Community policing and Latin america's citizen security crisis

Comparative Politics

Volumn 41, Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Arias, Enrique Desmond ^a   Ungar, Mark ^b  

^a JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE   (United States)

^b CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70849122457     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5129/001041509x12911362972476     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Pan-American Health Organization (PAHO), Violence, a Growing Problem for Public Health, Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, September 12, 2002.
2. Lucía Dammert, "From Public Security to Citizen Security in Chile", in John Bailey and Lucía Dammert, eds., Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006), p. 59.
3. Community policing is a preventive approach based on the idea that society is the first line of defense against crime and insecurity. It helps citizens step into that role through programs like neighborhood anticrime activities (such as street watch groups), cooperation with the police (such as through joint security councils) ; and efforts to address crime's causes (such as through youth centers, domestic violence seminars, and better street lighting). See Merry Morash and J. Kevin Ford, The Move to Community Policing (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002).
4. Peter Waldmann, ed., Justicia en la Calle (Medellín: Biblioteca JurídAica Diké, 1996) ;
5. Claudio Fuentes, Contesting the Iron Fist: Advocacy Networks in Police Violence in Democratic Argentina and Chile (New York: Routledge, 2005) ;
6. Mercedes Hinton, The State in the Streets: Police and Politics in Argentina and Brazil (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Books, 2006).
7. John Bailey and Roy Godson, eds., Organized Crime and Democratic Governability: Mexico and the U. S.-Mexican Borderlands (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000) ;
8. Paul Chevigny, Edge of the Knife: Police Violence in the Americas (New York: The New Press, 1995) ;
9. Hugo Fruhling and Joseph Tulchin (with Heather Golding), eds., Crime and Violence in Latin America: Citizen Security and the State (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2003) ;
10. John Bailey and Lucía Dammert, eds., Public Security and Police Reform in the Americas (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2006). Some exceptions can be found in Lilian Bobbea, ed., Entre el Crimen y el Castigo: Seguridad Ciudadana y Control Democrdtico en América Latina y el Caribe (Caracas: Nueva Sociedad, 2003).
11. See Paulo Mesquita Neto, "Public Private Partnerships for Police Reform in Brazil", in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 45-57.
12. International Police Executive Symposium, Police and the Community: Report of the Tenth Annual Meeting (New York: IPES, 2003).
13. In the Brazilian context, see Frances Hagopian, "Traditional Politics Against State Transformation in Brazil", in Joel Migdal, Atul Kohli, and Vivienne Shue, eds., State Power and Social Forces: Domination and Transformations in the Third World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), pp. 55-56;
14. in other contexts, see Michael Bratton, "Peasant State Relations in Post-Colonial Africa", in Migdal, Kohli, and Shue, eds., pp. 251-52;
15. Joel S. Migdal, Strong Society, Weak States: State-Society Relations and State Capabilities in the Third World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
16. Marcus J. Kurtz, "Free Markets and Democratic Consolidation in Chile: The National Politics of Rural Transformation", Politics and Society, 27 (June 1999), 294-95;
17. Gianpaolo Baiocchi, "Radicals in Power", in Gianpaolo Baiocchi, ed., Radicals in Power: The Workers' Party (PT) and Experiments in Urban Democracy in Brazil (London: Zed Books), pp. 7-11;
18. Robert Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).
19. Judith Tendler, Good Government in the Tropics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), pp. 13-16.
20. Elinor Ostrom, "Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development", in Peter Evans and Elinor Ostrom, eds., State Society Synergy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997), pp. 85-112.
21. Elinor Ostrom, "Crossing the Great Divide: Coproduction, Synergy, and Development", World Development, 24 (June 1996), 1073-87.
22. Julia Paley, Marketing Democracy: Power and Social Movements in Post-Dictatorship Chile (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001) ;
23. Edward F. Greaves, "Municipality and Community Building in Chile: Building Imagined Civic Communities and Its Impact on the Political", Politics and Society, 32 (2), 203-30.
24. Robert Kaufman and Joan Nelson, "Introduction: The Politics of Social Sector Reform", in Kaufman and Nelson, eds., pp. 24, 31.
25. Ibid., p. 26;
26. see also, Catherine Boone, "States and Ruling Classes in Africa", in Migdal, Kohli, and Shue, eds., pp. 131-32.
27. See Hinton and contributors to Bailey and Dammert, eds.; Mary Hilderbrand and Merilee S. Grindle, "Building Sustainable Capacity in the Public Sector: What Can Be Done?", in Merilee S. Grindle, ed., Getting Good Government; Capacity Building in the Public Sectors of Developing Countries (Cambridge: Harvard Institute for International Development, 1997), pp. 46-48.
28. Jonathan Fox, "How Does Civil Society Thicken?: The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico", World Development, 24 (June 1996), 1096.
29. Kaufman and Nelson, p. 12;
30. Grindle 2000;
31. Grindle 2004, pp. 19-20;
32. On the role of government policy and legislative oversight in El Salvador, see Edgardo Alberto Amaya, "Security Policies in El Salvador, 1992-2002", in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 144-45. On Chile, see Dammert, pp. 58-74.
33. See José Miguel Cruz, "Violence, Insecurity, and Elite Maneuvering in El Salvador", in John Bailey and Lucia Dammert, eds., p. 167;
34. on Mexico, see Allison M. Rowland, "Local Responses to Public Insecurity in Mexico", in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 75-89, 191-201.
35. See Otwin Marenin, Policing Change, Changing Police: International Perspectives (New York: Garland Publishing, 1996) ;
36. David H. Bayley, Police for the Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994).
37. On civic participation, see Gonzalo de Francisco Z., "Armed Conflict and Public Security in Colombia", in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 108 (94-110) ;
38. María Victoria Llorente, "Demilitarization in a War Zone", in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 111-31;
39. Amaya in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 132-47;
40. Rowland in Bailey and Dammert, eds., pp. 187-204;
41. on Brazil, Argentina, and Chile, see Catalina Smulovitz, "Policiamento Comunitario en Argentina, Brasil, y Chile: Lecciones de Una Experiencia Incipiente", in Bobbea, pp. 87-117.
42. Mark Ungar, Elusive Reform: Democracy and the Rule of Law in Latin America (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Press, 2002) ;
43. Enrique Desmond Arias, "Faith in Our Neighbors: Networks and Social Order in Three Brazilian Favelas", Latin American Politics and Society, 46 (2004), 1-38.
44. Carlos Chincilla, Executive Director, Comunidad Más Segura; Author Interviews, July 2003 and June 2004.
45. The percentage of deaths linked to gangs ranges 13 percent to 25 percent.
46. See also, Shravanti Reddy, "Honduran government complicit in the murder of street children", Digital Freedom Network, December 17, 2002;
47. La Prensa, Editorial, "Edad punible", January 26, 2003;
48. and La Prensa, "San Pedro Sula, como en zona de Guerra", February 13, 2003.
49. Ramón Custodio, National Human Rights Commissioner; Author Interview, July 4, 2005.
50. Sub-Comisionada María Luisa Borjas, ex-UAI Chief; Author Interview, Tegucigalpa, July 18, 2003. Members of the police hierarchy demanded legal action against her for "staining and provoking irreparable deterioration of the country's image" abroad. "Oficiales enfilan 'batería' contra Borjas", 23 June 2002.
51. La Prensa, "Comunidad Más Segura ha Rehabilitado a 2, 500 Mareros", 13 October 2003.
52. Rolando Carcomo Piura, Comisario, Colonia Kennedy, Tegucigalpa, Author Interview, June 28, 2006.
53. Author Interviews, CMS meeting, June 29, 2005
54. Meeting of the security committee, Choloma, February 19, 2004. About twenty-five people were in attendance.
55. "Presidente Maduro inaugura programa 'Comunidad Segura' en Choloma, Cortés", May 3, 2003, www.casapresidencial.hn/seguridad.
56. Reina Grazo, Policía Nacional, La Ceiba, Comunidad Más Segura, Author Interview, February 25, 2004.
57. Céleo Santo Sosa, Author Interview, Confite, Honduras, February 25, 2004.
58. Police Commissioner José Roberto Romero Luna, Vice Minister of Security, Author Interview, July 13, 2006.
59. Conversation with Residents' Association President, July 21, 2005. The meeting took place in the Residents' Association headquarters with other residents present.
60. Conversation with former community leader, July 4, 2005, in private office in government service center near the community.
61. Author Interview with police soldier, July 25, 2005.
62. Author Interview with president of Cavalao Residents' Assocation, July 11, 2005.
63. Author Interview with president of Cavalao Residents' Assocation, July 11, 2005.
64. Author Interview with President of Formiga Residents' Association, July 19, 2005.
65. Observations of policing meeting in Formiga, July 16, 2005.
66. Conversation with NGO worker, July 8, 2005.
67. Author Interview with president of Formiga Resident' Association, July 19, 2005.
68. Author Interview with police corporal, July 27, 2005.
69. Author Interview with Sérgio Marcolini, Niteroi city councilman, July 12, 2005. This conversation took place in the presence of an aid.
70. Author Interview with resident of Chacará do Ceu, July 17, 2005.
71. Conversation with young woman who works in Fica Vivo program and lives in the community, August 24, 2005.
72. Interview conducted by research assistant with woman community resident approximately thirty years old, September 15, 2005.
73. Conversation with sergeant, August 17, 2005.
74. Author Interviews with four police, August 17, 2005.
75. Author Interview with sergeant, August 17, 2005.
76. Conversation with young man who resides in community and holds an administrative post in Fica Vivo, August 24, 2005.
77. Conversation with resident who runs NGO, August 24, 2005. This meeting took place with another program leader in the NGO headquarters.
78. Conversation with politically active young woman, August 24, 2005.
79. Conversation with police soldier, August 26, 2005.
80. Conversation with sergeant, August 26, 2005.
81. Conversation with community leader who works in Fica Vivo program in Morro das Pedras, August 25, 2006.
82. Tendler, pp. 148-49.
83. Hinton, pp. 85-87, 176-80;
84. also see Merilee S. Grindle, Despite the Odds: The Contentious Politics of Education Reform (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004), pp. 196-205.
85. Richard Hillman and Elza Cardozo de Da Silva, "Venezuelan Political Culture and Democracy", paper presented at the Caribbean Studies Association meeting, 1998.
86. Tendler, pp. 136-42;
87. Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), pp. 51-70;
88. Grindle 2004, pp. 196-205;
89. Pamela Lowden, "Education Reform in Colombia", in Kaufman and Nelson, eds., p. 351.
90. Jonathan Fox, "How does Civil Society Thicken?: The Political Construction of Social Capital in Rural Mexico", World Development, 24 (June 1996), 1095-96.