Communist comfort: Socialist modernism and the making of cosy homes in the khrushchev era

Gender and History

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 465-498

  Reid, Susan E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMMUNISM; GENDER; HOUSING; SOCIALISM; WOMENS STATUS;

USSR;

EID: 70749083872     PISSN: 09535233     EISSN: 14680424     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-0424.2009.01564.x     Document Type: Article

References (235)

1. This article is drawn from a larger project, Everyday Aesthetics in the Modern Soviet Flat, generously supported by the Leverhulme Trust.
2. Conference, 'Different Modernisms, Different Avant-Gardes' (KUMU, Tallinn, 2007)
3. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley (eds), Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Berg, 2000)
4. Paul Betts and Katherine Pence (eds), Socialist Modern: East German Everyday Culture and Politics (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2007)
5. Susan E. Reid, 'Toward a New (Socialist) Realism: The Re-Engagement with Western Modernism in the Khrushchev Thaw', in Susan E. Reid and Rosalind P. Blakesley (eds), Russian Art and the West: A Century of Dialogue in Painting, Architecture, and the Decorative Arts (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2006), pp. 217-39
6. Susan E. Reid, 'Khrushchev Modern: Agency and Modernization in the Soviet Home', Cahiers du Monde russe 47 (2006), pp. 227-68.
7. Christopher Reed (ed.), Not at Home: The Suppression of Domesticity in Modern Art and Architecture (London: Thames & Hudson, 1996)
8. Hilde Heynen, 'Modernity and Domesticity: Tensions and Contradictions' and Karina van Herck, '"Only Where Comfort Ends Does Humanity Begin": On the "Coldness" of Avant-Garde Architecture in the Weimar Period', both in Hilde Heynen and Gülsüm Baydar (eds), Negotiating Domesticity: Spatial Productions of Gender in Modern Architecture (London and New York: Routledge, 2005), pp. 1-29, 123-44 respectively.
9. For 'homeyness', see Grant McCracken, '"Homeyness": A Cultural Account of One Constellation on Consumer Goods and Meaning', in Elizabeth C. Hirschman (ed.), Interpretive Consumer Research (Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, 1989), pp. 168-83.
10. Olga Matich, 'Remaking the Bed: Utopia in Daily Life', in John Bowlt and Olga Matich (eds), Laboratories of Dreams: The Russian Avant-Garde and Cultural Experience (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996), pp. 59-78
11. Svetlana Boym, Common Places: Mythologies of Everyday Life in Russia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994), esp. pp. 73-88
12. Walter Benjamin, Moscow Diary (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 48;
13. Walter Benjamin, 'Moscow', in Walter Benjamin, Reflections: Essays, Aphorisms, Autobiographical Writings (New York: Schocken, 1978), pp. 97-130
14. Heynen, 'Modernity and Domesticity', p. 17
15. Karen Kettering, '"Ever More Cosy and Comfortable": Stalinism and the Soviet Domestic Interior, 1928-1938', Journal of Design History 10 (1997), pp. 119-35
16. Christina Kiaer, Imagine No Possessions: The Socialist Objects of Russian Constructivism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005).
17. Tag Gronberg, 'Decoration: Modernism's "Other"', Art History 15 (1993), pp. 547-52
18. Roszika Parker and Griselda Pollock, Old Mistresses: Women, Art and Ideology (2nd edn, London: Pandora, 1987)
19. Bridget Elliott and Janice Helland (eds), Women Artists and the Decorative Arts 1880-1935: The Gender of Ornament (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002)
20. Penny Sparke, As Long as It's Pink: The Sexual Politics of Taste (London: Pandora, 1995)
21. Judy Attfield, Bringing Modernity Home: Writings on Popular Design and Material Culture (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2007)
22. Janet Wolff, 'Feminism and Modernism' and 'The Invisible Flaneuse: Women and the Literature of Modernity', both in Janet Wolff, Feminine Sentences: Essays On Women and Culture (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990), pp. 51-66 and 34-50 respectively
23. Jane Rendell, Barbara Penner and Ian Borden (eds), Gender, Space, Architecture: An Interdisciplinary Introduction (London: Routledge, 2000).
24. Martin Heidegger, 'Building, Dwelling, Thinking' [1954] in D. Farrell Krell (ed.), Basic Writings: Martin Heidegger (London: Routledge, 1978), pp. 347-63, here p. 348
25. Nicky Gregson, Living with Things: Ridding, Accommodation, Dwelling (Wantage: Sean Kingston, 2007), pp. 21-3.
26. Exceptions include Victor Buchli's groundbreaking An Archaeology of Socialism (Oxford: Berg, 1999) and Ekaterina Gerasimova, 'Sovetskaia kommunal'naia kvartira kak sotsial'nyi institut: istoriko-sotsiologicheskii analiz' (unpublished doctoral thesis, European University, St Petersburg, 2000)
27. Steven Harris, 'Moving to the Separate Apartment: Building, Distributing, Furnishing, and Living in Urban Housing in Soviet Russia, 1950s-1960s' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Chicago, 2003)
28. Christine Varga-Harris, 'Constructing the Soviet Hearth: Home, Citizenship and Socialism in Russia, 1956-1964' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005).
29. Cited in Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes (London: Papermac, 1992), p. 519; cited by Victoria de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America's Advance through 20th-Century Europe (Cambridge: Belknap Press, Harvard University, 2005), p. 113.
30. Compare Richard Nixon's position in dispute with Nikita Khrushchev: BBC News: On This Day, 24 July 1959, http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthissday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2779000 /2779551.stm, accessed 7 September 2009.
31. Marguerite Higgins, Red Plush and Black Bread (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1955), p. 125. Cited in David and Vera Mace, The Soviet Family (London: Hutchinson, 1963), p. 187.
32. Mace, Soviet Family, pp. 187-8
33. Bruce and Beatrice Gould, 'We Saw How Russians Live', Ladies Home Journal, February 1957, pp. 58-61, 176, 179, here p. 176.
34. Francine du Plessix Gray, Soviet Women Walking the Tightrope (New York: Doubleday, 1989), p. 2.
35. Gray, Soviet Women Walking the Tightrope, pp. 2-3.
36. Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), p. 220
37. Heynen, 'Modernity and Domesticity', esp. p. 17.
38. Gray, Soviet Women, p. 2
39. Herck, 'Only Where Comfort Ends', p. 141 n. 3
40. Buchli, Archaeology, pp. 56-62
41. Marianne Gullestad, The Art of Social Relations (Oslo and Oxford: Scandinavian University Press, 1992), pp. 79-80.
42. McCracken, 'Homeyness'; Susan J. Matt, 'Why the Old-Fashioned Is in Fashion in American Homes', in Regina Lee Blaszczyk, Producing Fashion: Commerce, Culture, and Consumers (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), pp. 273-92, esp. pp. 283-4.
43. Boris Pasternak, Doktor Zhivago (Milan: Feltrinelli Editore, 1957), pp. 443-4
44. Doctor Zhivago, tr. Max Hayward and Manya Harari (London: Collins Harvill, 1958), p. 360)
45. Mace, Soviet Family, pp. 186-7.
46. John Crowley, The Invention of Comfort: Sensibilities and Design in Early Modern Britain and Early America (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000)
47. Philippe Ariès, Centuries of Childhood (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973);
48. Philippe Ariès and Georges Duby (eds), History of Private Life, 5 vols. Vol. 5: Riddles of Identity in Modern Times, ed. Antoine Prost and Gerard Vincent, tr. Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge: Belknap Press, Harvard University, 1991)
49. Literature on the public/private dichotomy and on the gendered segregation of spheres is extensive: see Dorothy Helly and Susan Reverby (eds), Gendered Domains: Rethinking Public and Private in Women's History (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992)
50. Jeff Weintraub and Krishan Kumar (eds), Public and Private in Thought and Practice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996)
51. Lewis Siegelbaum (ed.), Borders of Socialism: Private Spheres of Soviet Russia (New York and Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2006).
52. Decree of CPSU Central Committee and USSR Council of Ministers, 'O razvitii zhilishchnogo stroitel'stva v SSSR', 31 July 1957, Pravda, 2 August 1957; reprinted in Sobranie postanovlenii pravitel'stva (Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1960), article 102, pp. 332-48
53. Nikita S. Khrushchev, O kontrol'nykh tsifrakh razvitiia narodnogo khoziaistva SSSR na 1959-1965 gody (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1959).
54. Gregory D. Andrusz, Housing and Urban Development in the USSR (London: Macmillan, 1984), p. 157, table 7.5
55. Harris, 'Moving to the Separate Apartment'; K. Zhukov, 'Tekhnicheskaia estetika i oborudovanie kvartir', Tekhnicheskaia estetika 2 (1964), p. 1.
56. B. Merzhanov and K. Sorokin, Eto nuzhno novoselam (Moscow: Ekonomika 1966), p. 4; Russian State Archive of Literature and Art (RGALI), f. 2329, op. 4, ed. khr. 1388, ll. 51-2 (transcript of discussion of exhibition 'Iskusstvo- v byt!', 6 June 1961); Boris Ionovich Brodskii, Khudozhnik i gorod (Moscow: Iskusstvo, 1965), pp. 65-9
57. Boris Ionovich Brodskii, 'Novyi byt i kamufliazh meshchanstva', Dekorativnoe iskusstvo SSSR (DI) 8 (1963), pp. 23-8, here p. 25
58. Ol'ga Baiar, 'Dekorativnoe ubranstvo kvartiry', DI, Jubilee edition (Moscow, 1957), pp. 17-20
59. Irina Voeikova, 'Vasha kvartira', Rabotnitsa 9 (1962), p. 30
60. Lynne Attwood, 'Housing in the Khrushchev Era', in Melanie Ilič, Susan Reid and Lynne Attwood (eds), Women in the Khrushchev Era (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 189, 200-01, nn. 72-3.
61. Compare Daniel Miller (ed.), Home Possessions: Material Culture behind Closed Doors (Oxford: Berg, 2001), pp. 9-11.
62. These negotiations are examined more fully in the wider project from which this article is drawn.
63. For detail, see Susan E. Reid, 'Women in the Home', in Ilič, Reid and Attwood (eds), Women in the Khrushchev Era, pp. 149-76;
64. Susan E. Reid, 'Cold War in the Kitchen: Gender and Consumption in the Khrushchev Thaw', Slavic Review 61 (2002), pp. 211-52.
65. Christina Kiaer and Eric Naiman (eds), Everyday Life in Early Soviet Russia: Taking the Revolution Inside (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2006).
66. Vera S. Dunham, In Stalin's Time: Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976);
67. Sheila Fitzpatrick, 'Becoming Cultured: Socialist Realism and the Representation of Privilege and Taste', in Sheila Fitzpatrick, The Cultural Front: Power and Culture in Revolutionary Russia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1992), pp. 216-37;
68. Kettering, 'Ever More Cosy and Comfortable', pp. 119-35.
69. Mace, Soviet Family, pp. 187-8;
70. Gould, 'We Saw How Russians Live', p. 176;
71. Santha Rama Rau, My Russian Journey (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1959), p. 5.
72. Paucity of consumer goods, overcrowding and the loss of homes and possessions in the course of serial dislocations which structure life stories of this period as narrated in interviews conducted under my project 'Everyday Aesthetics in the Modern Soviet Flat'. Over seventy interviews were conducted between 2004 and 2007 in St Petersburg, Kazan, Samara, Kaluga, Kovdor, Apatity and Tartu, with people who moved into new apartments in the early 1960s.
73. Jukka Renkama, Ideology and Challenges of Political Liberalisation in the USSR, 1957-1961: Otto Kuusinen's 'Reform Platform', the State Concept, and the Path to the 3rd CPSU Programme (Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, Bibliotheca Historica 99, 2006);
74. Jerome M. Gilison, The Soviet Image of Utopia (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975).
75. Brodskii, 'Novyi byt', p. 24.
76. Susan E. Reid, 'Destalinization and Taste, 1953-1963', Journal of Design History 10 (1997), pp. 177-201, esp. pp. 190-92.
77. Boym, Common Places, pp. 39-40.
78. N.I. Andreeva, 'Gigienicheskaia otsenka novogo zhilishchnogo stroitel'stva v Moskve (period 1947-1951 gg.)', Gigiena i sanitaria 6 (1956), pp. 23-4;
79. Timothy Sosnovy, 'The Soviet Housing Situation Today', Soviet Studies 11 (1959), pp. 1-21;
80. Timothy Sosnovy, The Housing Problem in the Soviet Union (New York: Research Program on the USSR, 1954), pp. 114-15.
81. Donald Filtzer, 'Standard of Living Versus Quality of Life: Struggling With the Urban Environment in Russia During the Early Years of Post-War Reconstruction' and Rebecca Manley, '"Where Should We Resettle the Comrades Next?" The Adjudication of Housing Claims and the Construction of the Post-War Order', both in Juliane Fürst (ed.), Late Stalinist Russia: Society between Reconstruction and Reinvention (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 81-102 and 233-46 respectively
82. Elena Zubkova, Russia after the War: Hopes, Illusions, and Disappointments, 1945-1957, tr. Hugh Ragsdale (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998);
83. Brian LaPierre, 'Private Matters or Public Crimes: The Emergence of Domestic Hooliganism in the Soviet Union, 1939-1966', in Siegelbaum, Borders of Socialism, pp. 191-210. Tuberculosis was frequently cited in cases considered for rehousing in new apartment blocks. Tsentral'nyi arkhiv goroda Moskvy [Moscow City Centre Archive] (TsAGM), f. 62, op. 15, d. 267; TsAGM, f. 62, op. 15, d. 266.
84. Boym, Common Places, pp. 73-88;
85. Katerina Clark, The Soviet Novel: History as Ritual (2nd edn, Chicago and London; University of Chicago Press, 1985), pp. 227-33;
86. Miki Pohl, 'Women and Girls in the Virgin Lands', in Ilič, Reid and Attwood, Women in the Khrushchev Era, pp. 52-74.
87. For the identification between housing registration and civic identity or enfranchisement, see Nadezhda Mandel'sham, Kniga vtoraia (Moscow: Moskovskii rabochii, 1990), p. 13, cited in Boym, Common Places, p. 93;
88. Tsentral'nyi arkhiv literatury i iskusstva St Petersburg (TsGALI SPb), f. 341, op. 1, d. 357, l. 32; Manley, 'Where Should We Resettle the Comrades Next?', p. 233;
89. Vladimir Papernyi, 'Men, Women and Living Space', and Stephen Kotkin, 'Shelter and Subjectivity in the Stalin Period', both in William Brumfield and Blair Ruble (eds), Russian Housing in the Modern Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 149-70 and 171-210 respectively.
90. The term BOMZh, is an acronym for bez opredelennogo mesta zhitel'stva ('of no fixed abode'), Irena H. Corten, Vocabulary of Soviet Society and Culture: a Selected Guide to Russian Words, Idioms and Expressions of the post-Stalin Era, 1953-1991 (Durham: Duke University Press, 1992), p. 31.
91. This spatial organisation of the population was not new. See Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
92. I. Semenov, 'Velikoe pereselenie narodov', Krokodil 22, 10 August 1964, pp. 8-9.
93. Steven Harris, '"I Know all the Secrets of my Neighbors": The Quest for Privacy in the Era of the Separate Apartment', in Siegelbaum (ed.), Borders of Socialism, pp. 171-90, here p. 171.
94. Boym, Common Places, p. 125.
95. The role of such public agencies in the ownership of housing increased in the 1950s, giving the 'state' a virtual monopoly over urban housing construction, although cooperatives represented an alternative. Sosnovy, 'The Soviet Housing Situation Today', p. 9.
96. Zhukov, 'Tekhnicheskaia estetika', p. 1
97. Victor Buchli, 'Khrushchev, Modernism, and the Fight against Petit-Bourgeois Consciousness in the Soviet Home', Journal of Design History 10 (1997), pp. 161-76.
98. V. Rybitskii, 'Dlia doma, dlia sem'i. V pomoshch' novoselam', 5 January 1963, script in State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF), f. 6903 (Gosteleradio), op. 2, d. 449;
99. Kristin Roth-Ey, 'Finding a Home for Television in the USSR, 1950-1970', Slavic Review 66 (2007), pp. 278-306.
100. Nikita S. Khrushchev, O shirokom vnedrenii industrial'nykh metodov, uluchshenii kachestva i snizhenii stoimosti stroitel'stva (Moscow: Gospolitizdat, 1955);
101. Blair Ruble, 'From Khrushcheby to Korobki', in Brumfield and Ruble, Russian Housing, pp. 232-70.
102. A decree of 23 April 1959 extended the moratorium on superfluous embellishment to public interiors: 'Ob ustranenii izlishestv v otdelke, oborudovanii i vo vnutrennem ubranstve obshchestvennykh zdanii', Sobranie postanovlenii pravitel'stva SSSR (Moscow: Gosiurizdat, 1959), pp. 166-71;
103. Harris, 'Moving to the Separate Apartment', ch. 8, pp. 467-546.
104. Iurii Gerchuk, 'The Aesthetics of Everyday Life in the Khrushchev Thaw in the USSR (1954-64)', in Susan E. Reid and David Crowley (eds), Style and Socialism, pp. 81-100, here p. 88.
105. Vadim Movchaniuk, 'Reshaetsia sud'ba "khrushchevok": v interesakh grazhdan', and Mikhail Shvarts, '"Krushchevki" eshche postoiat', Etazhi 2, 1 March 1998.
106. Concierge, Union of Architects, St Petersburg, April 2005.
107. Interviews for 'Everyday Aesthetics'; Aleksei Adzhubei, Te desiat' let (Moscow: Sovetskaia Rossiia, 1989), p. 118.
108. Harris, 'I Know all the Secrets', pp. 171-90.
109. Vladimir Shlapentokh, Public and Private Life of the Soviet People: Changing Values in Post-Stalin Russia (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989);
110. Lewis Siegelbaum, 'Cars, Cars, and More Cars: The Faustian Bargain of the Brezhnev Era', and Susan E. Reid, 'The Meaning of Home: "The Only Bit of the World You Can Have to Yourself"', both in Siegelbaum, Borders of Socialism, pp. 83-103 and 145-70 respectively;
111. Deborah A. Field, Private Life and Communist Morality in Khrushchev's Russia (New York: Peter Lang, 2007).
112. See special issue on the gift, Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute (N.S.) 12 (2006);
113. Jeffrey Brooks, Thank You Comrade Stalin! Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
114. M. Nikol'skii, 'Novyi dom - novyi byt', Izvestiia, 19 December 1959.
115. 'Schastlivoe novosel'e', Trud, 7 November 1959.
116. I discuss representations of novosel'e more fully in Susan E. Reid, 'Happy Housewarming! Moving into Khrushchev-Era Apartments', in Marina Balina and Evgeny Dobrenko (eds), Petriphied Utopia: Happiness Soviet Style (London: Anthem Press, 2009), pp. 133-60.
117. See e.g., Izvestiia's 'For Home and Family' page and the illustrated magazine Ogonek's rubric, 'Women - This Is For You'; Merzhanov and Sorokin, 'Eto nuzhno novoselam' (published in a series 'For Home and Family')
118. Deborah A. Field, 'Communist Morality and Meanings of Private Life in Post-Stalinist Russia, 1953-1964' (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Michigan, 1996), p. 41
119. Catriona Kelly, Refining Russia: Advice Literature, Polite Culture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001).
120. See e.g., the 1958 novel by Daniil Granin, Posle svad'by (Leningrad: Sovetskii pisatel', 1959; Moscow: Khudozhestvennaia literatura, 1964)
121. Ol'ga Baiar and Rimma Blashkevich, Kvartira i ee ubranstvo (Moscow: Stroiizdat, 1962); regular features in magazines such as Ogonek (e.g. 11 (8 March 1959) back cover), Dekorativnoe iskusstvo SSSR, Kunst ja kodu, Sem'ia i shkola. Among exhibitions of model interiors, the most significant was 'Iskusstvo - v byt' (Art into Life), Moscow, 1961.
122. For argumentation, see Susan E. Reid, 'The Khrushchev Kitchen: Domesticating the Scientific-Technological Revolution', Journal of Contemporary History 40 (2005), pp. 289-316.
123. Nikol'skii, 'Novyi dom'. See also A. Lapin, 'Malen'kie zaboty bol'shogo novosel'ia', Izvestiia, 14 November 1959.
124. Rybitskii, 'Dlia doma, dlia sem'i. V pomoshch' novoselam'.
125. Moscow Central Archive of Social and Political Movements (TsAOPIM), f. 4, op. 139, d. 35: ll. 12-16.
126. TsAOPIM, f. 4, op. 139, d. 35, ll. 8-12.
127. TsAOPIM, f. 4, op. 139, d. 35. On efforts to engage men with domesticity, see M. Edel', 'Divan', Krokodil 12, 30 April 1958, p. 12.
128. 'Tribuna chitatelia: O vospitanii vkusa', Novyi mir 2 (1955), pp. 247-54, here p. 247.
129. Interviews for 'Everyday Aesthetics'.
130. Siegelbaum, 'Cars, Cars, and More Cars', p. 97.
131. Interview with L. G., St Petersburg 2004, 'Everyday Aesthetics'.
132. I. Abramenko and L. Tormozova (eds), Besedy o domashnem khoziaistva (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1959), p. 4.
133. Reid, 'Khrushchev Kitchen', pp. 289-316.
134. Karl M. Kantor, 'Chelovek i zhilishche', Iskusstvo i byt 1 (1963), pp. 26-48;
135. S. Strumilin, 'Rabochii byt i kommunizm', Novyi mir 7 (1960), pp. 203-20, here p. 213
136. A. Baranov, 'Sotsiologicheskie problemy zhilishcha', in A. G. Kharchev, S. M. erizhnikov and V. L. Ruzhzhe (eds), Sotsial'nye probelmy zhilishcha (Leningrad: LenZNIIEP, 1967), p. 17.
137. Kantor, 'Chelovek i zhilishche', pp. 29-30.
138. Elena Torshilova, 'Byt i nekotorye sotsial'no-psikhologicheskie kharakteristiki sovremennogo zhilogo inter'era', in A. G. Kharchev and Z. A. Iankova (eds), Sotsial'nye issledovaniia 7: Metodologicheskie problemy issledovaniia byta (Moscow: Nauka, 1971), pp. 137-44, esp. pp. 141-3.
139. Torshilova, 'Byt', pp. 141-3.
140. M. Chereiskaia, 'Zametki o khoroshem vkuse', in R. Saltanova and N. Kolchinskaia (eds), Podruga (Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 1959), pp. 220-34, here p. 220.
141. Gregson, Living with Things, p. 23
142. Gullestad, Art of Social Relations
143. Daniel Miller, 'Accommodating', in Colin Painter (ed.), Contemporary Art and the Home (Oxford: Berg, 2002): pp. 115-30.
144. Daniel Miller, 'Appropriating the State on the Council Estate', Man 23 (1988), pp. 353-72
145. Judy Attfield, 'Bringing Modernity Home: Open Plan in the British Domestic Interior', in Irene Cieraad (ed.), At Home: An Anthropology of Domestic Space (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1999), pp. 73-82.
146. Ronald Paul Hill, 'Homeless Women, Special Possessions, and the Meaning of "Home": An Ethnographic Case Study', Journal of Consumer Research 18 (1991), pp. 298-310, here p. 300, with reference to McCracken, 'Homeyness', p. 179.
147. Wolfgang Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe: Regime and Architecture, 900-1900, tr. Kenneth J. Northcott (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), p. 38;
148. Hill, 'Homeless Women', pp. 298-310.
149. Braunfels, Urban Design in Western Europe, p. 38
150. Nathan Glazer, 'The Prince, the People, and the Architects', American Scholar 59 (1990), pp. 507-18
151. Ruble, 'From Khrushcheby', pp. 243-4.
152. On the input of labour from the consumer, which Soviet consumer goods presupposed in the 'post-commodity' phase before the item could be used or assimilated, see Ekaterina Gerasimova and Sof'ia Chuikina, 'Obshchestvo remonta', Neprikosnovennyi zapas (NZ) 34 (2004), http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2004/34/ger85.html, (accessed 1 November 2004).
153. Galina Orlova, 'Apologiia strannoi veshchi: Malen'kie khitrosti' sovetskogo cheloveka', NZ 34 (2004) http://magazines.russ.ru/nz/2004/34/orll10.html
154. Baiar and Blashkevich, Kvartira i ee ubranstvo, p. 15
155. 'Svoimi rukami', DI 3 (1961), pp. 48-9
156. and regular features in Kunst ja kodu. Compare Aleksandr Vysokovskii, 'Will Domesticity Return?', in Brumfield and Ruble, Russian Housing, p. 284; RGALI, f. 2329, op. 4, ed. khr. 1391, l. 29, l. 47 (visitors' book for exhibition 'Iskusstvo - v byt', 1961).
157. Iu. Sharov and G. Poliachek, Vkus nado vospityvat' (besedy dlia molodezhi) (Novosibirsk: Novosibirskoe knizhnoe izdatel'stvo, 1960), pp. 66-79.
158. Chereiskaia, 'Zametki o khoroshem vkuse', p. 220
159. Buchli, An Archaeology.
160. Christine Varga-Harris, 'Homemaking: Keeping Appearances and Petticoat Rule', presented at conference 'The Thaw', University of California at Berkeley, May 2005.
161. Brodskii, 'Novyi byt', p. 24.
162. I. Sidorov, 'Tsvety v komnate', Ogonek 24 (June 1960), inside back cover; Vladimir I. Lenin, 'Velikii pochin. (O geroizme rabochikh v tylu)', Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 39 (5th edn, Moscow, 1970), p. 24.
163. 'Tribuna chitatelia', p. 247.
164. Chereiskaia, 'Zametki o khoroshem vkuse', p. 220
165. Torshilova, 'Byt', p. 140
166. Editorial, Iskusstvo i domashnii byt (Kunst ja kodu) 2 (1962), pp. 1-2
167. I. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', Rabotnitsa 10 (1964), pp. 30-31
168. A. Gol'dshtein, 'Chto takoe uiut?', Rabotnitsa 1 (1959), p. 30
169. E. Krasnova, 'Khoroshii vkus v ubranstve zhil'ia'', Sem'ia i shkola 1 (1960), pp. 44-5.
170. Sharov and Poliachek, Vkus nado vospityvat', p. 73.
171. Alexander Solzhenitsyn, One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, tr. Ralph Parker (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963), p. 192.
172. 'O merakh bor'by s antikhudozhestvennymi, khalturnymi izdeliiami', March 1959 to TsK VLKSM otdel Komsomol'skikh organov propagandy i agitatsii Russian State Archive of Social and Political History (RGASPI), f. M-1, op. 32, d. 972, ll. 58-63
173. Andrew Jenks, 'The Art Market and the Construction of Soviet Russian Culture', in Siegelbaum, Borders of Socialism, pp. 47-64.
174. A. Gol'dshtein, 'Chto takoe uiut', p. 30.
175. Sharov and Poliachek, Vkus nado vospityvat', p. 73.
176. On beds as outdated 'prejudice', see A. Briuno, 'Vasha kvartira', Sem'ia i shkola 10 (1960), p. 46
177. Voeikova, 'Vasha kvartira', p. 30
178. Buchli, 'Khrushchev, Modernism', pp. 161-76.
179. On the gendered meanings of textiles and on modernism's delegitimation of women's aesthetic practices, see Sparke, As Long As It's Pink; Attfield, Bringing Modernity Home; Judy Attfield, Wild Things: The Material Culture of Everyday Life (Oxford: Berg, 2000), pp. 129-36
180. Heynen, 'Modernity and Domesticity'.
181. Interview with L. G., St Petersburg, female.
182. Buchli, Archaeology, p. 128.
183. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', p. 30
184. Ol'ga Baiar, 'Sdelaem kvartiru udobnoi i uiutnoi', Sovetskaia zhenshchina 7 (1956), pp. 47-8
185. Baiar and Blashkevich, Kvartira. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', p. 30
186. Voeikova, 'Vasha kvartira', p. 30.
187. Gol'dshtein, 'Chto takoe uiut', p. 30.
188. The Austrian architect-journalist Adolf Loos's influential essay 'Ornament and Crime' written in 1908, tied the elimination of ornament to progress in a Darwinian argument. See Adolf Loos, Ornament und Verbrechen (Ornament and Crime) tr. and repr. in Ludwig Münz and Gustav Künstler (eds), Adolf Loos: Pioneer of Modern Architecture (New York: Praeger, 1966), pp. 226-31
189. Le Corbusier denounced ornament in his The Decorative Art of Today, tr. James Dunnett (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987)
190. Towards a New Architecture, tr. Frederick Etchells (New York: Praeger, 1960).
191. Gol'dshtein, 'Chto takoe uiut', p. 30.
192. One speaker in discussion considered entresol storage 'a superfluous seedbed of rubbish, which housewives always have and which must simply be liquidated'. TsGALI SPb, f. 341, op. 1, d. 386, l. 16.
193. Abramenko and Tormozova (eds), Besedy o domashnem khoziaistva, p. 4
194. E. Nikol'skaia, 'Ob uiute v obstanovke kvartiry', in Abramenko and Tormozova (eds), Besedy o domashnem khoziaistva, pp. 7-56
195. Chereiskaia, 'Zametki o khoroshem vkuse', pp. 220-34
196. E. Nikol'skaia, 'Uiut i obstanovka v dome', Sem'ia i shkola 11 (1958), pp. 46-7
197. E. Nikol'skaia, 'Blagoustroistvo zhilishcha', Sem'ia i shkola 1 (1958), pp. 42-4.
198. Buchli, 'Khrushchev, Modernism', pp. 161-76
199. Reid, 'Destalinization and Taste', pp. 177-202
200. Gerchuk, 'Aesthetics of Everyday Life', pp. 81-99.
201. The contemporary interior as a site of memory and women's use of objects and embroidery to materialise memories are central issues of my interviews for 'Everyday Aesthetics' and, as represented in painting, of Susan E. Reid 'The Art of Memory: Retrospectivism in Soviet Painting of the Brezhnev Era', in Matthew Cullerne Bown and Brandon Taylor (eds), Art of the Soviets (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1993), pp. 161-87
202. Susan E. Reid 'Representing Past and Presence: The Brezhnev Era Paintings of Tat'iana Nazarenko', unpublished paper, Association of Art Historians Annual Conference, University of Nottingham, 2004.
203. 'Programme of the CPSU', in Grey Hodnett (ed.), Resolutions and Decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, vol. 4: The Khrushchev Years, 1953-1964 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
204. Books were an essential attribute of the cultured home, for the absence of which no amount of luxury could compensate. GARF f. 6903, op. 26, d. 449, item no. 459, script of programme for Moscow Television: 'Dlia doma, dlia sem'i: vasha lichnaia biblioteka', 2 February 1963. However, a piano in a home where no-one played was a useless ornament. Sharov and Poliachek, Vkus nado vospityvat', pp. 70-72.
205. Voeikova, 'Vasha kvartira', p. 30
206. Krasnova, 'Khoroshii vkus', p. 45
207. Interview with I. A., St Petersburg, b.1927, engineer, female; Iu. Filatov, 'Veshchi, sovremennost', zhivopis'', Zvezda 2 (1961), pp. 176-9, esp. p. 177.
208. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', pp. 30-31.
209. Briuno, 'Vasha kvartira', p. 4
210. 'Khudozhnik prishel na kvartiru', Sluzhba byta 6 (1963), p. 26
211. G. Liubimova (All-Union Institute of Technical Aesthetics, VNIITE), 'Ratsional'noe oborudovanie kvartir', DI 6 (1964), pp. 15-18.
212. 'Dlia doma, dlia sem'i. V pomoshch' novoselam', 5 January 1963, GARF, f. 6903, op. 2, d. 449.
213. Liubimova, 'Ratsional'noe oborudovanie kvartir', p. 16.
214. See the Estonian journal Kunst ja kodu; A. Goncharov, 'Vkhodi v nash dom, narodnoe iskusstvo', Ogonek 42 (16 October 1960), p. 24
215. Krasnova, 'Khoroshii vkus', p. 45.
216. Mart Kalm, 'Sauna Party at the Summer Cottage: Soviet Estonians Play at Being Western', in Pekka Korvenmaa and Esa Laaksonen (eds), Universal versus Individual: The Architecture of the 1960's (Helsinki: Alvar Aalto Academy, 2002), pp. 52-65.
217. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', p. 31
218. Goncharov, 'Vkhodi', p. 24.
219. Buchli, Archaeology, p. 128.
220. Voeikova, 'Uiut - v prostote', p. 31.
221. I. Suvorova, 'Na urovne plokhogo rynka', DI 6 (1962), p. 46.
222. For detail, see Reid, 'Art of Memory', pp. 161-87.
223. Everyday Aesthetics interviews, 2004-07, St Petersburg, Tartu, Samara, Kaluga, Kazan.
224. Interview with I. A., St Petersburg, b. 1927, engineer, female; Edel', Divan, p. 12.
225. For the affective meanings of textiles, their close identification with the human body, see Attfield, Wild Things, pp. 129-36
226. Heynen, 'Modernity and Domesticity', pp. 1-29.
227. McCracken, 'Homeyness', pp. 168-83.
228. RGALI, f. 2329, op. 4, ed. khr. 1391; TsAGM f. 21, op 1, d. 125, d. 126, d. 127 (visitors' book for exhibition 'Iskusstvo- v byt!', 1961); Torshilova, 'Byt'.
229. Torshilova, 'Byt', p. 140.
230. Ekaterina Gerasimova, interview for project 'Intelligentsia and Philistinism in Russian History and Culture', funded by Finnish Academy of Sciences, 2000-02, accessed with kind permission of Timo Vihavainen. See also Timo Vihavainen, Vnutrennii vrag: bor'ba s meshchanstvom kak moral'naia missiia russkoi intelligentsii (St Petersburg: Kolo, 2004).
231. Torshilova, 'Byt', pp. 138-9.
232. Donna Birdwell-Pheasant and Denise Lawrence-Zúñiga, 'Introduction' to Birdwell-Pheasant and Lawrence-Zúñiga (eds), HouseLife: Space, Place and Family in Europe (Oxford; Berg, 1999), pp. 23-8.
233. Henri Lefebvre, The Production of Space (Oxford: Blackwell, 1991), pp. 361-2.
234. Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).
235. Attfield, 'Bringing Modernity Home', p. 81.