Flexible Pediatric and Adolescent Pes Planovalgus: Conservative and Surgical Treatment Options

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 59-77

  Blitz, Neal M ^a   Stabile, Robert J ^b   Giorgini, Renato J ^c   DiDomenico, Lawrence A ^d,e  

^a BRONX LEBANON HOSPITAL CENTER   (United States)

^b NASSAU UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c Good Samaritan Hospital Medical Center   (United States)

^d Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine   (United States)

^e ST ELIZABETH HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Equinus; Flexible flatfoot; Pes planovalgus

Indexed keywords

NONSTEROID ANTIINFLAMMATORY AGENT;

ANKLE ARTHRODESIS; ARTHRITIS; ARTHROPLASTY; CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT; FLATFOOT; FOOT ORTHOSIS; FOOT PAIN; FOOT SURGERY; HUMAN; OSTEOTOMY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PES EQUINUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRETCHING EXERCISE; SURGICAL APPROACH; SURGICAL TECHNIQUE; TENODESIS; THERAPY EFFECT; VALGUS DEFORMITY;

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; FLATFOOT; HUMANS; ORTHOPEDIC PROCEDURES;

EID: 71049182312     PISSN: 08918422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2009.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Cicchinelli L.D., Pascual Huerta J., García Carmona F.J., et al. Analysis of gastrocnemius recession and medial column procedures as adjuncts in arthroereisis for the correction of pediatric pes planovalgus: a radiographic retrospective study. J Foot Ankle Surg 47 5 (2008) 385-391
2. Kirby K.A. The medial heel skive technique. Improving pronation control in foot orthoses. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 82 4 (1992) 177-188
3. Valmassy R.L. Torsional and frontal plane conditions of the lower extremity. In: Thomson P., and Volpe R. (Eds). Introduction to podopediatrics. 2nd edition (2001), Churchill Livingstone, New York 231-255
4. Jay R.M., Schoenhaus H.D., Seymour C., et al. The dynamic stabilizing innersole system (DSIS): the management of hyperpronation in children. J Foot Ankle Surg 34 2 (1995) 124-131
5. Logue J.D. Advances in orthotics and bracing. Foot Ankle Clin 12 2 (2007) 215-232
6. Harris E.J., Vanore J.V., and Thomas J.L. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg 43 6 (2004) 341-373
7. el-Tayeby H.M. The severe flexible flatfoot: a combined reconstructive procedure with rerouting of the tibialis anterior tendon. J Foot Ankle Surg 38 1 (1999) 41-49
8. Lamm B.M., Paley D., and Herzenberg J.E. Gastrocnemius soleus recession: a simpler, more limited approach. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 1 (2005) 18-25
9. Strayer Jr. L.M. Gastrocnemius recession; five-year report of cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 40 5 (1958) 1019-1030
10. Strayer Jr. L.M. Recession of the gastrocnemius; an operation to relieve spastic contracture of the calf muscles. J Bone Joint Surg Am 32 3 (1950) 671-676
11. Blitz N.M., and Eliot D.J. Anatomical aspects of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis and its insertion: a cadaveric study. J Foot Ankle Surg 46 2 (2007) 101-108
12. Blitz N.M., and Eliot D.J. Anatomical aspects of the gastrocnemius aponeurosis and its muscular bound portion: a cadaveric study-part II. J Foot Ankle Surg 47 6 (2008) 533-540
13. Blitz N.M., and Rush S.M. The gastrocnemius intramuscular aponeurotic recession: a simplified method of gastrocnemius recession. J Foot Ankle Surg 46 2 (2007) 133-138
14. Gourdine-Shaw M.C., Lamm B.M., Herzenberg J.E., et al. Equinus deformity in the pediatric patient (etiology, evaluation, and management). Clin Podiatr Med Surg 27 1 (2010) 25-42
15. DiDomenico L.A., Adams H.B., and Garchar D. Endoscopic gastrocnemius recession for the treatment of gastrocnemius equinus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 4 (2005) 410-413
16. Vulpius O., and Stoffel A. Orthopadische operationslehre (1913), Ferdinand Enke, Stuttgart 29-31
17. Baker L.D. Triceps surae syndrome in cerebral palsy; an operation to aid in its relief. Arch Surg 68 2 (1954) 216-221
18. Chambers E. An operation for the correction of flexible flatfoot of adolescents. West J Surg Obstet Gynecol 54 (1946) 77-86
19. Baker I., and Hill L. Foot alignment in the cerebral palsy patient. J Bone Joint Surg Am 46 (1964) 1-15
20. Selakovich W. Medial arch support by operation, sustentaculum tali procedure. Orthop Clin North Am 4 1 (1973) 117-144
21. Giannini B.S., Ceccarelli F., Benedetti M.G., et al. Surgical treatment of flexible flatfoot in children, a four-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83 Suppl 2 Pt 2 (2001) 73-79
22. Saxena A., and Nguyen A. Preliminary radiographic findings and sizing implications on patients undergoing bioabsorbable subtalar arthroereisis. J Foot Ankle Surg 46 3 (2007) 175-180
23. Needleman R.L. A surgical approach for flexible flatfeet in adults including a subtalar arthroereisis with the MBA sinus tarsi implant. Foot Ankle Int 27 1 (2006) 9-18
24. Kidner F.C. The pre hallux (accessory scaphoid) in its relationship to flat foot. J Bone Joint Surg 11 (1929) 831
25. Sullivan J.A., and Miller W.A. The relationship of the accessory navicular to the development of the flat foot. Clin Orthop Relat Res 144 (1979) 233-237
26. Chiu N.T., Jou I.M., Lee B.F., et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic accessory navicular bones: findings of Tc-99m MDP bone scintigraphy. Clin Radiol 55 5 (2000) 353-355
27. Bennett G.L., Weiner D.S., and Leighley B. Surgical treatment of symptomatic accessory tarsal navicular. J Pediatr Orthop 10 4 (1990) 445-449
28. Kopp F.J., and Marcus R.E. Clinical outcome of surgical treatment of the symptomatic accessory navicular. Foot Ankle Int 25 1 (2004) 27-30
29. Tan S.M., Chin T.W., Mitra A.K., et al. Surgical treatment of symptomatic accessory navicular. Ann Acad Med Singap 24 3 (1995) 379-381
30. Prichasuk S., and Sinphurmsukskul O. Kidner procedure for symptomatic accessory navicular and its relation to pes planus. Foot Ankle Int 16 8 (1995) 500-503
31. Knupp M., and Hintermann B. The Cobb procedure for treatment of acquired flatfoot deformity associated with stage II insufficiency of the posterior tibial tendon. Foot Ankle Int 28 4 (2007) 416-421
32. Baravarian B., Zgonis T., and Lowery C. Use of the Cobb procedure in the treatment of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 19 3 (2002) 371-389
33. Benton-Weil W., and Weil Jr. L.S. The Cobb procedure for stage II posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 16 3 (1999) 471-477
34. Helal B. Cobb repair for tibialis posterior tendon rupture. J Foot Surg 29 4 (1990) 349-352
35. Viegas G.V. Reconstruction of the pediatric flexible planovalgus foot by using an Evans calcaneal osteotomy and augmentative medial split tibialis anterior tendon transfer. J Foot Ankle Surg 42 4 (2003) 199-207
36. Young C.S. Operative treatment of pes planus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 68 (1939) 1099-1101
37. Cohen-Sobel E., Giorgini R., and Velez Z. Combined technique for surgical correction of pediatric severe flexible flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg 34 2 (1995) 183-194
38. Dragonetti L., Ingraffia C., and Stellari F. The Young tenosuspension in the treatment of abnormal pronation of the foot. J Foot Ankle Surg 36 6 (1997) 409-413
39. Mosier-LaClair S., Pomeroy G., and Manoli II A. Operative treatment of the difficult stage 2 adult acquired flatfoot deformity. Foot Ankle Clin 6 1 (2001) 95-119
40. Weinfeld S.B. Medial slide calcaneal osteotomy. Technique, patient selection, and results. Foot Ankle Clin 6 1 (2001) 89-94
41. Nyska M., Parks B.G., Chu I.T., et al. The contribution of the medial calcaneal osteotomy to the correction of flatfoot deformities. Foot Ankle Int 22 4 (2001) 278-282
42. Catanzariti A.R., Mendicino R.W., King G.L., et al. Double calcaneal osteotomy: realignment considerations in eight patients. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 95 1 (2005) 53-59
43. Weil Jr. L.S., and Roukis T.S. The calcaneal scarf osteotomy: operative technique. J Foot Ankle Surg 40 3 (2001) 178-182
44. Dull J.M., and DiDomenico L.A. Percutaneous displacement calcaneal osteotomy. J Foot Ankle Surg 43 5 (2004) 336-337
45. Evans D. Calcaneo-valgus deformity. J Bone Joint Surg Br 57 (1975) 270-278
46. Raines R., and Brage M. Evans osteotomy in the adult foot: an anatomic study of structures at risk. Foot Ankle 19 (1998) 743-774
47. Mosca V. Calcaneal lengthening for valgus deformity of the hindfoot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 (1995) 500-512
48. Cooper P.S., Nowak M.D., and Shaer J. Calcaneocuboid joint pressures with lateral column lengthening (Evans) procedure. Foot Ankle 18 (1997) 199-205
49. DiNucci K, Christensen JC. Calcaneocuboid joint contact with Evans calcaneal osteotomy. In: Annual Meeting of the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. San Francisco (CA), June 17-20, 1995.
50. Dinucci K.R., Christensen J.C., and Dinucci K.A. Biomechanical consequences of lateral column lengthening of the calcaneus: part I. Long plantar ligament strain. J Foot Ankle Surg 43 1 (2004) 10-15
51. Tien T.R., Parks B.G., and Guyton G.P. Plantar pressures in the forefoot after lateral column lengthening: a cadaver study comparing the Evans osteotomy and calcaneocuboid fusion. Foot Ankle Int 26 7 (2005) 520-525
52. Martin D.E. Callus distraction: principles and indications. In: Banks A.S., Downey M.S., Martin D.E., et al. (Eds). McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery. 3rd edition vol. 2 (2001), Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2097-2117
53. Mosca V.S. Calcaneal lengthening for valgus deformity of the hindfoot. Results in children who had severe, symptomatic flatfoot and skewfoot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 77 4 (1995) 500-512
54. Davitt J.S., MacWilliams B.A., and Armstrong P.F. Plantar pressure and radiographic changes after distal calcaneal lengthening in children and adolescents. J Pediatr Orthop 21 1 (2001) 70-75
55. Pomeroy G.C., and Manoli II A. A new operative approach for flatfoot secondary to posterior tibial tendon insufficiency: a preliminary report. Foot Ankle Int 18 4 (1997) 206-212
56. Moseir-LaClair S., Pomeroy G., and Manoli II A. Intermediate follow-up on the double osteotomy and tendon transfer procedure for stage II posterior tibial tendon insufficiency. Foot Ankle Int 22 4 (2001) 283-291
57. Cotton F.J. Foot statics and surgery. N Engl J Med 214 (1936) 353-362
58. Helal B. Surgery for adolescent hallux valgus. Clin Orthop Relat Res 157 (1981) 50
59. Kelikain H. Hallux valgus, allied deformities of the forefoot and metatarsalgia (1965), WB Saunders, Philadelphia
60. Young J.D. A new operation for adolescent hallux valgus. Univ Pa Med Bull 23 (1910) 459
61. Fowler B., Brooks A.L., and Parrish T.F. The cavovarus foot. J Bone Joint Surg Am 41 (1959) 757
62. Napiontek M., Kotwicki T., and Tomaszewski M. Opening wedge osteotomy of the medial cuneiform before age 4 years in the treatment of forefoot adduction. J Pediatr Orthop 23 1 (2003) 65-69
63. Lapidus P.W. The operative correction of the metatarsus varus primus in hallux valgus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 58 (1934) 183-191
64. Hoke M. An operation for the correction of extremely relaxed flatfeet. J Bone Joint Surg 13 (1931) 773-783
65. Miller O.L. A plastic flatfoot operation. J Bone Joint Surg 9 (1927) 84
66. Dockery G.L. Symptomatic juvenile flatfoot condition: surgical treatment. J Foot Ankle Surg 34 2 (1995) 135-145