Diamond origin and genesis: A C and N stable isotope study on diamonds from a single eclogitic xenolith (Kaalvallei, South Africa)

Lithos

Volumn 112, Issue , 2009, Pages 758-766

  Palot, Mederic ^a   Cartigny, Pierre ^a   Viljoen, Fanus ^b,c  

^a INSTITUT DE PHYSIQUE DU GLOBE DE PARIS   (France)

^b De Beers Group   (South Africa)

^c UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Diamonds; Eclogite xenolith; Metasomatism; Stable isotopes

Indexed keywords

CARBON ISOTOPE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CRYSTALLIZATION; DIAMOND; ECLOGITE; GEOCHEMISTRY; IDENTIFICATION METHOD; ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION; KIMBERLITE; METASOMATISM; NITROGEN ISOTOPE; OCEANIC CRUST; PETROGENESIS; REACTION KINETICS; SILICATE MINERAL; STABLE ISOTOPE; XENOLITH;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 71649116271     PISSN: 00244937     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.lithos.2009.04.013     Document Type: Article

References (89)

1. Barth M., Rudnick R.L., Horn H., McDonough W.F., Spicuzza M.J., Valley J.W., and Haggerty S.E. Geochemistry of xenolithic eclogites from West Africa: part I. A link between low MgO eclogites and archean crust formation. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (2000) 1499-1527
2. Barth M., Rudnick R.L., Horn H., McDonough W.F., Spicuzza M.J., Valley J.W., and Haggerty S.E. Geochemistry of xenolithic eclogites from West Africa: part 2. Origins of the high MgO eclogites. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66 (2002) 4325-4345
3. Batumike, J.M., et al., 2009, this issue. Lithospheric mantle structure and the diamond potential of kimberlites in southern D.R. Congo. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 166-176.
4. Bebout G.E., and Fogel M.L. Nitrogen-isotope compositions of metasedimentary rocks in the Catalina Schist, California: implications for metamorphic devolatilization history. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56 (1992) 2839-2849
5. Bottinga Y. Calculated fractionation factors for carbon and hydrogen isotope exchange in the system calcite-carbon dioxide-graphite-methane-hydrogen-water vapor. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 33 (1969) 49-64
6. Boyd S.R., and Philippot P. Precambrian ammonium biochemistry: a study of the Moine metasediments, Scotland. Chemical Geology 144 (1998) 257-268
7. Boyd S.R., Kiflawi I., and Woods G.S. The relationship between infrared absorption and the A defect concentration in diamond. Philosophical Magazine B 69 (1994) 1149-1153
8. Boyd S.R., Rejou-Michel A., and Javoy M. Non cryogenic purification of nanomoles quantities of nitrogen gas for isotopic analysis. Analytical chemistry 66 (1994) 1396-1402
9. Boyd S.R., Kiflawi I., and Woods G.S. Infrared absorption by the B nitrogen aggregate in diamond. Philosophical Magazine B 72 3 (1995) 351-361
10. Boyd S.R., Rejou-Michel A., and Javoy M. Improved techniques for the extraction, purification and quantification of nanomoles quantities of nitrogen gas: the nitrogen content of diamonds. Measurement Science and Technology 6 (1995) 297-305
11. Cartigny P. Stable isotopes and origin of diamond. Elements 1 (2005) 79-84
12. 13C-N concentrations in diamonds. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 185 (2001) 85-98
13. Cartigny P., De Corte K., Shatsky V.S., Ader M., De Paepe P., Sobolev N.V., and Javoy M. The origin and formation of metamorphic microdiamonds from the Kokchetav massif, Kazakhstan: a nitrogen and carbon isotopic study. Chemical Geology 176 (2001) 267-283
14. Cartigny P., Chinn I., Viljoen K.S., and Robinson D. Early Proterozoic (> 1.8 Ga) ultrahigh pressure metamorphism: evidence from Akluilâk microdiamonds (NW Canada). Science 304 (2004) 853-855
15. Cartigny P., Stachel T., Harris J.W., and Javoy M. Constraining diamond metasomatic growth using C- and N-stable isotopes: examples from Namibia. Lithos 77 (2004) 359-373
16. Chrenko R.M., Tuft R.E., and Strong H.M. Transformation state of nitrogen in diamond. Nature 270 (1977) 141-144
17. Cooper G.I., Mandelssohn M.J., and Milledge J.H. High pressure/temperature experiments with natural diamonds. 28th International Geological Congress (1989) 14-17
18. Creighton S., Stachel T., McLean H., Muehlenbachs K., Simonetti A., Eichenberg D., and Luth R. Diamondiferous perodititic microxenoliths from the Diavik Diamond Mine, NT. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 155 (2007) 541-554
19. 13C depletion in the mantle. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51 (1987) 1227-1243
20. Deines P., Harris J.W., and Gurney J.J. Depth-related carbon isotope and nitrogen concentration variability in the mantle below the Orapa kimberlite. Botswana. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57 (1993) 2781-2796
21. Deines P., Harris J.W., and Gurney J.J. Carbon isotope ratios, nitrogen content and aggregation state and inclusion chemistry of diamonds from Jwaneng. Botswana. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61 (1997) 3993-4005
22. Deines, P., et al., 2009, this issue. Systematic regional variations in diamond carbon isotopic composition and inclusion chemistry beneath the Orapa kimberlite cluster, in Botswana. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 776-784.
23. Donnelly C.L., Stachel T., Creighton S., Muehlenbachs K., and Whiteford S. Diamonds and their mineral inclusions from the A154 South pipe, Diavik Diamond Mine, Northwest territories, Canada. Lithos 98 issues 1-4 (2007) 160-176
24. Eiler J.M. Oxygen isotope variations of basaltic lavas and upper mantle rocks. In: Valley J.W., and Cole D.R. (Eds). Stable Isotope Geochemistry (MSA, Reviews in Mineralogy Series, Volume 43) (2001) 319-364
25. Ellis D.J., and Green D.H. An experimental study of the effect of Ca upon garnet-clinopyroxene Fe-Mg exchange equilibria. Contribution to Mineralogy and Petrology 71 (1979) 13-22
26. Evans T., and Harris J.W. Nitrogen aggregation, inclusion equilibration temperatures and the age of diamonds. In: Ross J. (Ed). Kimberlites and Related Rocks - Their Mantle/Crust Setting, Diamonds and Diamond Exploration. Geological Society Special Publication vol. 14 (1989) 1001-1006
27. Evans T., and Qi Z. The kinetics of the aggregation of nitrogen atoms in diamond. Proceedings Royal Society of London A381 (1982) 159-178
28. 18O buffering of the oceans by deep (> 5 km) seawater-hydrothermal circulation at mid-ocean ridges. Journal of Geophysical Research 86 B4 (1981) 2737-2755
29. Griffin W.L., and O Reilly S.Y. Cratonic lithospheric mantle: is anything subducted?. Episodes 30 (2007) 43-53
30. Griffin W.L., O Reilly S.Y., Natapov L.M., and Ryan C.G. The evolution of lithospheric mantle beneath the Kalahari Craton and its margin. Lithos 71 (2003) 215-241
31. Gurney J.J. Diamonds. In: Ross J., Jaques A.L., Ferguson J., Green D.H., O Reilly S.Y., Danchin R.V., and Janse A.J.A. (Eds). Proceedings of the 4th International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 2. Perth (1989) 935-966
32. Gurney J.J. The diamondiferous roots of our wandering continent. South African Journal of Geology 93 3 (1991) 424-437
33. Haendel D., Muhle K., Nitzsche H., Stiehl G., and Wand U. Isotopic variations of the fixed nitrogen in metamorphic rocks. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 50 (1986) 749-758
34. Ishikawa A., Pearson D.G., Maruyama S., Cartigny P., Ketcham R., and Gurney J. Compositional layering in a highly diamondiferous eclogite xenolith from the Roberts Victor kimberlite, South Africa and its implications for diamond genesis. 9th International Kimberlite Conference Extended Abstract (2008)
35. Jacob D.E. Nature and origin of eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites. Lithos 77 (2004) 295-316
36. Jacob D., Jagoutz E., Lowry D., Mattey D., and Kudrajavtseva G. Diamondiferous eclogites from Siberia: remnants of Archean oceanic crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58 (1994) 5191-5207
37. Jagoutz E., Dawson J.B., Hoernes S., Spettel B., and Wänke H. Anorthositic oceanic crust in the Archean Earth. 15th lunar planetary science conference. Journal of Geophysical Research, Supplement (1984) 395-396
38. Javoy M., and Pineau F. The volatiles record of a 'popping' rock from the Mid-Atlantic ridge at 14°N: chemical and isotopic composition of gas trapped in the vesicules. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 107 (1991) 598-611
39. Javoy M., Pineau F., and Allegre C.J. Carbon geodynamic cycle. Nature 300 (1982) 171-173
40. Javoy M., Pineau F., and Demaiffe D. Nitrogen and carbon isotopic composition in the diamonds of Mbuji Mayi (Zaïre). Earth and Planetary Science. Letters 68 (1984) 399-412
41. Javoy M., Pineau F., and Delorme H. Carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the mantle. Chemical Geology 57 (1986) 41-62
42. Kaiser W., and Bond L. Nitrogen, a major impurity in common type I diamonds. Physical Revue 115 (1959) 857-863
43. Kaminsky, F.V., et al., 2009, this issue. Super-deep diamonds from kimberlites in the Juina area, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 833-842.
44. Keller R.A., Taylor L.A., Snyder G.A., Sobolev V.N., Carlson W.D., Bezborodov S.M., and Sobolev N.V. Detailed pullapart of a diamondiferous eclogite xenolith: implications for mantle processes during diamond genesis. In: Gurney J.J., Gurney J.L., Pascoe M.D., and Richardson S.H. (Eds). Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1 (1999), Red Roof Design, Cape Town 397-402
45. Kiviets, G.B., 2000. A detailed geochemical investigation of diamond-bearing eclogite xenoliths from the Kaalvallei kimberlite, South Africa. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Cape Town.
46. Klein-BenDavid O., Izraeli E.S., Hauri E., and Navon O. Mantle fluid evolution - a tale of one diamond. Lithos 77 1-4 (2004) 243-253
47. Loest I., Stachel T., Brey G.P., Harris J.W., and Ryabchikov I.D. Diamond formation and source carbonation: mineral associations in diamonds from Namibia. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 145 (2003) 15-24
48. Luth R.W. Diamonds, eclogites, and the oxidation state of the Earth's mantle. Science 261 (1993) 66-68
49. MacGregor I.D., and Carter J.L. The chemistry of clinopyroxenes and garnets of eclogite and peridotite xenoliths from the Roberts Victor mine, South Africa. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 3 (1970) 391-397
50. Marty B., and Humbert F. Nitrogen and argon isotopes in oceanic basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 152 (1997) 101-112
51. Marty B., and Zimmerman L. Volatiles (He, C, N, Ar) in mid-ocean ridge basalts: assessment of shallow-level fractionation and characterisation of source composition. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 (1999) 3619-3633
52. Mattey D.P., Lowry D., and MacPherson C.G. Oxygen isotope composition of mantle peridotite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 128 (1994) 231-241
53. McCandless T.E., and Gurney J.J. Sodium in garnet and potassium in clinopyroxene: criteria for classifying mantle eclogites. In: Ross J., et al. (Ed). Kimberlites and Related Rocks, vol. 2, Proceedings of the 4th International Kimberlite Conference, Perth, 1986, Geological Society Australia Special Publication 14 (1989), Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 827-832
54. McDonough W.F., and Sun S.S. The composition of the Earth. Chemical Geology 120 (1995) 223-253
55. Mingram B., and Bräuer K. Ammonium concentration and nitrogen isotope composition in metasedimentary rocks from different tectonometamorphic units of the European Variscan Belt. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 65 (2001) 273-287
56. Muehlenbachs K., and Clayton R.N. Oxygen isotope studies of fresh and weathered submarine basalts. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 9 (1972) 172-184
57. Navon O. Diamond formation in the Earth's mantle. In: Gurney J.J., Gurney J.L., Pascoe M.D., and Richardson S.H. (Eds). Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference (1999), Red Roof Design, Cape Town 584-604 vol. 2
58. Nishio Y., Ishii T., Gamo T., and Sano Y. Volatile element isotopic systematics of the Rodrigue Triple Junction Indian Ocean MORB: implications for mantle heterogeneity. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 170 (1999) 241-253
59. O'Neill H.S.C., Rubie D.C., Canil D., Geiger C.A., Ross II C.R., Seifert F., and Woodland A. Ferric iron in the upper mantle and transition zone assemblages: implications for relative oxygen fugacities in the mantle. Evolution of the Earth and Planets. American Geophysical Union 74 (14) (1993) 73-88
60. Richardson S.H. Latter-day origin of diamonds of eclogitic paragenesis. Nature 322 (1986) 623-626
61. Richardson S.H., Erlank A.J., Harris J.W., and Hart S.R. Eclogitic diamonds of Proterozoic age from Cretaceous kimberlites. Nature 346 (1990) 54-56
62. Richardson S.H., Chinn I.L., and Harris J.W. Age and origin of eclogitic diamonds from the Jwaneng kimberlite, Botswana. In: Gurney J.J., Gurney J.L., Pascoe M.D., and Richardson S.H. (Eds). Proceedings of the 7th International Kimberlite Conference, Vol. 1 (1999), Red Roof Design, Cape Town 734-736
63. Robinson D.N., Gurney J.J., and Shee S.R. Diamond eclogite and graphite eclogite xenoliths from Orapa, Botswana. In: Kornprobst J. (Ed). Kimberlite II: The Mantle and Crust-mantle Relationships (1984), Elsevier, Amsterdam 11-24
64. Sadofsky S.J., and Bebout G.E. Record of forearc devolatilization in low-T, high-P/T metasedimentary suites: significance for models of convergent margin chemical cycling. Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4 (2003) 9003 10.1029/2002GC000412
65. Schrauder M., and Navon O. Solid carbon dioxide in a natural diamond. Nature 365 (1993) 42-44
66. Schulze D.J., Wiese D., and Steude J. Abundance and distribution of diamonds in eclogite revealed by volume visualization of CT X-ray scans. Journal of Geology 105 (1996) 379-386
67. Shirey S.B., Harris J.W., Richardson S.H., Fouch M.J., James D.E., Cartigny P., Deines P., and Viljoen K.S. Diamond genesis, seismic structure, and evolution of the Kaapvaal-Zimbabwe craton. Science 297 (2002) 1683-1686
68. Shirey S.B., Richardson S.H., and Harris J.W. Integrated models of diamond formation and craton evolution. Lithos 77 (2004) 923-944
69. Skinner E.M.W. Contrasting Group I and Group II kimberlite petrology: towards a genetic model for kimberlites. In: Ross J. (Ed). Kimberlites and Related Rocks Volume 1. Their Composition, Occurrence, Origin and Emplacement. Special Publications 14 (1989), Geological Society of Australia 528-544
70. Smith C.B. Pb, S rand Nd isotopic evidence for sources of southern African Cretaceous kimberlites. Nature 304 (1983) 51-54
71. Sobolev N.V. Deep-seated inclusions in kimberlites and the problem of the composition of the upper mantle. (Translated from the Russian edition, 1974). American Geophysical Union, Washington (1977) 279
72. Sobolev, N.V., et al., 2009, this issue. Petrogenetic significance of minor elements in olivines from diamonds and peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites of Yakutia. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 701-713.
73. Spetsius, Z.V., et al., 2009, this issue. Combined C isotope and geochemical evidence for a recycled origin for diamondiferous eclogite xenoliths from kimberlites of Yakutia. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 1032-1042.
74. Stachel T., and Harris J.W. The origin of cratonic diamonds - constraints from mineral inclusions. Ore Geology Review 34 (2008) 5-32
75. Stachel T., Brey G.P., and Harris J.W. Kankan diamonds (Guinea): I. From the lithosphere down to the transition zone. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140 (2000) 1-15
76. Stachel T., Harris J.W., Brey G.P., and Joswig W. Kankan diamonds (Guinea): II. Lower mantle inclusion parageneses. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 140 (2000) 16-27
77. Stachel T., Aulbach S., Brey G.P., Harris J.W., Loest I., Tappert R., and Viljoen K.S. The trace element composition of silicate inclusions in diamonds: a review. Lithos 77 (2004) 1-19
78. Stachel, T., et al., 2009, this issue. Sources of carbon in inclusion bearing diamonds. Proceedings of the 9th International Kimberlite Conference. Lithos 112S, 625-637.
79. Stiefenhofer, J., 1989. Petrography, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Kaalvallei kimberlite pipe, Orange Free State. B.Sc. Hons Thesis, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
80. Taylor W.R., Jaques A.L., and Ridd M. Nitrogen-defect aggregation characteristics of some Australian diamonds: time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds. American Mineralogist 75 (1990) 1290-1310
81. Taylor L.A., Keller R.A., Snyder G.A., Wang W., Carlson W.D., Hauri E.H., McCandless T., Kim K.-R., Sobolev N.V., and Bezborodov S.M. Diamonds and their minerals inclusions, and what they tell us: a detailed "pull-apart" of a diamondiferous eclogite. International Geology Review 42 (2000) 959-983
82. Taylor L.A., Milledge H.J., Bulanova G.P., Snyder G.A., and Keller R. Metasomatic eclogitic diamond growth: evidence from multiple diamond inclusions. International Geology Review 40 (1998) 663-676
83. Thomassot E., Cartigny P., Viljoen K.S., and Harris J.W. Methane-related diamond crystallisation in the Earth's mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 257 (2007) 362-371
84. 34S) of sulphide inclusions and their host diamonds from Jwaneng (Botswana). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 282 (1-4), 79-90.
85. Viljoen, K.S., 1994. The petrology and geochemistry of a suite of mantle-derived eclogite xenoliths from the Kaalvallei kimberlite, South Africa. Ph.D. thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.
86. Viljoen K.S. Contrasting Group I and Group II eclogite xenoltih petrogenesis: petrological, trace element and isotopic evidence from eclogite, garnet-websterite and alkremite xenoliths in the Kaalvallei Kimberlite, South Africa. Journal of Petrology 46 10 (2005) 2059-2090
87. Viljoen K.S., Dobbe R., Smit B., Thomassot E., and Cartigny C. Petrology and geochemistry of a diamondiferous lherzolite from the Premier diamond mine, South Africa. Lithos 77 1-4 (2004) 539-552
88. Weill D.F., and Drake M.J. Europium anomaly in plagioclase feldspar: experimental results and semi-quantitative model. Science 180 4090 (1973) 1059-1060
89. Williams H.M., Nielsen S.G., Renac C., McCammon C.A., Griffin W.L., and O Reilly S.Y. Fractionation of Fe and O isotopes in the mantle: implications for the origins of eclogites and the source regions of mantle plumes. 17th Annual VM Goldschmidt Conference, supplementary volume in Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 71 15 (2007) A1118