The weapon focus effect on memory for female versus male perpetrators

Memory

Volumn 17, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 664-678

  Pickel, Kerri L ^a  

^a BALL STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Eyewitness memory; Gender stereotypes; Weapon focus effect

Indexed keywords

ACCURACY; ARTICLE; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INTERRATER RELIABILITY; LANGUAGE; MALE; MEMORY; PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SEX DIFFERENCE; VISION; WEAPON;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; FIREARMS; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL RECALL; MIDDLE AGED; PERCEPTUAL MASKING; PHOTIC STIMULATION; QUESTIONNAIRES; REACTION TIME; SEX FACTORS; VISUAL PERCEPTION; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 70849090027     PISSN: 09658211     EISSN: 14640686     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09658210903029412     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Brilliant, J. (2007). Lawmaker mugged in CVS parking lot. Retrieved 30 May 2007 from http://www.wthr.com/Global/story.asp?s 5914225
2. Cejka, M. A., & Eagly, A. H. (1999). Gender-stereotypic images of occupations correspond to the sex segregation of employment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 413-425.
3. Cutler, B. L., & Penrod, D. S. (1988). Improving the reliability of eyewitness identification: Lineup construction and presentation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 281-290.
4. Cutler, B. L., Penrod, S. D., & Martens, T. K. (1987). The reliability of eyewitness identification: The role of system and estimator variables. Law and Human Behavior, 11, 233-258.
5. Davies, G. M., Smith, S., & Blincoe, C. (2008). A "weapon focus" effect in children. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 14, 19-28.
6. Deaux, K., & Lewis, L. L. (1984). Structure of gender stereotypes: Interrelationship among components and gender label. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 991-1004.
7. Deaux, K., Winton, W., Crowley, M., & Lewis, L. L. (1985). Level of categorization and content of gender stereotypes. Social Cognition, 3, 145-167.
8. Easterbrook, J. A. (1959). The effect of emotion on cue utilisation and the organization of behavior. Psychological Review, 66, 183-201.
9. Eckes, T. (1994). Features of men, features of women: Assessing stereotypic beliefs about gender subtypes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 107-123.
10. Federal Bureau of Investigation. (n.d.). Crime in the United States 2005. Retrieved 7 January 2009 from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/data/table_42.html
11. Gordon, R. D. (2004). Attentional allocation during the perception of scenes. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 30, 760-777.
12. Green, S. K., Lightfoot, M. A., Bandy, C., & Buchanan, D. R. (1985). A general model of the attribution process. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 6, 159-179.
13. Greenberg, M. S., Westcott, D. R., & Bailey, S. E. (1998). When believing is seeing: The effect of scripts on eyewitness memory. Law and Human Behavior, 22, 685-694.
14. Henderson, J. M., Weeks, P. A., & Hollingworth, A. (1999). The effects of semantic consistency on eye movements during complex scene viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 25, 210-228.
15. Hope, L., & Wright, D. (2006). Beyond unusual? Examining the role of attention in the weapon focus effect. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 21, 951-961.
16. Kramer, T. H., Buckhout, R., & Eugenio, P. (1990). Weapon focus, arousal, and eyewitness memory: Attention must be paid. Law and Human Behavior, 14,167-184.
17. Leichtman, M. D., & Ceci, S. J. (1995). The effects of stereotypes and suggestions on preschoolers' reports. Developmental Psychology, 31, 568-578.
18. Loftus, E. F., Loftus, G. R., & Messo, J. (1987). Some facts about "weapon focus". Law and Human Behavior, 11, 55-62.
19. Loftus, G. R., & Mackworth, N. H. (1978). Cognitive determinants of fixation location during picture viewing. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 4, 565-572.
20. Maass, A., & Kohnken, G. (1989). Eyewitness identification: Simulating the "weapon effect". Law and Human Behavior, 13, 397-308.
21. MacLin, M. K., & Herrera, V. (2006). The criminal stereotype. North American Journal of Psychology, 8, 197-208.
22. Madriz, E. (1997). Images of criminals and victims: A study on women's fear and social control. Gender & Society, 11, 342-356.
23. Migueles, M., & García-Bajos, E. (2004). Esto es un atraco! Sesgos de la tipicidad en la memoria de testigos. Estudios de Psicología, 25, 331-342.
24. Mitchell, K. J., Livosky, M., & Mather, M. (1998). The weapon focus effect revisited: The role of novelty. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 3, 287-303.
25. O'Rourke, T. E., Penrod, S. D., Cutler, B. L., & Stuve, T. E. (1989). The external validity of eyewitness identification research: Generalizing across subject populations. Law and Human Behavior, 13, 385-395.
26. Pickel, K. L. (1998). Unusualness and threat as possible causes of "weapon focus". Memory, 6, 277-295.
27. Pickel, K. L. (1999). The influence of context on the "weapon focus" effect. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 299-311.
28. Pickel, K. L., Narter, D. B., Jameson, M. M., & Lenhardt, T. T. (2008). The weapon focus effect in child eyewitnesses. Psychology, Crime, and Law, 14, 61-72.
29. Pickel, K. L., Ross, S. J., & Truelove, R. S. (2006). Do weapons automatically capture attention? Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20, 871-893.
30. Shaw, J. I., & Skolnick, P. (1994). Sex differences, weapon focus, and eyewitness reliability. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134, 413-420.
31. Shaw, J. I., & Skolnick, P. (1999). Weapon focus and gender differences in eyewitness accuracy: Arousal versus salience. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29, 2328-2341.
32. Steblay, N. M. (1992). A meta-analytic review of the weapon focus effect. Law and Human Behavior, 16, 413-424.
33. Tooley, V., Brigham, J. C., Maass, A., & Bothwell, R. K. (1987). Facial recognition: Weapon effect and attentional focus. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 17,845-859.
34. Vonk, R., & Ashmore, R. D. (2003). Thinking about gender types: Cognitive organization of female and male types. British Journal of Social Psychology, 42, 257-280.
35. Wells, G. L. (1978). Applied eyewitness testimony research: System variables and estimator variables. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 1546-1557.
36. Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1990). Sex and psyche: Gender and self viewed cross-culturally. Newberry Park, CA: Sage.