Rethinking state-building in a failed state

Washington Quarterly

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 81-97

  Kaplan, Seth ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 71049130672     PISSN: 0163660X     EISSN: 15309177     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01636600903418710     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Anarchy-Cursed Nation Looks to Bottom-Up Rule," New York Times, August 18, 2008, p. A6, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18somalia.html.
2. Jeffrey Gettleman, "Anarchy-Cursed Nation Looks to Bottom-Up Rule," New York Times, August 18, 2008, p. A6, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/18/world/africa/18somalia.html.
3. Spencer S. Hsu, "Concern Grows Over Recruitment of Somali Americans by Islamists," Washington Post, October 4, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/03/AR2009100302901.html.
4. See Eben Kaplan, "Somalia's Terrorist Infestation," Council on Foreign Relations Backgrounders, Web site, June 6, 2006, www.cfr.org/publication/10781/somalias_terrorist_infestation.html.
5. My description of the clan system of governance owes much to Virginia Luling, "Come Back Somalia? Questioning a Collapsed State," Third World Quarterly 18, no. 2 (June 1997): 292.
6. For more information on Somalia's social structure, see I. M. Lewis, A Pastoral Democracy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).
7. For more on how the clan structures have weakened in the south, see Joakim Gundel, The Predicament of the 'Oday': The Role of Traditional Structures in Security, Rights, Law and Development in Somalia (Nairobi, Kenya: Danish Refugee Council and Novib/Oxfam, November 2006), p. 43;
8. Ken Menkhaus, "Governance without Government in Somalia: Spoilers, State Building, and the Politics of Coping," International Security 31, no. 3 (Winter 2006/2007): 84.
9. Ken Menkhaus, "Somalia: Political Order in a Stateless Society," Current History 97, no. 619 (May 1998): 220-224.
10. For more information on Somaliland, see Seth Kaplan, "The Remarkable Story of Somaliland," Journal of Democracy 19, no. 3 (July 2008): 143-157.
11. Seth Kaplan, Fixing Fragile States: A New Paradigm for Development (Westport, CT: Praeger, June 2008), p. 117.
12. See Walter Clarke and Jeffrey Herbst, "Somalia and the Future of Humanitarian Intervention," Foreign Affairs 75, no. 2 (March/April 1996): 73.
13. Thomas P. Sheeny, "Time to Pull Out of Somalia," Backgrounder Update, no. 202 (Washington, D.C.: Heritage Foundation, March 27, 1993), http://www.heritage.org/research/MiddleEast/bu202.cfm.
14. Also see Paul Lewis, "U.N. Will Increase Troops in Somalia," New York Times, March 27, 1993, p. A3, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/27/world/un-will-increase-troops-in-somalia.html.
15. Mark Bowden, Black Hawk Down: A Story of Modern War (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1999).
16. Ken Menkhaus, Somalia: A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare (Washington, D.C.: Enough Project, September 2008), p. 7, http://www.enoughproject.org/files/publications/somalia_rep090308.pdf.
17. Menkhaus, "Governance without Government in Somalia," p. 89.
18. Jendayi Frazer, "Securing Somalia's Future: Options for Diplomacy, Assistance, and Security Engagement" (speech, CSIS, Washington, D.C., January 17, 2007), p. 4, http://csis.org/files/media/csis/events/070117_somalia_frazer.pdf. For an overview of the event, see Conference on Somalia's Future, http://csis.org/event/somalias-future.
19. Mohammed Ibrahim and Jeffrey Gettleman, "5 Suicide Bomb Attacks Hit Somalia," New York Times, October 17, 2008, p. A17, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/30/world/africa/30somalia.html.
20. Menkhaus, Somalia: A Country in Peril, A Policy Nightmare, p. 5.
21. Menkhaus, Somalia: A Country in Peril, A Policy Nightmare, p. 3.
22. See Embassy of the United States in Nairobi, Kenya, "U.S. Support for Somali Peace Process," December 24, 2008, http://somalia.usvpp.gov/pr_12242008.html.
23. U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), Sub-Saharan Africa, Somalia Overview, Web site, http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/countries/somalia/index.html.
24. See Jeffrey Gettleman, "Islamist Militants in Somalia Begin to Fight One Another," New York Times, December 29, 2008, p. A6, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/29/world/africa/29somalia.html.
25. See Jonathan Adams, "Islamist Militias Clash in Somalia as Ethiopian Troops Withdraw," Christian Science Monitor, January 12, 2009, http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0112/p99s01-duts.html.
26. "12 Killed as Islamists Fight to Control Port," October 2, 2009, Washington Post, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/01/AR2009100105219.html.
27. See Stephanie McCrummen, "In a Changing Somalia, Islamist Forces See Support Wane," Washington Post, August 7, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/06/AR2009080600997.html.
28. See Jeffrey Gettleman and Eric Schmitt, "American Raid in Somalia Kills Qaeda Militant," New York Times, September 15, 2009, p. A1, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/15/world/africa/15raid.html.
29. Sarah Childress, "U.S. Promises Somalia More Aid to Help Fight Terror," Wall Street Journal, August 7, 2009, p. A5, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124955888743010793.html.
30. Jeffrey Gettlemen, "In Long-Riven Somalia, a Leader is Raising Hopes for Stability," New York Times, September 17, 2009, p. A1, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/17/world/africa/17somalia.html.
31. Jeffrey Gettlemen, "No Winner Seen in Somalia's Battle with Chaos," New York Times, June 2, 2009, p. A4, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/02/world/africa/02somalia.html.
32. Childress, "U.S. Promises Somalia More Aid to Help Fight Terror."
33. Jeffrey Gettlemen, "Clinton Assures Support for Somali Government," New York Times, August 7, 2009, p. A8, http://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/world/africa/07diplo.html?ftay.
34. Gettlemen, "No Winner Seen in Somalia's Battle with Chaos."
35. Bronwyn Bruton, "Self-Induced Stalemate in Somalia: An Assessment of U.S. Policy Options," CSIS Africa Policy Forum, Web site, November 10, 2008, http://forums.csis.org/africa/?p219#more-219.
36. Roland Marchal and Ken Menkhaus, Somalia Human Development Report 1998 (Nairobi: UN Development Programme, 1998), p. 12.
37. Menkhaus, Somalia: A Country in Peril, a Policy Nightmare, p. 9.
38. Menkhaus, "Governance without Government in Somalia," p. 85.
39. Also see Bruton, "Self-Induced Stalemate in Somalia."
40. The term "minority" here is used in its numerical sense: to denote members of clans or subclans that are a distinct minority in a particular district (possibly because they migrated there). The same people would not be considered a minority if they were in the area where their own lineage dominates. The term has a different meaning within Somalia itself, where it mainly refers to people coming from non-Somali backgrounds.
41. See International Crisis Group (ICG), "Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State," Africa Report, no. 147 (Nairobi and Brussels: ICG, December 23, 2008), pp. i-ii, http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/9D9CC1B4208EDEB3C125752800483A04/$file/Somalia-Tomove beyond the failed State.pdf.
42. See International Crisis Group (ICG), "Somalia: To Move Beyond the Failed State," Africa Report, no. 147 (Nairobi and Brussels: ICG, December 23, 2008), pp. i-ii, http://www.internal-displacement.org/8025708F004CE90B/(httpDocuments)/9D9CC1B4208EDEB3C125752800483A04/$file/Somalia-TomovebeyondthefailedState.pdf., p. 28.
43. See David Rohde, "Army Enlists Anthropology in War Zones," New York Times, October 5, 2007, http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html;
44. Greg Jaffe, "Midlevel Officers Show Enterprise in Iraq," Wall Street Journal, December 29, 2007, p. A1;
45. John A. McCary, "The Anbar Awakening: An Alliance of Incentives," The Washington Quarterly 32, no. 1 (January 2009): 43-59, http://www.twq.com/09winter/docs/09jan_McCary.pdf.
46. Diana Cammack, Dinah McLeod, Alina Rocha Menocal, and Karin Christiansen, Donors and the "Fragile States" Agenda: A Survey of Current Thinking and Practice (London: Overseas Development Institute, March 2006), p. 47.