and diamond. Journal of Geophysical Research 81 (1976) 2467-2470
47. Kesson S.E., and Ringwood A.E. Slab-mantle interactions. 2. The formation of diamonds. Chemical Geology 78 (1989) 97-118
48. Kobussen, A.F., et al., 2009, this issue. Cretaceous thermo-chemical modification of the Kaapvaal cratonic lithosphere, South Africa. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 886-895.
49. Malarkey J., Pearson D.G., Davidson J., and Wittig N. Origin of Cr-diopside in peridotite xenoliths: recent metasomatic addition revealed by a micro-sampling, trace element and Sr isotopic study of on-craton and off-craton peridotites. 9th International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstract No. 9IKC-A-00133 (2008)
50. Malkovets G., Griffin W.L., O'Reilly S.Y., and Wood B.J. Diamond, subcalcic garnet and mantle metasomatism: kimberlite sampling patterns define the link. Geology 35 (2007) 339-342
51. McDonough W.F., and Sun S.-S. The composition of the earth. Chemical Geology 120 (1995) 223-253
52. Menzies M.A., and Hawkesworth C.J. Mantle Metasomatism (1987), Academic Press, London
53. Moore A., and Belousova E. Crystallisation of Cr-poor and Cr-rich megacryst suites from the host kimberlite magma: implications for mantle structure and the generation of kimberlite magmas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 149 (2005) 462-481
54. Morel M., Davies G.R., Pearson D.G., Viljoen K.S., Luguet A., and Wittig N. Os isotope and PGE evidence for modification of cratonic lithosphere: a study of peridotites from the Premier mine, Kaapvaal Craton, South Africa. 9th International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstract No. 9IKC-A-00046 (2008)
55. O'Neill H.St.C., and Wood B.J. An experimental study of Fe-Mg partitioning between garnet and olivine and its calibration as a geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 70 (1979) 59-70
56. Pearce N.J.G., Perkins W.T., Wesgate J.A., Gorton M.P., Jackson S.E., Neal C.R., and Chenery S.P. A compilation of new and published major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and NIST SRM 612 glass reference materials. Geostandards Newsletter 21 (1997) 115-144
57. Pearson D.G., Canil D., and Shirey S.B. Mantle samples included in volcanic rocks: xenoliths and diamonds. In: Turekian K.K., and Holland H.D. (Eds). Treatise on Geochemistry. The mantle and Core vol. 2 (2003), Elsevier, Amsterdam 171-275
58. Pollack H.N., and Chapman D.S. On the regional variation of heat flow, geotherms, and lithospheric thickness. Tectonophysics 38 (1977) 279-296
59. Richardson S.H., Gurney J.J., Erlank A.J., and Harris J.W. Origin of diamonds in old enriched mantle. Nature 310 (1984) 198-202
60. Richardson S.H., Harris J.W., and Gurney J.J. Three generations of diamonds from old enriched continental mantle. Nature 366 (1993) 256-259
61. Savage B., and Silver P.G. Evidence for a compositional boundary within the lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton from S receiver functions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 272 (2008) 600-609
62. Scoates J.S., and Friedman R.M. Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U-Pb zircon chemical abrasion ID-TIMS technique. Economic Geology 103 (2008) 465-471
63. Schmidberger S.S., and Francis D. Constraints on the trace element composition of the archean mantle root beneath Somerset Island, Arctic Canada. Journal of Petrology 42 (2001) 1095-1117
64. Schulze D.J. Calcium anomalies in the mantle and a subducted metaserpentinite origin for diamonds. Nature 319 (1986) 483-485
65. Scully K.R., Canil D., and Schulze D.J. The lithospheric mantle of the Archean Superior Province as imaged by garnet xenocryst geochemistry. Chemical Geology 207 (2004) 189-221
66. Shirey S.B., Harris J.W., Richardson S.H., Fouch M.J., James D.E., Cartigny P., Deines P., and Viljoen F. Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton. Science 297 (2002) 1683-1686
67. Shirey S.B., Harris J.W., Richardson S.H., Fouch M.J., James D.E., Cartigny P., Deines P., and Viljoen F. Regional patterns in the paragenesis and age of inclusions in diamond, diamond composition and the lithospheric seismic structure of southern Africa. Lithos 71 (2003) 243-258
68. Shirey S.B., Richardson S.H., and Harris J.W. Age, paragenesis and composition of diamonds and evolution of the Precambrian lithosphere of southern Africa. South African Journal of Geology 107 (2004) 91-106
69. Simon N.S.C., Irvine G.J., Davies G.R., Pearson D.G., and Carlson R.W. The origin of garnet and clinopyroxene in 'depleted' Kaapvaal peridotites. Lithos 71 (2003) 289-322
70. Simon N.S.C., Carlson R.W., Pearson D.G., and Davies G.R. The origin and evolution of the Kaapvaal lithospheric mantle. Journal of Petrology 48 (2007) 589-625
71. Sobolev N.V., Lavrent'ev Y.G., Pokhilenko N.P., and Usova L.V. Chrome-rich garnets from the kimberlites of Yakutia and their paragenesis. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 40 (1973) 39-52
72. Stachel T., and Harris J.W. The origin of cratonic diamonds - constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews 24 (2008) 5-32
73. Stachel T., Viljoen K.S., Brey G., and Harris J.W. Metasomatic processes in lherzolitic and harzburgitic domains of diamondiferous mantle: REE in garnets from xenoliths and inclusions in diamonds. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 159 (1998) 1-12
74. Stachel T., Aulbach S., Brey G.P., Harris J.W., Leost I., Tappert R., and Viljoen K.S. The trace element composition of silicate inclusions in diamonds: a review. Lithos 77 (2004) 1-19
75. Takahashi E. Melting of dry peridotite KLB-1 up to 14 GPa: implications on the origin of peridotitic upper mantle. Journal of Geophysical Research 91 (1986) 9367-9382
76. Viljoen K.S., Smith C.B., and Sharp Z.D. Stable and radiogenic isotope study of eclogite xenoliths from the Orapa kimberlite, Botswana. Chemical Geology 131 (1996) 235-255
77. Viljoen K.S., Schulze D.J., and Quadling A.G. Contrasting Group I and Group II eclogite xenolith petrogenesis: petrological, trace element and isotopic evidence from eclogite, garnet-websterite and alkremite xenoliths in the Kaalvallei kimberlite, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 46 (2005) 2059-2090
78. Walter M.J. Melting of garnet-peridotite and the origin of komatiite and depleted lithosphere. Journal of Petrology 39 (1998) 29-60
79. Webb S.A.C., and Wood B.J. Spinel/pyroxene-garnet relationships and their dependance on Cr/Al ratio. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 92 (1986) 471-480
80. Winterburn, P.A., 1987. Geochemical studies of peridotite xenoliths from southern African kimberlites. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.