Sporadic gastroenteritis and recreational swimming in a longitudinal community cohort study in Melbourne, Australia

American Journal of Epidemiology

Volumn 170, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1469-1477

  Dale, Katie ^a   Wolfe, Rory ^b   Sinclair, Martha ^b   Hellard, Margaret ^c   Leder, Karin ^b  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b MONASH UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^c BURNET INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bathing beaches; Fresh water; Gastroenteritis; Gastrointestinal diseases; Population surveillance; Swimming; Swimming pools

Indexed keywords

BEACH; COHORT ANALYSIS; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DISEASE PREVALENCE; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; GASTROENTERITIS; HEALTH RISK; POISSON RATIO; PUBLIC HEALTH; RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY; RISK FACTOR; SYMPTOM;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; AUSTRALIA; CHILD; COHORT ANALYSIS; FEMALE; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RECREATION; SCHOOL CHILD; SWIMMING;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AUSTRALIA; BATHING BEACHES; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; FEMALE; GASTROENTERITIS; HUMANS; INFANT; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SWIMMING POOLS; TIME FACTORS;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; MELBOURNE; VICTORIA [AUSTRALIA];

EID: 71549171945     PISSN: 00029262     EISSN: 14766256     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwp297     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Harris AH, et al. Cost of community gastroenteritis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2003;18(3):322-328
2. Victoria Department of Human Services. Guidelines for the Investigation of Gastrointestinal Illness. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Victoria Department of Human Services; 1998.
3. Yoder JS, Hlavsa MC, Craun GF, et al. Surveillance for wa-terborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water use and other aquatic facility-associated health events-United States, 2005-2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008;57(9):1-29.
4. Baron RC, Murphy FD, Greenberg HB, et al. Norwalk gastrointestinal illness: an outbreak associated with swimming in a recreational lake and secondary person-to-person transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115(2):163-172.
5. Kappus KD, Marks JS, Holman RC, et al. An outbreak of Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with swimming in a pool and secondary person-to-person transmission. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116(5):834-839.
6. Smith A, Reacher M, Smerdon W, et al. Outbreaks of water-borne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-2003. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134(6):1141-1149.
7. Iwamoto M, Hlady G, Jeter M, et al. Shigellosis among swimmers in a freshwater lake. South Med J. 2005;98(8): 774-778.
8. Craun GF, Calderon RL, Craun MF. Outbreaks associated with recreational water in the United States. Int J Environ Health Res. 2005;15(4):243-262.
9. Sartorius B, Andersson Y, Velicko I, et al. Outbreak of noro-virus in Västra Götaland associated with recreational activities at two lakes during August 2004. Scand J Infect Dis. 2007; 39(4):323-331.
10. Kuusi M, Nuorti JP, Hänninen ML, et al. A large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in Finland. Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(4):593-601.
11. Papapetropoulou M, Vantarakis AC. Detection of adenovirus outbreak at a municipal swimming pool by nested PCR amplification. J Infect. 1998;36(1):101-103.
12. van Heerden J, Ehlers MM, Grabow WO. Detection and risk assessment of adenoviruses in swimming pool water. J Appl Microbiol. 2005;99(5):1256-1264.
13. World Health Organization. Guidelines for Safe Recreational Water Environments. Vol 1. Coastal and Fresh Water. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2003.
14. Turbow DJ, Kent EE, Jiang SC. Web-based investigation of water associated illness in marine bathers. Environ Res. 2008; 106(1):101-109.
15. Gray SF, Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ. Risk factors for giardiasis: a case-control study in Avon and Somerset. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113(1):95-102.
16. Dennis DT, Smith RP, Welch JJ, et al. Endemic giardiasis in New Hampshire: a case-control study of environmental risks. J Infect Dis. 1993;167(6):1391-1395.
17. Hoque ME, Hope VT, Scragg R, et al. Children at risk of giardiasis in Auckland: a case-control analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131(1):655-662.
18. Schönberg-Norio D, Takkinen J, Hänninen ML, et al. Swimming and Campylobacter infections. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10(8):1474-1477.
19. Robertson B, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, et al. Case-control studies of sporadic cryptosporidiosis in Melbourne and Adelaide, Australia. Epidemiol Infect. 2002;128(3): 419-431.
20. Prüss A. Review of epidemiological studies on health effects from exposure to recreational water. Int J Epidemiol. 1998; 27(1):1-9.
21. Haile RW, Witte JS, Gold M, et al. The health effects of swimming in ocean water contaminated by storm drain runoff. Epidemiology. 1999;10(4):355-363.
22. Corbett SJ, Rubin GL, Curry GK, et al. The health effects of swimming at Sydney beaches. The Sydney Beach Users Study Group. Am J Public Health. 1993;83(12):1701-1706.
23. Kay D, Fleisher JM, Salmon RL, et al. Predicting likelihood of gastroenteritis from sea bathing: results from randomised exposure. Lancet. 1994;344(8927):905-909.
24. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Forbes AB, et al. A randomized, blinded, controlled trial investigating the gastrointestinal health effects of drinking water quality. Environ Health Per-spect. 2001;109(8):773-778.
25. Cabelli VJ, Dufour AP, McCabe LJ, et al. Swimming-associated gastroenteritis and water quality. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;115(4):606-616.
26. Monto AS, Koopman JS. The Tecumseh Study. XI. Occurrence of acute enteric illness in the community. Am J Epidemiol. 1980;112(3):323-333.
27. Mead PS, Slutsker L, Dietz V, et al. Food-related illness and death in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5(5):607-625.
28. OzFoodNet Working Group. Foodborne disease in Australia: incidence, notifications and outbreaks. Annual report of the OzFoodNet network, 2002. Commun Dis Intell. 2003;27(2): 209-243.
29. Kuusi M, Aavitsland P, Gondrosen B, et al. Incidence of gastroenteritis in Norway-a population-based survey. Epidemiol Infect. 2003;131(1):591-597.
30. Hoque ME, Hope VT, Kjellström T, et al. Risk of giardiasis in Aucklanders: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis. 2002;6(3): 191-197.
31. Alexander LM, Heaven A, Tennant A, et al. Symptomatology of children in contact with sea water contamination with sewage. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1992;46(4):340-344.
32. Strauss B, King W, Ley A, et al. A prospective study of rural drinking water quality and acute gastrointestinal illness [electronic article]. BMC Public Health. 2001;1:8.
33. Schijven J, de Roda Husman AM. A survey of diving behaviour and accidental water ingestion among Dutch occupational and sport divers to assess the risk of infection with waterborne pathogenic microorganisms. Environ Health Perspect. 2006; 114(5):712-717.
34. Keene WE, McAnulty JM, Hoesly FC, et al. A swimming-associated outbreak of hemorrhagic colitis caused by Escher-ichia coli O157:H7 and Shigella sonnei. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331(9):579-584.
35. Joce R, Bruce J, Kiely D, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporid-iosis associated with a swimming pool. Epidemiol Infect. 1991;107(3):497-508.
36. Sorvillo F, Fujioka K, Nahlen B, et al. Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis. Am J Public Health. 1992;82(5):742-744.
37. Furtado C, Adak GK, Stuart JM, et al. Outbreaks of water-borne infectious intestinal disease in England and Wales, 1992-5. Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121(1):109-119.
38. Werber D, Mason BW, Evans MR, et al. Preventing household transmission of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection: promptly separating siblings might be the key. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(8):1189-1196.
39. Perry S, de la Luz Sanchez M, Hurst PK, et al. Household transmission of gastroenteritis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11(7): 1093-1096.
40. Hellard ME, Sinclair MI, Fairley CK, et al. An outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in an urban swimming pool: why are such outbreaks difficult to detect? Aust N Z J Public Health. 2000; 24(3):272-275.
41. Padiglione A, Fairley CK. Early detection of outbreaks of waterborne gastroenteritis. Water. 1998;25(6):11-15.
42. Wheeler JG, Sethi D, Cowden JM, et al. Study of infectious intestinal disease in England: rates in the community, presenting to general practice, and reported to national surveillance. The Infectious Intestinal Disease Study Executive. BMJ. 1999;318(7190):1046-1050.
43. Majowicz SE, Edge VL, Fazil A, et al. Estimating the underreporting rate for infectious gastrointestinal illness in Ontario. Can J Public Health. 2005;96(3):178-181.
44. Bonilla TD, Nowosielski K, Cuvelier M, et al. Prevalence and distribution of fecal indicator organisms in South Florida beach sand and preliminary assessment of health effects associated with beach sand exposure. Mar Pollut Bull. 2007; 54(9):1472-1482.
45. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, National Health and Medical Research Council, Australian Government. Australian Drinking Water Guidelines 6. National Water Quality Management Strategy. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: National Health and Medical Research Council; 2004.
46. Lehmann D, Tennant MT, Silva DT, et al. Benefits of swimming pools in two remote Aboriginal communities in Western Australia: intervention study. BMJ. 2003;327(7412):415-419.
47. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change: 2007: Synthesis Report. An Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (Fourth Assessment Report). Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2007.
48. Patz JA, Vavrus SJ, Uejio CK, et al. Climate change and wa-terborne disease risk in the Great Lakes region of the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(5):451-458.