Glaucoma and Systemic Diseases

Survey of Ophthalmology

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 64-77

  Salim, Sarwat ^a,b   Shields, M Bruce ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TENNESSEE HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Alzheimer disease; anticoagulants; antihypertensive drugs; cardiac glycosides; cardiovascular system; depression; diabetes; drug interactions; glaucoma; glaucomamedications; Helicobacter pylori; histamine H2 receptor antagonists; hypercholesterolemia; hypertension; hypoglycemic agents; hypothyroidism; immunology; statins; steroids; thyroid supplements; topiramate

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BIMATOPROST; BRIMONIDINE; BRINZOLAMIDE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CARDIOVASCULAR AGENT; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; DORZOLAMIDE; DORZOLAMIDE PLUS TIMOLOL; ECOTHIOPATE IODIDE; FOSINOPRIL; GASTROINTESTINAL AGENT; HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE PLUS TRIAMTERENE; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; LATANOPROST; METHAZOLAMIDE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PILOCARPINE; QUINAPRIL; THYROID HORMONE; TRAVOPROST; TRIAMTERENE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ADULT; AGED; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG RESPONSE; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HEART DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; NEOPLASM; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SYSTEMIC DISEASE; THYROID DISEASE;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; DISEASE; DRUG INTERACTIONS; DRUG THERAPY; GLAUCOMA, OPEN-ANGLE; HUMANS;

EID: 71549161737     PISSN: 00396257     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2009.03.006     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Allen R.C. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In: Netland P.A., and Allen R.C. (Eds). Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management (1999), AAO, San Francisco, CA 99-111
2. Ball S. Congestive heart failure from betaxolol. Arch Ophthalmol 105 (1987) 320
3. Banta J.T., Hoffman K., Budenz D.L., et al. Presumed topiramate-induced bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 132 (2001) 112-114
4. Bayer A.U., Keller O.N., Ferrari F., et al. Association of glaucoma with neurodegenerative diseases with apoptotic cell death: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Am J Ophthalmol 133 (2002) 135-137
5. Berg V.D., and Honjol N.M. Electroconvulsive therapy and intraocular pressure. Middle East J Anesthesiol 14 (1998) 249-258
6. Bonomi L., Marchini G., Marraffa M., et al. Vascular risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma-The Egna Neumarkt Study. Ophthalmology 107 (2000) 1287-1293
7. Bonovas S., Peponis V., and Filioussi K. Diabetes mellitus as a risk factor for primary open-angle glaucoma: a meta-analysis. Diabetic Med 21 (2004) 609-614
8. Camras C.B., Feldman S.G., Podos S.M., et al. Inhibition of the epinephrine induced reduction of intraocular pressure by systemic indomethacin in humans. Am J Ophthalmol 100 (1985) 169-173
9. Caronia R.M., Sturm R.T., Fastenberg D.M., et al. Bilateral secondary angle closure glaucoma as a complication of anticoagulation in a nanophthalmic patient. Am J Ophthalmol 126 (1998) 307-309
10. Carrieri P.B., Gentile S., Fusco R., et al. Mood disorders in patients with chronic simple glaucoma. Psychiatry Res 36 (1991) 233-235
11. Cartwright M.J., Grajewski A.L., Friedberg M.L., et al. Immune related disease and normal-tension glaucoma. A case control study. Arch Ophthalmol 110 (1993) 500-502
12. Centanni M., Cesareo R., Verallo O., et al. Reversible increase in intraocular pressure in subclinical hypothyroid patients. Eur J Endocrinol 136 (1997) 595-598
13. Chandra V., Bharucha N.E., Schoenberg B.S., et al. Conditions associated with Alzheimer's disease at death: case-control study. Neurology 36 (1986) 209-211
14. Chiba S., Sugiyama T., Yonekura K., et al. An antibody to VacA of Helicobacter pylori in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73 (2002) 76-78
15. Chisholm I.A., and Stead S. Plasma lipid patterns in patients with suspected glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 23 (1988) 164-167
16. Clark A.F., Wilson K., McCartney M.D., et al. Glucocorticoid-induced formation of cross-linked actin networks in cultured human trabecular meshwork cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 35 (1994) 281-294
17. Coleman A.L., Diehl D.L.C., Jampel H.D., et al. Topical timolol decreases plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Arch Ophthalmol 108 (1990) 1260-1263
18. Constad W.H., Fiore P., Samson C., et al. Use of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in ocular hypertension and primary open angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 105 (1988) 674-677
19. Costagliola C., Di Benedetto R., De Caprio L., et al. Effect of oral captopril (SQ 14225) on intraocular pressure in man. Eur J Ophthalmol 5 (1995) 19-25
20. Croos R., Thirumalai S., Hassan S., et al. Citalopram associated with acute angle closure glaucoma: case report. BMC Ophthalmol 5 (2005) 23
21. De Guzman M.H.P., Thiagalingam S., Ong P.Y., et al. Bilateral acute angle closure caused by supraciliary effusions associated with venlafaxine intake. Med J Aust 182 (2005) 121-122
22. Demailly P., Cambien F., Plouin P.F., et al. Do patients with low tension glaucoma have particular cardiovascular characteristics?. Ophthalmologica 188 (1984) 65-75
23. Denis P., Charpentier D., Berros P., et al. Bilateral acute angle-closure glaucoma after dexfenfluramine treatment. Ophthalmologica 209 (1995) 223-224
24. De Voogd S., Wolfs R.C.W., Jansonius N.M., et al. Atherosclerosis, C-reactive protein, and risk for open-angle glaucoma: The Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 47 (2006) 3772-3776
25. Dielemans I., de Jong P.T., Stolk R., et al. Primary open angle glaucoma, intraocular pressure, and diabetes mellitus in the general elderly population. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology 103 (1996) 1271-1275
26. Dinai Y., Sharir M., Naveh N., et al. Bradycardia induced by interaction between quinidine and ophthalmic timolol. Ann Intern Med 103 (1985) 890
27. Drance S., Anderson D.R., Schulzer M., et al. Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 131 (2001) 699-708
28. Duch S., Duch C., Pasto L., et al. Changes in depressive status associated with topical beta blockers. Int Ophthalmol 16 (1992) 331-335
29. Edeki T.I., He H., and Wood A.J. Pharmacogenetic explanation for excessive beta-blockade following timolol eye drops: potential for oral-ophthalmic drug interaction. JAMA 274 (1995) 1611
30. Ellis J.D., Evans J.M., Ruta D.A., et al. Glaucoma incidence in an unselected cohort of diabetic patients: Is diabetes mellitus a risk factor for glaucoma?. Brit J Ophthalmol 84 (2000) 1218-1224
31. Fechtner R.D. Beta blockers. In: Netland P.A., and Allen R.C. (Eds). Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management (1999), CA, AAO, San Francisco 25-45
32. Freedman S.J., Freedman N.J., Shields M.B., et al. Effects of ocular carteolol and timolol on plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Am J Ophthalmol 116 (1993) 600-613
33. Galloway P.H., Warner S.J., Morshed M.G., et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 922-925
34. Gerber S.L., and Cantor L.B. Systemic drug interactions with topical glaucoma medications. Surv Ophthalmol 35 (1990) 205-218
35. Gerber S.L., and Cantor L.B. Systemic side effects and interactions of glaucoma medications. In: Albert D.M., and Jakobiec F.A. (Eds). Principles and Practice of Ophthalmology. ed. 2 (2000), PA, WB Saunders, Philadelphia 2916-2930
36. Gillow J.T., Shah P., and O'Neill E.C. Primary open angle glaucoma and hypothyroidism:chance or true association?. Eye 11 (1997) 113-114
37. Girkin C.A., McGwin G., McNeal S.F., et al. Hypothyroidism and the development of open-angle glaucoma in a male population. Opthalmology 111 (2004) 1649-1652
38. Gordon M.O., Beiser J.A., Brandt J.D., et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Arch Ophthalmol 120 (2002) 714-720
39. Gottfredsdottir M.S., Allingham R., and Shields M.B. Physicians' guide to interactions between glaucoma and systemic medications. J Glaucoma 6 (1997) 377-383
40. Graham S.L., Drance S.M., Wijsman K., et al. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in glaucoma: the nocturnal dip. Ophthalmology 102 (1995) 61-69
41. Gupta N., and Yucel Y.H. Glaucoma as a neurodegenerative disease. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18 (2007) 110-114
42. Hayreh S.S. The role of age and cardiovascular disease in glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Surv Ophthalmol 43 (1999) S27-S42
43. Hayreh S.S., Podhajsky P., and Zimmerman M.B. Role of nocturnal arterial hypotension in optic nerve head ischemic disorders. Ophthalmologica 213 (1999) 76-96
44. Hayreh S.S., Zimmerman M.B., Podhajsky P., et al. Nocturnal arterial hypotension and its role in optic nerve head and ocular ischemic disorders. Am J Ophthalmol 117 (1994) 603-624
45. Hazouard E., Grimbert M., Jonville-Berra A.P., et al. Salicylism and glaucoma: reciprocal augmentation of the toxicity of acetazolamide and acetylsalicylic acid. J Fr Ophthalmol 22 (1999) 73-75
46. Hirooka K., Baba T., Fujimara T., et al. Prevention of visual field defect progression with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in eyes with normal-tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 142 (2006) 523-525
47. Hoyng P.F., de Jong N., Oosting H., et al. Platelet aggregation, disc hemorrhage and progressive loss of visual fields in glaucoma. A seven year follow-up study on glaucoma. Int Ophthalmol 16 (1992) 65-73
48. Hoyng P.F., Greve E.L., Frederikse K., et al. Platelet aggregation and glaucoma. Doc Ophthalmol 61 (1985) 167-173
49. Johnson D., Gottanka J., Flugel C., et al. Ultrastructural changes in the trabecular meshwork of human eyes treated with corticosteroids. Arch Ophthalmol 115 (1997) 375-383
50. Kadoi C., Hayasaka S., Tsukamoto E., et al. Bilateral angle closure glaucoma and visual loss precipitated by antidepressant and antianxiety agents in a patient with depression. Ophthalmologica 214 (2000) 360-361
51. Karadimas P., Bouzas E.A., Topouzis F., et al. Hypothyroidism and glaucoma. A study of 100 hypothyroid patients. Am J Ophthalmol 131 (2001) 126-128
52. Kessing L.V., Lopez A.G., Anderson P.K., et al. No increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease in patients with glaucoma. J Glaucoma 16 (2007) 47-51
53. Kim D. A case suspected of alphagan-induced psychosis. Arch Ophthalmol 118 (2007) 1132-1133
54. Kitazawa Y., Shirai H., and Go F.J. The effect of calcium antagonist on visual field in low-tension glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 227 (1989) 408-412
55. Klaver J.H., Greve E.L., Goslinga H., et al. Blood and plasma viscosity measurements in patients with glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 69 (1985) 765-770
56. Klein B.E., Klein R., and Jensen S.C. Open angle glaucoma and older-onset diabetes. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 101 (1994) 1173-1177
57. Klein B.E., Klein R., Meuer S.M., et al. Migraine headache and its association with open-angle glaucoma: The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 34 (1993) 3024-3027
58. Klein B.E., Klein R., and Ritter L.L. Relationship of drinking alcohol and smoking to prevalence of open-angle glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 100 (1993) 1609-1613
59. Koseki N., Araie M., Yamagami J., et al. Effects of oral brovincamine on visual field damage in patients with normal tension glaucoma and low normal intraocular pressure. J Glaucoma 8 (1999) 117-123
60. Kountouras J., Mylopoulos N., Kontas A.G., et al. Increased levels of Helicobacter pylori IgG antibodies in aqueous humor of patients with primary open-angle and exfoliation glaucoma. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 241 (2003) 884-890
61. Kountouras J., Mylopoulos N., Boura P., et al. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and glaucoma. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 599-604
62. Kountouras J., Mylopoulos N., Chatzopoulos D., et al. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori may be beneficial in the management of chronic open-angle glaucoma. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 1237-1244
63. Kubota T., Okabe H., Hisatomi T., et al. Ultrastructure of the trabecular meshwork in secondary glaucoma eyes after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide. J Glaucoma 15 (2006) 117-119
64. Lachkar Y., and Bouassida W. Drug-induced acute angle closure glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 18 (2007) 129-133
65. Le A., Mukesh B.N., McCarty C.A., et al. Risk factors associated with the incidence of open-angle glaucoma: The visual impairment project. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44 (2003) 3783-3789
66. Lee D.J., Gomez-Marin O., Lam B.L., et al. Glaucoma and survival: the National Health Interview Survey 1986-1994. Ophthalmology 110 (2003) 1476-1483
67. Lim M.C., Shiba D.R., Clark I.J., et al. Personality type of the glaucoma patient. J Glaucoma 16 (2007) 649-654
68. McGwin G., McNeal S., Owsley C., et al. Statins and other cholesterol-lowering medications and the presence of glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 122 (2004) 822-826
69. Meyer J.H., Brandi-Dohrn J., and Funk J. Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring in normal tension glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 80 (1996) 864-867
70. Mitchell P., Smith W., Chey T., et al. Open-angle glaucoma and diabetes: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Australia. Ophthalmology 10 (1997) 712-718
71. Mitchell P., Wang J.J., Cumming R.G., et al. Long-term topical timolol and blood lipids: The Blue Mountains Eye Study. J Glaucoma 2 (2000) 174-178
72. Munoz-Negrete F.J., Rebolleda G., Almodovar F., et al. Hypothyroidism and primary open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmologica 214 (2000) 347-349
73. Muskens R., de Voogd S., Wolfs R.C., et al. Systemic antihypertensive medication and incident open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 114 (2007) 2221-2226
74. Nagaoka T., Takahashi A., Sato E., et al. Effect of systemic administration of simvastatin on retinal circulation. Arch Ophthalmol 124 (2006) 665-670
75. Netland P.A. Systemic drugs and intraocular pressure. In: Netland P.A., and Allen R.C. (Eds). Glaucoma Medical Therapy-Principles and Management (1999), CA, AAO, San Francisco 149-161
76. Netland P.A., and Kolker A.E. Osmotic drugs. In: Netland P.A., and Allen R.C. (Eds). Glaucoma Medical Therapy. Principles and Management (1999), CA, AAO, San Francisco 133-147
77. Neudorfer M., Leibovitch I., Goldstein M., et al. Massive choroidal hemorrhage associated with low molecular weight heparin therapy. Blood Coag Fibrinolysis 13 (2002) 257-259
78. Novack G.D. Ophthalmic beta blockers since timolol. Surv Ophthalmol 31 (1987) 307-327
79. Pache M., and Flammer J. A sick eye in a sick body? Systemic findings in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Surv Ophthalmol 51 (2006) 179-212
80. Pappa C., Hyphantis T., Pappa S., et al. Psychiatric manifestations and personality traits associated with compliance with glaucoma treatment. J Psychosom Res 61 (2006) 609-617
81. Patel S.C., and Spaeth G.L. Compliance in patients prescribed eyedrops for glaucoma. Ophthalmic Surg 26 (1995) 233-236
82. Peet M., Middlemiss D.N., Yates R.A., et al. Pharmacokinetic interaction between propranolol and chlorpromazine in schizophrenic patients. Lancet 2 (1980) 978
83. Perasalo R., Perasalo J., and Raitta C. Electrocardiographic changes in institutionalized geriatric glaucoma patients. Graefes Arch Exp Ophthalmol 230 (1992) 213-217
84. Phelps C.D., and Corbett J.J. Migraine and low-tension glaucoma. A case-control study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 26 (1985) 1105-1108
85. Pringle S.D., and McEwen C.J. Severe bradycardia due to interaction of timolol eye drops and verapamil. Br Med J 294 (1987) 155
86. Rang H.P., Dale M.M., Ritter J.M., et al. Neuroleptic drugs. In: Dale M.M., Ritter J.M., and Rang H.P. (Eds). Pharmacology (1996), Churchill Livingstone, New York, NY 562-575
87. Ritch R. Neuroprotection: is it already applicable to glaucoma therapy?. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 11 (2000) 78-84
88. Ritch R., Krupin B.T., Henry C., et al. Oral imipramine and acute angle-closure glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 112 (1994) 67-68
89. Sacks F.M., and Dzau V.J. Adrenergic effects on plasma lipoprotein metabolism: speculation on mechanisms of action. Am J Med 80 (1986) 71
90. Savage H.I., and Robin A.L. Adrenergic Agents. In: Netland P.A., and Allen R.C. (Eds). Glaucoma Medical Therapy: Principles and Management (1999), CA, AAO, San Fransisco 47-75
91. Schlingemann R.O., Smit A.A., Lunel H.F., et al. Amourosis fugax on standing and angle-closure glaucoma with clomipramine. Lancet 347 (1996) 465
92. Schlote T., Freudenthaler N., and Gelisken F. Anticoagulative therapy in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: acute angle closure glaucoma after massive intraocular hemorrhage. Opthalmologica 102 (2005) 1090-1096
93. Schweitzer I., Maguire K., and Tuckwell V. Antiglaucoma medication and clinical depression. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 35 (2001) 569-571
94. Sharma T., and Salmon J. Ten year outcomes in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients: mortality and visual function. Br J Ophthalmol 1 (2006) 1-10
95. Shields M.B. Textbook of Glaucoma. 4th ed. (1998), Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD pp. 177-94
96. Sinclair N.I., and Benzie J.L. Timolol eye drops and verapamil-a dangerous combination. Med J Aust 1 (1983) 548
97. Sirois F.J. Pilocarpine psychosis. Psychosomatics 46 (2005) 88
98. Smith K.D., Arthurs B.P., and Saheb N. An association between hypothyroidism and primary open angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 100 (1993) 1580-1584
99. Smith K.D., Tevaarwek G.J., and Allen L.H. An ocular dynamic study supporting the hypothesis that hypothyroidism is a treatable cause of secondary open angle glaucoma. Can J Ophthalmol 27 (1992) 341-344
100. Song J., Deng P.F., Stinnet S.S., et al. Effects of cholesterol-lowering statins on the aqueous humor outflow pathway. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 46 (2005) 2424-2432
101. Stewart W.C., Dubiner H.B., Munforf T.K., et al. Effects of carteolol and timolol on plasma lipid profiles in older women with ocular hypertension or primary open-angle glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 127 (1999) 142-147
102. Sweeney K.R., Chapron D.J., Brandt J.L., et al. Toxic interaction between acetazolamide and salicylate: case reports and a pharmacokinetic explanation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 40 (1986) 518-524
103. Tamaki Y., Araie M., Tomita K., et al. Time-course of changes in nicardipine effects on microcirculation in retina and optic nerve head in living rabbit eyes. Jpn J Ophthalmol 40 (1996) 202-211
104. Tezel G., Hernandez R., and Wax M.B. Immunostaining of heat shock proteins in the retina and optic nerve head of normal and glaucomatous eyes. Arch Ophthalmol 118 (2000) 511-518
105. Tezel G., Seigel G.M., and Wax M.B. Autoantibodies to small heat shock proteins in glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39 (1998) 2277-2287
106. Tezel G., and Wax M.B. The immune system and glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 15 (2004) 80-84
107. Tezel G., Yang J., and Wax M.B. Heat shock proteins, immunity and glaucoma. Brain Res Bull 62 (2004) 473-480
108. Tielsch J.M., Katz J., Quigley H.A., et al. Diabetes, intraocular pressure, and primary open-angle glaucoma in the Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology 102 (1995) 48-53
109. Tielsch J., Katz J., Sommer A., et al. Hypertension, perfusion pressure, and primary open angle glaucoma: a population based assessement. Arch Ophthalmol 113 (1995) 216-221
110. Tripathi R.C., Tripathi B.J., and Haggerty C. Drug-induced glaucomas: mechanism and management. Drug Safety 26 (2003) 749-767
111. Velde T.M., and Kaiser F.E. Ophthalmic timolol treatment causing altered hypoglycemic response in a diabetic patient. Arch Intern Med 143 (1983) 1627-1628
112. Waldmann E., Gasser P., Dubler B., et al. Silent myocardial ischemia in glaucoma and cataract patients. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 234 (1996) 595-598
113. Waltman S.R., and Yarian D. Antinuclear antibodies in open angle glaucoma. Invest Ophthalmol 13 (1974) 695-697
114. Wang J.J., Mitchell P., Smith W., et al. Is there an association between migraine headache and open-angle glaucoma? Findings from the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology 104 (1997) 1714-1719
115. Wax M.B. Is there role for the immune system in glaucomatous optic neuropathy?. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 11 (2000) 145-150
116. Wax M.B., Barrett D.A., and Pestronk A. Increased incidence of paraproteinemia and autoantibodies in patients with normal-pressure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 117 (1994) 561-568
117. Wax M.B., Tezel G., Kawase K., et al. Serum autoantibodies to heat shock proteins in glaucoma patients from Japan and the United States. Ophthalmology 108 (2001) 296-302
118. Wilson M.R., Hertzmark E., Walker A.M., et al. A case-control study of risk factors in open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol 105 (1987) 1066-1071
119. Wilson T.W., Firor W.B., Johnson G.E., et al. Timolol and propranolol: bioavailability, plasma concentrations, and beta blockade. Clin Pharmacol Ther 32 (1982) 676-685
120. Winder A.F. Circulating lipoprotein and blood glucose levels in association with low-tension and chronic simple glaucoma. Br J Ophthalmol 61 (1977) 641-645
121. Wong T., and Mitchell P. The eye in hypertension. Lancet 369 (2007) 425-435
122. Wostyn P. Normal tension glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease: hypothesis of a possible common underlying risk factor. Med Hypotheses 67 (2006) 1255-1256
123. Yamamoto T., Kitazawa Y., Noma A., et al. The effects of the beta-adrenergic blocking agents, timolol and carteolol, in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in Japanese glaucoma patients. J Glaucoma 5 (1996) 252-257
124. Zelefsky J.R., Fine H.F., Rubenstein V.J., et al. Escitalopram-induced uveal effusions and bilateral angle closure glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 141 (2006) 1144-1147