Tanzanite as conflict gem: Certifying a secure commodity chain in Tanzania

Geoforum

Volumn 41, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 56-65

  Schroeder, Richard A ^a  

^a RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anti terrorism; Certification; Conflict gems; Mining; Tanzania; USA Patriot Act

Indexed keywords

COMMODITY; GEMSTONE; MINERALS INDUSTRY; NATIONAL SECURITY; STOCK MARKET; TERRORISM; ZOISITE;

AFRICA; EAST AFRICA; NORTH AMERICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA; TANZANIA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 70749083055     PISSN: 00167185     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2009.02.005     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. American Gemstone Traders Association (AGTA). Tucson tanzanite protocol: restoring confidence in tanzanite. Prism Spring (2002) np
2. Association for Responsible Mining, 2007. Standard Zero for Fair Trade Artisanal Gold and Associated Silver and Platinum. (accessed 20.01.09).
3. Barnett C., Cloke P., Clarke N., and Malpass A. Consuming ethics: articulating the subjects and spaces of ethical consumption. Antipode 37 19 (2005) 23-45
4. British Broadcasting Corporation, 2002. Tanzania suspends gem mining. British Broadcasting Corporation, (22 June).
5. Beah I. A Long Way Gone: Memoir of a Boy Soldier (2007), Sarah Crichton Books, New York
6. Beard M., and Kondo H. Industry introduces tanzanite tracking. Colored Stone March/April (2002)
7. Bebbington A., Hinojosa L., Bebbington D., Burneo M., and Warnaars X. Contention and ambiguity: mining and the possibilities of development. Development and Change 39 6 (2008) 887-914
8. Block R., and Pearl D. Much-smuggled gem aids al-Qaida. Wall Street Journal 16 November (2001)
9. Blowfield M. Ethical trade: a review of developments and issues. Third World Quarterly 20 4 (1999) 753-770
10. Campbell G. Blood Diamonds: Tracing the Deadly Path of the World's Most Precious Stones (2004), Basic Books, New York
11. Chachage S. Tanzania: what is the human cost of foreign investments?. The Citizen 6 November (2007)
12. Childs J. Reforming small-scale mining in sub-Saharan Africa: political and ideological challenges to a Fair Trade gold initiative. Resources Policy 33 4 (2008) 203-209
13. Colored Stone, 2004. Tanzanite One goes public, 17 (5) (September/October), np.
14. Conroy M. Branded! How the 'Certification Revolution' is Transforming Global Corporations (2007), New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, BC Canada
15. Council for Responsible Jewellery Practices (CRSP), 2006. Council for Responsible Jewellery Practices Code of Practices. (accessed 17.08.07).
16. Daily News, 2006. Small tanzanite miners should be appeased, p. 3 (12 April).
17. Dawson, M., 2003. Remarks by Deputy Assistant Secretary Michael A. Dawson before the Jewelers Vigilance Committee, the Jewelers Board of Trade, and Manufacturing Jewelers and Suppliers of America on the USA PATRIOT Act Regulations for the Jewelry Industry. 12 November. (accessed 19.06.08).
18. DeMarco A. Organizations involved with Tanzanite blast Wall Street Journal story. Jewelers Circular Keystone 29 November (2001)
19. Donahue, K., 2007. Tanzanite: Commodity fiction or commodity nightmare. Social Science Research Network Working Paper Series. (accessed 08.08.07).
20. Eco-minex International, 2002. African Gem Resources, Ltd. (accessed 08.08.07).
21. Farah. Al Qaeda cash tied to diamond trade: sale of gems from Sierra Leone rebels raised millions, sources say. Washington Post 1 November (2001) A1
22. Farah. Blood from Stones: The Secret Financial Network of Terror (2004), Broadway Books, New York
23. Gems and Gemology. Branding war room. Gems and Gemology 35 3 (1999) 130-131
24. Genis R. Michael Nunn on the tanzanite market. Gemstone Forecaster 23 3 (2005)
25. Genis, R., 2006. The Tanzanite Foundation: An interview with Sarah Cort. (accessed 11.04.07).
26. Global Witness. Conflict Diamonds: Possibilities for the Identification, Certification and Control of Diamonds (2000), Global Witness, Washington, DC/London
27. Global Witness. For a Few Dollar$ More: How Al Qaeda Moved into the Diamond Trade (2003), Global Witness, Washington, DC/London
28. Global Witness. The Key to Kimberley: Internal Diamond Controls - Seven Case Studies (2004), Global Witness/Partnership Africa Canada, Washington, DC
29. Global Witness. Implementing the Kimberley Process (2005), Global Witness/Partnership Africa Canada, Washington, DC
30. Global Witness. Loupe Holes: Illicit Diamonds in the Kimberley Process (2008), Global Witness/Partnership Africa Canada, Washington, DC
31. Goodman M. Reading fair trade: political ecological imaginary and the moral economy of fair trade foods. Political Geography 23 7 (2004) 891-915
32. Goreux L. Conflict Diamonds (2001), World Bank, Washington, DC
33. Grant A., and Taylor I. Global governance and conflict diamonds: The Kimberley Process and the quest for clean gems. The Round Table 93 375 (2004) 385-401
34. Hilson G. 'Fair trade gold': antecedents, prospects, challenges. Geoforum 39 1 (2008) 386-400
35. (accessed 10.08.08).
36. (accessed 18.01.09).
37. (10.08.08).
38. (accessed 18.01.09).
39. (accessed 18.01.09).
40. Ihucha A. Tanzanite miners in bitter row over boundaries. Financial Times 5 October (2005) 16
41. Ihucha A. The Mererani 100 remembered. The Guardian 29 April (2006) 3
42. Ihucha A. Tanzanite miners shot in underground row. Guardian 9 February (2006) 2
43. Ihucha A. Mererani disaster: mining suspended as scores missing. The Guardian 31 March (2008)
44. Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN), 2006. Gem Slaves: Tanzanite's Child Labour (6 September).
45. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). Breaking New Ground: Mining Minerals and Sustainable Development (2002), IIED, London
46. Jafee D. Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability and Survival (2007), University of California Press, Berkeley
47. Juma M. Foreigners at Mererani told to stop harassment. The Citizen 23 February (2006) 6
48. Kondo H. Tensions boil over at tanzanite mines. Colored Stone May/June (2001)
49. Kondo H. Minister accuses AFGEM of starting tanzanite-al Qaeda story. Colored Stone March/April (2002)
50. Kulindwa K., Mashindano O., Shechambo F., and Sosovele H. Macroeconomic Reforms and Sustainable Development in Tanzania: The Case of Mining (2000), University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam
51. Le Billon P. Angola's political economy of war: the role of oil and diamonds 1975-2000. African Affairs 100 398 (2001) 55-80
52. Le Billon P. The political ecology of war: natural resources and armed conflicts. Political Geography 20 5 (2001) 561-584
53. Le Billon P. The geopolitical economy of 'resource wars'. Geopolitics 9 1 (2004) 1-28
54. Le Billon P. Fatal transactions: Conflict diamonds and the (anti)terrorist consumer. Antipode 38 4 (2006) 778-801
55. Le Billon P. Diamond wars? Conflict diamonds and geographies of resource wars. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 98 2 (2008) 345-372
56. Le Billon P., and El Khatib F. From free oil to 'freedom oil': Terrorism, war and US geopolitics in the Persian Gulf. Geopolitics 9 1 (2004) 109-137
57. Le Roux, H., 2004. Laser inscription included on stones. Engineering News.
58. Levin E., and Gberie L. Dealing for Development: A Study of Diamond Marketing and Pricing in Sierra Leone (2006), Partnership Africa Canada, Ottawa
59. LoBaido, A., 2001. Africa's new bloodstained gems: children dig for tanzanite, coltan in dangerous mines. .
60. Macfarlane M., Tallontire A., and Martin A. Towards an Ethical Jewellery Business (2003), Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich
61. Mineweb, 2002. AFGEM liberalising world tanzanite market.
62. Mlangila A. Vital lessons to learn from resentment of foreign investors. The Citizen 27 July (2005) 6
63. Mmbaga C. Mining firm acquires modern grading system. Daily News 8 October (2005) 2
64. Modern Jeweller. Is she really who she says she is? (advertisement). Modern Jeweller June (2005) 74
65. Moyo O. Govt closes down all Mirelani Mining operations after tragedy. This Day 31 March (2008)
66. Muindi, M., Majtenyi, C., 2001. Miners accuse company of setting monopoly. AfricaNews, 63. .
67. Murray D., and Raynolds L. Globalization and its antimonies: negotiating a Fair Trade movement. In: Raynolds L., Murray D., and Wilkinson J. (Eds). Fair Trade: The Challenges of Transforming Globalization (2007), Routledge Press, London 3-14
68. Mutersbaugh T. Just-in-space: certified rural products, labor of quality, and regulatory spaces. Journal of Rural Studies 21 4 (2005) 389-402
69. Mutersbaugh T., Klooster D., Renard M., and Taylor P. Certifying rural spaces: quality-certified products and rural governance. Journal of Rural Studies 21 4 (2005) 381-388
70. National Jeweler, 2001. As Branding Hits Gemstone Market, Industry Searches for Best Approach (1 February).
71. Nkwame V. One dies in Mirerani underground shooting. Daily News on Saturday 8 April (2006) 2
72. Nordstrom C. Shadows of War: Violence, Power, and International Profiteering in the Twenty-First Century (2004), University of California Press, Berkeley
73. Otieno, C., 2002. Tanzania fights US gem boycott. British Broadcasting Corporation (7 February).
74. In: Peluso N., and Watts M. (Eds). Violent Environments (2001), Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
75. Phillips, L., 2002. Tracking tanzanite: Tucson Protocol's status report. (accessed 16.06.06).
76. Phillips L., Semboja H., Shukla G.P., Sezinga R., Mutagwaba W., Mchwampaka B., Wanga G., Kahyarara G., and Keller P. Tanzania's Precious Minerals Boom: Issues in Mining and Marketing (2001), Equity and Growth through Economic Research (EAGER), Dar es Salaam
77. Richards P. Fighting for the Rainforest: War, Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone (1996), Heinemann, London
78. Richards P. Are "forest" wars in Africa resource conflicts? The case of Sierra Leone. In: Peluso N., and Watts M. (Eds). Violent Environments (2001), Cornell University Press, Ithaca 5-82
79. Ross M. How do natural resources influence civil war? Evidence from thirteen cases. International Organization 54 4 (2004) 35-67
80. Ross M. What do we know about natural resources and civil war?. Journal of Peace Research 41 3 (2004) 337-356
81. Rutter, K., 2004. Africa blue. Good Taste 168 (Nov/Dec). (accessed 8.08.07).
82. Sanga S. The Role of Poor Governance in the Tanzanite-Al Qaeda Link Controversy, and Policy Options for Tanzania Enabling it to Escape from 'Curses' in the Mining Industry (2007), Central European University, Center for Policy Studies, Budapest
83. Smillie I., Gberie L., and Hazleton R. The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security (2000), Partnership Africa Canada, Ottawa
84. Stauffer T. US clears tanzanite of a terrorist connection. Arizona Daily Star 10 February (2002)
85. Sunday Citizen, 2005. Probe grievances in the mining areas, p. 6 (24 July).
86. Tanzanian Mineral Dealers Association (TAMIDA), 2001. Press Release Re: Alleged Tanzanite Connection to al Qaeda. (accessed 21.09.07).
87. Tanzanite Foundation, 2005. Tanzanite Foundation is formally introduced to the gemstone industry. Press release. (accessed 20.06.08).
88. Tanzanite Foundation, 2006. Tanzanite Foundation champions an ethical gemstone. Press release. (accessed 20.06.08).
89. Tanzanite Foundation. nd. tanzanitefoundation.com (accessed 10.08.08).
90. TanzaniteOne, 2004. TanzaniteOne Prospectus. August 16. .
91. Taylor I., and Mokhawa G. Not forever: Botswana, conflict diamonds and the Bushmen. African Affairs 102 407 (2003) 261-283
92. The Citizen, 2006. Probe starts on the shooting of small miners: The two contesting firms have opened court cases against each other (22 February), 6.
93. Ubwani Z. Machine to grade and sort gemstones is commissioned. The Citizen 2 February (2006) 13
94. Ubwani Z. PM pledges solution to clashes at Mererani. The Citizen 10 April (2006) 4
95. Vegter I. The million-rand tanzanite myth. Maverick 1 6 (2006) 54-60
96. Venter I. Tanzanite prices surge in 2003. Mining Weekly 4 February (2004)
97. Wade, S., 2000. Branding. Colored Stone (May/June). (accessed 20.06.08).
98. Weber-Fahr M. Treasure or Trouble? Mining in Developing Countries (2002), World Bank, Washington, DC
99. Weldon R. Tanzanite futures. Professional Jeweler Magazine (July) (2000) 41-42
100. Weldon, R., 2001a.Tanzanite takes a hit. Professional Jeweler Magazine (1 July). (accessed 20.06.08).
101. Weldon, R., 2001b. Tanzanite/terrorist debate continues (29 November). (accessed 20.06.08).
102. Weldon, R., 2002a. Tanzanite sleuth. Professional Jeweler Magazine. (2 May). (accessed 20.06.08).
103. Weldon, R., 2002b. Zale drops Tanzanite. Professional Jeweler Magazine (15 January). (accessed 20.06.08).
104. Weldon, R., Donahue, P., 2002. September 11 suit filed against tanzanite dealer and TAMIDA. Professional Jeweler Magazine (15 February). (accessed 15.05.06).
105. Wexler, Pamela, 2006. An Independent Commissioned Review Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Kimberley Process, Global Witness Publishing, Inc. (accessed 17.08.07).