The scope of article 12 of the treaty of the European communities vis-á-vis third-country nationals: Evolution at last?

European Law Journal

Volumn 15, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 757-774

  Hublet, Chloé ^a  

^a VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT BRUSSEL   (Belgium)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 70749092043     PISSN: 13515993     EISSN: 14680386     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0386.2009.00489.x     Document Type: Article

References (91)

1. Council Directive 2000/43/EC, implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin , [2000] OJ L 180/22.
2. Council Directive 2000/78/EC, establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation, [2000] OJ L 303/ 16.
3. Proposal for a Council Directive on implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation , 2 July 2008 COM (2008) 426 final.
4. Formerly Article 7 of the EEC Treaty, which later became Article 6 of the EC Treaty and finally Article 12 of the EC Treaty.
5. C-224/00, Commission v Italy, [2002] ECR 2965, para 14.
6. Case 1/72, Rita Frilli v Belgium [1972] ECR 457, para 19.
7. Case 186-87, Ian William Cowan v Trésor public, [1989] ECR 195, para 11; T. Schegers, 'Artikel 12 EG-Verdrag. Het verbod van discriminatie op grond van nationaliteit', in J. Meeusen, M-C Flobets, B. Hubeau (eds), Europa in het Vreemdelingenrecht, serie Migratie en migrantenrecht, recente ontwikkelingen, no 10, (die Keure, 2004) 93, 94
8. On this question, see: E. Dubout, L'article 13 du traité CE. La clause communautaire de lutte contre les discriminations, (Bruylant, 2006), 87-98
9. A. Dashwood, 'The limits of European Community Powers', (1996) 21 European Law Review 13-128
10. F. Fines, 'Le champ d'application matériel, reflet des compétences communautaires?', (2003-2004) 1 Revue des affaires européennes 37-46
11. J. Andriantsimbazovina, 'Droits fondamentaux communautaires et champ d'application personnel du droit communautaire', (2003-2004) 1 Revue des affaires européennes 57, 60.
12. E. Dubout, op cit n 8 supra, 88.
13. Joint cases 60 and 61/84, Cinéthèque SA and others v Fédération nationale des cinémas français, [1985] ECR 2605, para 26.
14. C-260/89, Elliniki Radiophonia Tiléorassi AE and Panellinia Omospondia Syllogon Prossopikou v Dimotiki Etairia Pliroforissis and Sotirios Kouvelas and Nicolaos Avdellas and others, [1991] ECR I-2925, para 42.
15. S. O'Leary, 'The principle of Equal Treatment on Grounds of Nationality in Article 6 EC. A lucrative source of rights for Member States nationals?', in A. Dashwood, S. O'Leary (eds), The principle of Equal Treatment in EC law, (Sweet & Maxwell Limited, 1997) 105, 105-136
16. Case 293-83, Françoise Gravier v Ville de Liège, [1985] ECR 593, para 24.
17. Case 24-86 Vincent Blaizot v Université de Liège and others, [1988] ECR 379.
18. Cowan, n 7 supra, para 18.
19. Joint cases 92-92 and 326-92, Phil Collins v Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH, [1993] ECR I-5145.
20. Case C-360/00, Land Hessen v G. Ricordi & Co. Bühnen- und Musikverlag GmbH, [2002] ECR I-5089.
21. Collins, n 17 supra, para 27.
22. Case C- 43/95, Data Delecta Aktiebolag and Ronny Forsberg v MSL Dynamics Ltd, [1996] ECR I-4661.
23. Case C- 323/95, David Charles Hayes and Jeannette Karen Hayes v Kronenberger GmbH, [1997] ECR I-1711.
24. Case C- 122/96, Stephen Austin Saldanha and MTS Securities Corporation v Hiross Holding AG, [1997] ECR I-5325.
25. Cowan, n 7 supra, para 14.
26. For other examples, see T. Schegers, n 7 supra, 98.
27. ibid 99.
28. D. Martin, La libre circulation des personnes dans l'Union européenne, (Bruylant, 1995), 22.
29. See on this point V. Constantinesco and al. (Drs) Traité instituant la CEE. Commentaire article par article, (Economica, 1992) 61, 67-68
30. A. Bleckman, 'Considérations sur l'interprétation de l'article 7 du Traité C.E.E', (1976) Revue de droit européen 469, 469 ; D. Martin, n 26 supra, 24
31. M. Dony, 'Les discriminations fondées sur la nationalité dans la jurisprudence de la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes', in E. Bribosia, E. Dardenne, P. Magnette and A. Weyembergh (Drs), Union européenne et nationalités, (Bruylant, 1999) 45, 58
32. P. De Bruycker, 'Vers un statut des ressortissants des pays tiers dans le Traité d'Amsterdam: libre circulation ou discrimination?', in ibid (Bruylant, 1999) 226, 237
33. J. Gerards, 'Discrimination grounds', in D. Schiek, L. Waddington, M. Bell, Cases, Materials and Text on National, Supranational and International Non-Discrimination Law, (Hart Publishing, 2007) 33, 64
34. J.-Y. Carlier, La condition des personnes dans l'Union européenne, (Larcier, 2007, 234
35. R. Cholewinski, Borders and Discrimination in the European Union (ILPA/MPG, 2002, 40-41
36. Kees Groenendijk, 'Citizens and third country nationals: differential treatment or discrimination?' in J-Y Carlier, E. Guild (Drs), The Future of Free Movement of Persons in the EU, (Bruylant, 2006) 79, 84
37. E. Guild and S. Peers, 'Out of the Ghetto? The personal scope of EU law', in S. Peers and N. Rogers (eds), EU Immigration and asylum law (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006) 81, 110
38. Ricordi, op cit n 18 supra, para 31 (our emphasis).
39. Saldanha para 15, op cit n 22 supra.
40. Joint cases C-22/08 and C-23/08, Athanasios Vatsouras and Josif Koupatantze v Arbeitsgemeinschaft (ARGE) Nürnberg 900, (2009).
41. Council Directive 2003/109/EC of 25 November 2003 concerning the status of third-country nationals who are long-term residents, (2004) OJ L 16/44-53.
42. In particular, the decisions in Gravier, Blaizot, Cowan, Collins, Data Delecta, etc.
43. See Cowan, op cit n 7 supra, Collins para 32, op cit n 17 supra, Data Delecta para 16, op cit n 20 supra, Hayes para 18, op cit n 21 supra, Saldanha para 25, op cit n 22 supra (our emphasis).
44. Case C-45/93, Commission v Spain [1994] ECR I-911.
45. ibid para 10, (our emphasis).
46. Case C-105/89, Ibrahim Buhari Haji v Institut national d'assurances sociales pour travailleurs indépendants, [1990] ECR I-4211.
47. Council Regulation (EEC) no 1408/71, of 14 June 1971 on the application of social security schemes to employed persons and their families moving within the Community, [1971] OJ L149/2.
48. See also the article, in this edition, of Sara Benedí Lahuerta, 'Race Equality and TCNs, or how to fight discrimination with a discriminatory law'; J. Moritz, 'Missing in Action: Effective Protection for Third-Country Nationals from Discrimination under Community Law - The Example of the Hollow Interplay between the Racial Equality Directive and the Long Term Residents Directive and its detrimental Consequences for Integration', in E. Guild, K. Groenendijk, S. Carrera, Illiberal Liberal States: Immigration, Citizenship and Integration in the EU, (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2009), to be published.
49. Art 3.1. of the Directive.
50. Para 16 of the Durban Declaration, September 2001.
51. Tyson, A., 'The negotiation of the European Community Directive on Racial Discrimination', (2001) 3 European Journal of Migration and Law 199, 209-210
52. C. Brown, 'The Race Directive: Towards Equality for All the Peoples of Europe?', (2002) 21 Yearbook of European Law 195, 211
53. Declaration against racism and xenophobia, [1986] OJ C 158/1.
54. Council Framework Decision 2008/913/JHA of 28 November 2008 on combating certain forms and expressions of racism and xenophobia by means of criminal law, [2008] OJ L 328/55-58.
55. L.-A. Sicilianos, 'L'actualité et les potentialités de la Convention sur l'élimination de la discrimination raciale', (2005) Revue trimestrielle des droits de l'homme 869, 881-886; W. Vandenhole, Non-Discrimination and Equality in the View of the UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies, (Intersentia, 2005, 90-95
56. CERD, General recommendation No. 11: Non-citizen (Art. 1), 19 March 1993 and General recommendation No. 30: Discrimination Against Non-citizens, 1 October 2004.
57. ibid para 2.
58. ibid para 4.
59. ibid para 5.
60. ibid para 9.
61. In June 2009, the Convention comprised 173 contracting States, including all of the members of the European Community, available at: http://treaties.un.org/Pages/home.aspx?lang=
62. Belgium, eg chose this solution, though also providing a more flexible system of justifications than that available for the racial and related criteria.
63. Article 2.2.b).
64. This would be the case, for example, where a country's immigrant population is principally constituted by one ethnic group.
65. M. Bell, European Union Anti-Discrimination Policy: from equal opportunities between women and men to combating racism, Directorate-General for Research, Working document, Public Liberties Series, LIBE 102 EN.
66. M. Bell, Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union, (Oxford University Press, 2002), 37-38. See also J. Gerards, n 28 supra, 64
67. F. Zampini, 'La Cour de justice des Communautés européennes, gardienne des droits fondamentaux "dans le cadre du droit communautaire"', (1999) 35(4) Revue Trimestrielle de Droit européen 659, 671
68. On this concept, see R.-E. Papadopoulou, 'Situations purement internes et droit communautaire: un instrument jurisprudentiel à double fonction ou une arme à double tranchant?', (2002) 38(1-2) Cahier de Droit Européen 95-130.
69. K. Lenaerts, 'L'égalité de traitement en droit communautaire. Un principe unique aux apparences multiples', (1991) Cahiers de droit européen 3, 17-19
70. G. de Búrca, 'The role of Equality in European Community Law', in A. Dashwood and S. O'Leary (eds), The Principle of Equal Treatment in EC law, (Sweet & Maxwell, 1997) 13, 15; R.-E. Papadopoulou, ibid 117-121
71. Except where he or she was born in a country which did not grant citizenship on the basis of ius soli and never having thereafter acquired citizenship of the country where he has however always resided.
72. G. de Búrca, op cit n 63 supra, 16.
73. J.-Y. Carlier, op cit n 28 supra, 58.
74. As well as those who are termed 'privileged', ie the family members of a Community national, the employees of a business providing services and the beneficiaries of an association agreement.
75. J.-Y. Carlier, op cit n 28 supra, 77.
76. E. Guild, S. Peers, op cit n 31 supra: they conclude that third country nationals are included a priori in the Treaty's personal scope of application except when they are explicitly excluded. For an opposing view, see: J.-F. Akandji-Kombé, 'Les droits des étrangers et leur sauvegarde dans l'ordre communautaire', (1995) Cahier de droit européen 351-381
77. O. Dubos, 'Quel statut personnel pour les ressortissants des Etats tiers', (2004) 2003-2004 (1) Revue des affaires européennes 83, 85
78. P. Boeles, 'Europese burgers en derdelanders: wat betekent het verbod van discriminatie naar nationaliteit sinds Amsterdam?', (2005) 12 Sociaal-Economische Wetgeving 500, 509
79. M. Bell, op cit n 59 supra.
80. See in particular J. Gerards, op cit n 28 supra, 67
81. J.-Y. Carlier, op cit n 28 supra, 235
82. Inter alia: Hayes op cit n 21 supra, para 24; Case C-85/96, María Martínez Sala v Freistaat Bayern, [1998] ECR I-2691, para 64; Case C-164/07, James Wood v Fonds de garantie des victimes des actes de terrorisme et d'autres infractions, [2008] ECR I-4143, para 15.
83. P. Boeles, op cit n 71 supra, 502.
84. R. Cholewinski, op cit n 29 supra, 41; P. De Bruycker, The emergence of a European immigration policy, (Bruylant, 2003, 46
85. Joint Cases, Vatsouras and Koupatantze, op cit n 34 supra.
86. Emphasis mine.
87. Wet inburgering in het buitenland, 2005.
88. Council Directive 2003/86/EC of 22 September 2003 on the right to family reunification, (2003) OJ L 251/12-18.
89. The Netherlands: Discrimination in the name of integration. Migrant's rights under the Integration Abroad Act, Human Rights Watch, May 2008, 13, available at: http://www.hrw.org/backgrounder/2008/netherlands0508/.
90. K.M. de Vries, 'Inburgeringseisen en het gelijkheidsbeginsel', in J.H. Gerards, B.P. Vermeulen & P.J.J. Zoontjens (eds), Gelijke behandeling: oordelen en commentaar 2006, (Wolf Legal Publishers, 2007), 263, 267
91. Joint Cases, Vatsouras and Koupatantze, op cit n 34 supra.