Alpine turf exfoliation pans in Lesotho, southern Africa: Climate-process-morphological linkages

Geomorphology

Volumn 114, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 261-275

  Grab, Stefan W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Alpine pans; Climate; Geomorphic processes; Lesotho; Morphology; Turf exfoliation

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; CLIMATE FORCING; EROSION RATE; FOLIATION; GEOMORPHOLOGICAL RESPONSE; MOUNTAIN REGION; PRECIPITATION ASSESSMENT; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; UPLAND REGION; WEATHERING RATE; WIND DIRECTION; WIND FIELD; WIND VELOCITY;

AFRICA; DRAKENSBERG; LESOTHO; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 70549113261     PISSN: 0169555X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.07.007     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Backéus I. Flarks in the Maloti, Lesotho. Geografiska Annaler 71A (1989) 105-111
2. Barnes B. Giant's Castle: A Personal History (2003), Bill Barnes, Pietermaritzburg
3. Belnap J., Büdel B., and Lange O.L. Biological soil crusts: characteristics and distribution. In: Belnap J., and Lange O.L. (Eds). Biological Soil Crusts: Structure, Function and Management (2003), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 3-30
4. Borger H., McFarlane M.J., and Ringrose S. Processes of silicate karstification associated with pan formation in the Darwin-Koolpinya area of Northern Australia. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 29 (2004) 359-371
5. Butler D.R., Malanson G.P., and Resler L.M. Turf-banked terrace treads and risers, turf exfoliation and possible relationships with advancing treeline. Catena 58 (2004) 259-274
6. Carbutt C., and Edwards T.J. The flora of the Drakensberg Alpine Centre. Edinb. J. Bot. 60 (2004) 581-607
7. Cornelis W.M., Gabriels D., and Hartmann R. A parameterisation for the threshold shear velocity to initiate deflation of dry and wet sediment. Geomorphology 59 (2004) 43-51
8. Cowling R.M., and Hilton-Taylor C. Patterns of plant diversity and endemism in southern Africa: an overview. In: Huntley B.J. (Ed). Botanical Diversity in Southern Africa (1994), National Botanical Institute, Pretoria 31-52
9. Eitel B., and Blümel W.D. Pans and dunes in the southwestern Kalahari (Namibia): geomorphology and evidence for Quaternary paleoclimates. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Suppl. Bd. 111 (1997) 73-95
10. Goudie A.S., and Thomas D.S.G. Pans in southern Africa with particular reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 29 (1985) 1-19
11. Goudie A.S., and Wells G.L. The nature, distribution and formation of pans in arid zones. Earth Science Reviews 38 (1995) 1-69
12. Grab S.W. Annually re-forming miniature sorted patterned ground in the high Drakensberg, Lesotho, southern Africa. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 22 (1997) 733-745
13. Grab S.W. Periglacial phenomena. In: Partridge T.C., and Maud R.R. (Eds). The Cenozoic of Southern Africa (2000), Oxford University Press, Oxford 207-217
14. Grab S.W. Needle ice observations from the high Drakensberg, Lesotho. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 12 (2001) 227-231
15. Grab S.W. Turf exfoliation in the high Drakensberg, southern Africa. Geografiska Annaler 84A (2002) 39-50
16. Grab S.W. A note on needle-ice mound formation in the high Drakensberg, southern Africa. Permafr. Periglac. Process. 13 (2002) 315-318
17. Grab S.W. Earth hummocks (thúfur): new insights to their thermal characteristics and development in eastern Lesotho, southern Africa. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 30 (2005) 541-555
18. Hastenrath S. Observations on soil frost phenomena in the Peruvian Andes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 21 (1977) 357-362
19. Hugenholtz C.H., and Wolfe S.A. Morphodynamics and climate controls of two aeolian blowouts on the northern Great Plains, Canada. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 31 (2006) 1540-1557
20. Killick D.J.B. An account of the plant ecology of the Cathedral Peak area of the Natal Drakensberg. Memoir of the Botanical Survey of South Africa 34 (1963) 1-178
21. Lancaster N. The pans of the southern Kalahari, Botswana. The Geographical Journal 144 (1978) 81-98
22. Lancaster N. Pans in the southwestern Kalahari: a preliminary report. Palaeoecology of Africa 17 (1986) 59-67
23. Lancaster N., Nickling W.G., and McKenna-Neuman C.K. Particle size and sorting characteristics of sand in transport on the stoss slope of a small reversing dune. Geomorphology 43 (2002) 233-242
24. Leys J.F., and Eldridge D.J. Influence of cryptogamic crust disturbance to wind erosion on sand and loam rangeland soils. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 23 (1998) 963-974
25. Linder H.P. On the relationship between the vegetation and floras of the Afromontane and the Cape regions of Africa. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 23 (1990) 777-790
26. McKenna-Neuman C.K., and Nickling W.G. A theoretical and wind tunnel investigation of the effect of capillary water on the entrainment of sediment by wind. Can. J. Soil Sci. 69 (1989) 79-96
27. Meakins R., and Duckett J. Vanishing bogs of the mountain kingdom. Veld and Flora 79 (1993) 49-51
28. Nel W., and Sumner P.D. First rainfall data from the KZN Drakensberg escarpment edge (2002 and 2003). Water SA 31 (2005) 399-402
29. Pérez F.L. Processes of turf exfoliation (Rasenabschälung) in the high Venezuelan Andes. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 36 (1992) 81-106
30. Pérez F.L. Turf destruction by cattle in the high equatorial Andes. Mt. Res. Dev. 13 (1993) 107-110
31. Pye K., and Tsoar H. Aeolian Sand and Sand Dunes (1990), Unwin Hyman, London
32. Rajot J.L., Alfaro S.C., Gomes L., and Gaudichet A. Soil crusting on sandy soils and its influence on wind erosion. Catena 53 (2003) 1-16
33. Sapper K. Rasenabschälung. Geographische Zeitschrift 21 (1915) 105-109
34. Sene K.J., Jones D.A., Meigh J.R., and Farquharson F.A.K. Rainfall and flow variations in the Lesotho Highlands. Int. J. Climatol. 18 (1998) 329-345
35. Short A.D. Beach. In: Goudie A.S. (Ed). Encyclopedia of Geomorphology vol. I (2004), Routledge, London 62-67
36. Showers K.B. Imperial Gullies: Soil Erosion and Conservation in Lesotho (2005), Ohio University Press, Athens
37. Ssemakula J. A comparative study of hoof pressures of wild and domestic ungulates. Afr. J. Ecol. 21 (1983) 325-328
38. Stout J.E. Simultaneous observations of the critical aeolian threshold of two surfaces. Geomorphology 85 (2007) 3-16
39. Thomas D.S.G., and Shaw P.A. Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa: new data, synthesis, issues and prospects. Quat. Sci. Rev. 21 (2002) 783-797
40. Tsoar H. Wind tunnel modeling of echo and climbing dunes. In: Brookfield M.E., and Ahlbrandt T.S. (Eds). Eolian Sediments and Processes (1983), Elsevier, Amsterdam 247-260
41. Troll C. Rasenabschälung (turf exfoliation) als periglaziales Phänomen der subpolaren Zonen und der Hochgebirge. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie Suppl. Bd. 17 (1973) 1-32
42. Tyson, P.D., Preston-Whyte, R.A., Schulze, R.E., 1976. The climate of the Drakensberg. Natal Town and Regional Planning Commission 31, Pietermaritzburg.
43. Van Dijk D., and Law J. The rate of grain release by pore-ice sublimation in cold-aeolian environments. Geografiska Annaler 85A (2003) 99-113
44. Verhagen B. On the nature and genesis of pans - a review and an ecological model. Palaeoecology of Africa 21 (1990) 179-194
45. Wang X., Dong Z., Zhang J., and Zhao A. Relations between morphology, airflow, sand flux, and particle size on transverse dunes, Taklimakan Sand Sea, China. Earth Surf. Processes Landf. 27 (2002) 515-526
46. Wang X., Dong Z., Qu J., Zhang J., and Zhao A. Dynamic processes of a simple linear dune - a study in the Taklimakan Sand Sea, China. Geomorphology 52 (2003) 233-241
47. White B.R., and Tsoar H. Slope effect on saltation over a climbing sand dune. Geomorphology 22 (1998) 159-180
48. Williams J.D., Dobrowolski J.P., West N.E., and Gillette D.A. Microphytic crust influence on wind erosion. Transactions of the American Society of Aeronautical Engineers 38 (1995) 131-137
49. Wilson P., Clark R., McAdam J.H., and Cooper E.A. Soil erosion in the Falkland Islands: an assessment. Appl. Geogr. 13 (1993) 329-352
50. Zunckel K. Managing and conserving southern African grasslands with high endemism: the Maloti-Drakensberg Transfrontier Conservation and Development Program. Mt. Res. Dev. 23 (2003) 113-118