Clinical Diagnosis and Assessment of the Pediatric Pes Planovalgus Deformity

Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 43-58

  Rodriguez, Nitza ^a   Volpe, Russell G ^b  

^a Northern California Foot and Ankle Center   (United States)

^b NEW YORK COLLEGE OF PODIATRIC MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcaneovalgus; Coalition; flatfoot; Pediatric flatfoot; Pes planovalgus

Indexed keywords

ANAMNESIS; BIOMECHANICS; BONE SCINTISCANNING; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; FLATFOOT; FOOT RADIOGRAPHY; HUMAN; IATROGENIC DISEASE; MECHANICAL TORSION; MUSCLE TIGHTNESS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PES EQUINUS; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPASTICITY; STANDING; TENDON RUPTURE; VALGUS DEFORMITY;

CHILD; FLATFOOT; HUMANS;

EID: 71049136126     PISSN: 08918422     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2009.08.005     Document Type: Review

References (41)

1. Harris E., Vanore J., Thomas J., et al. Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric flatfoot: clinical practice guideline. J Foot Ankle Surg 43 6 (2004) 341-373
2. Wenger D.R., and Leach J. Foot deformities in infants and children. Pediatr Clin North Am 33 (1986) 1411-1427
3. Lin C., Lai K., Kuan T., et al. Correlating factors and clinical significance of flexible flatfoot in preschool children. J Pediatr Orthop 21 3 (2001) 378-382
4. Pheffer M., Kotz R., Ledl T., et al. Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics 118 (2006) 634-639
5. Napolitano C., Walsh S., Mahoney L., et al. Risk factors that may adversely modify the natural history of the pediatric pronated foot. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 17 (2000) 397-417
6. Mickle K., Steele J., and Munro B. Is the foot structure of preschool children moderated by gender?. J Pediatr Orthop 28 5 (2008) 593-596
7. Herring J.A. The orthopaedic examination: clinical application. In: Herring J.A. (Ed). Tachdjian's pediatric orthopaedics. 4th edition (2008), WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia 67-78 1035-189
8. Masterson E., Jagannathan S., Borton D., et al. Pes planus in childhood due to tibialis posterior tendon injuries, treatment by flexor hallucis longus tendon transfer. J Bone Joint Surg Br 76-B 3 (1994) 444-446
9. Abosoa A., Tumia N., and Anderson D. Case report: tibialis posterior tendon rupture in children. Injury 34 11 (2003) 866-867
10. Villarroya M.A., Esquivel J.M., Tomás C., et al. Assessment of the medial longitudinal arch in children and adolescents with obesity: footprints and radiographic study. Eur J Pediatr 168 5 (2009) 559-567
11. Volpe R.G. Pediatric gait. In: Thomson P., and Volpe R.G. (Eds). Introduction to podopediatrics. 2nd edition (2001), Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh (UK) 49-71
12. Volpe R.G. Alterations of gait in neuromuscular disease. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 5 3 (1988) 627-638
13. Ryder C.T., and Crane L. Measuring femoral anteversion: the problem and a method. J Bone Joint Surg Am 35-A (1953) 321-328
14. Volpe R.G. Evaluation and management of in-toe gait in the neurologically intact child. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 14 1 (1997) 57-85
15. Cohen-Sobel E., and Levitz S.J. Torsional development of the lower extremity. Implications for in-toe and out-toe treatment. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 81 7 (1991) 344-357
16. Lang L.M., and Volpe R.G. Measurement of tibial torsion. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88 4 (1998) 160-165
17. Valmassy R.L. Torsional and frontal plane conditions of the lower extremity. In: Thomson P., and Volpe R.G. (Eds). Introduction to podopediatrics. 2nd edition (2001), Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh (UK) 231-255
18. Connors J.F., Wernick E., Lowy L.J., et al. Guidelines for evaluation and management of five common podopediatric conditions. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88 5 (1998) 206-222
19. Mahan K.T., and Flanigan K.P. Pathologic pes valgus disorders. In: Banks A.S., Downey M.S., Martin D.E., et al. (Eds). McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery (2001), Lippincott Williams & Watkins, Philadelphia 799-899
20. Harris R.I., and Beath T. Etiology of peroneal spastic flatfoot. J Bone Joint Surg 30 (1948) 624-634
21. Bresnahan P.J. Pediatric abnormalities of position. In: Christman R.A. (Ed). Foot and ankle radiology (2003), Churchhill Livingstone, St Louis (MO) 303-313
22. Vaughan W.H., and Segal G. Tarsal coalition, with special reference to roentgenographic interpretation. Radiology 60 (1953) 855-863
23. Pressman M. Biomechanics and surgical criteria for flexible pes valgus. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 77 1 (1982) 7-13
24. Kantali U., Yetkin H., and Cila E. Footprint and radiographic analysis of the feet. J Pediatr Orthop 21 2 (2001) 225-228
25. Cohen-Sobel E., Giorgini R., and Velez Z. Combined technique for surgical correction of pediatric severe flexible flatfoot. J Foot Ankle Surg 34 2 (1995) 83-94
26. Alaee F., Boehm S., and Dobbs M.B. A new approach to the treatment of congenital vertical talus. J Child Orthop 1 (2007) 165-174
27. Jacobsen S.T., and Crawford A.H. Congenital vertical talus. J Pediatr Orthop 3 (1983) 306-310
28. Dodge L.D., Ashley R.K., and Gilbert R.J. Treatment of the congenital vertical talus: a retrospective review of 36 feet with long-term follow-up. Foot Ankle 7 (1987) 326-332
29. Hamanishi C. Congenital vertical talus: classification with 69 cases and new measurement system. J Pediatr Orthop 4 (1984) 318-326
30. Stormont D.M., and Peterson H.A. The relative incidence of tarsal coalition. Clin Orthop 181 (1983) 28-36
31. Cowell H.R., and Elener V. Rigid painful flatfoot secondary to tarsal coalition. Clin Orthop 177 (1983) 54-60
32. Downey M.S. Tarsal coalition. In: Banks A.S., Downey M.S., Martin D.E., et al. (Eds). McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery (2001), Lippincott Williams & Watkins, Philadelphia 993-1031
33. D'Amico J.C. Developmental flatfoot. In: Thomson P., and Volpe R.G. (Eds). Introduction to podopediatrics. 2nd edition (2001), Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh (UK) 257-276
34. Root M.L., Orien W.P., and Weed J.H. Normal and abnormal function of the foot: clinical biomechanics vol. 2 (1977), Clinical Biomechanics Corporation, Los Angeles (CA) p. 75-93
35. Manter J.T. Movements of the subtalar and transverse tarsal joints. Anat Rec 80 (1941) 397
36. Green D.R., Whitney A., and Walters P. Subtalar joint motion: a simplified view. J Am Podiatry Assoc 69 (1979) 83
37. Green D.R., and Carol A. Planal dominance. J Am Podiatry Assoc 74 2 (1984) 98-103
38. Labovitz J.M. The algorithmic approach to pediatric flexible pes planovalgus. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 23 (2006) 57-76
39. Blair J., Perdios A., and Reilly C. Peroneal spastic flatfoot caused by osteochondral lesion: a case report. Foot Ankle Int 28 6 (2007) 724-726
40. Lowy L.J. Pediatric peroneal spastic flatfoot in the absence of coalition: a suggested protocol. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 88 (1998) 181-191
41. Valmassay R.L. Biomechanical examination of the child. In: Valmassay R.L. (Ed). Clinical biomechanics of the lower extremity (1996), Mosby, St Louis (MO) 244-277