Ancient mitogenomics

Mitochondrion

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-11

  Ho, Simon Y W ^a   Gilbert, M Thomas P ^b  

^a AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN   (Denmark)

Author keywords

Ancient DNA; Contamination; High throughput sequencing; Phylogenetics; Polymerase chain reaction; Post mortem damage

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

BEAR; BIRD; BONE; CONSENSUS SEQUENCE; DNA DAMAGE; DNA DEGRADATION; DNA REPAIR; DNA SEQUENCE; DNA STRAND BREAKAGE; ELEPHANT; GENE AMPLIFICATION; GENOMICS; HAIR; HIGH THROUGHPUT SCREENING; HUMAN; MITOGENOMICS; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; NAIL; NONHUMAN; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; POPULATION GENETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PYROSEQUENCING; REVIEW; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS; SOFT TISSUE;

ANIMALS; DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL; FOSSILS; GENOMICS; HUMANS; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; SEQUENCE ANALYSIS, DNA;

EID: 70450253232     PISSN: 15677249     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2009.09.005     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. Allentoft M., Schuster S.C., Holdaway R., Hale M., McLay E., Oskam C., Gilbert M.T.P., Spencer P., Willerslev E., and Bunce M. Identification of microsatellites from an extinct moa species using high-throughput (454) sequence data. Biotechniques 46 (2009) 195-200
2. Anderson S., Bankier A.T., Barrell B.G., de Bruijn M.H., Coulson A.R., Drouin J., Eperon I.C., Nierlich D.P., Roe B.A., Sanger F., Schreier P.H., Smith A.J., Staden R., and Young I.G. Sequence and organisation of the human mitochondrial genome. Nature 290 (1981) 457-465
3. Anderson T.D., Ross J.P., Roby R.K., Lee D.A., and Holland M.M. A validation study for the extraction and analysis of DNA from human nail material and its application to forensic casework. J. Forensic Sci. 44 (1999) 1053-1056
4. Binladen J., Gilbert M.T.P., Bollback J.P., Panitz F., Bendixen C., Nielsen R., and Willerslev E. The use of coded PCR primers enables high-throughput sequencing of multiple homolog amplification products by 454 parallel sequencing. PLoS ONE 2 (2007) e197
5. Blow M.J., Zhang T., Woyke T., Speller C.F., Krivoshapkin A., Yang D.Y., Derevianko A., and Rubin E.M. Identification of ancient remains through genomic sequencing. Genome Res. 18 (2008) 1347-1353
6. Bon C., Caudy N., de Dieuleveult M., Fosse P., Philippe M., Maksud F., Beraud-Colomb E., Bouzaid E., Kefi R., Laugier C., Rousseau B., Casane D., van der Plicht J., and Elalouf J.-M. Deciphering the complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of the extinct cave bear in the Paleolithic painted cave of Chauvet. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008) 17447-17452
7. Briggs A.W., Good J.M., Green R.E., Krause J., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Lalueza-Fox C., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Z., Gusic I., Schmitz R., Doronichev V.B., Golovanova L.V., de la Rasilla M., Fortea J., Rosas A., and Pääbo S. Targeted retrieval and analysis of five Neanderthal mtDNA genomes. Science 325 (2009) 318-321
8. Campos P., Willerslev E., and Gilbert M.T.P. Isolation of DNA from ancient samples. In: Liu D. (Ed). Handbook of Nucleic Acid Purification (2009), Taylor and Francis 449-470
9. Cano R.J., Poinar H.N., Pieniazek N.J., Acra A., and Poinar G.O. Amplification and sequencing of DNA from a 120-135 million-year-old weevil. Nature 363 (1993) 536-538
10. Coble M.D., Loreille O.M., Wadhams M.J., Edson S.M., Maynard K., Meyer C.E., Niederstätter H., Berger C., Berger B., Falsetti A.B., Gill P., Parson W., and Finelli L.N. Mystery solved: the identification of the two missing Romanov children using DNA analysis. PLoS ONE 4 (2009) e4838
11. Cooper A., Lalueza-Fox C., Anderson S., Rambaut A., Austin J., and Ward R. Complete mitochondrial genome sequences of two extinct moas clarify ratite evolution. Nature 409 (2001) 704-707
12. Cooper A., and Poinar H.N. Ancient DNA: do it right or not at all. Science 289 (2000) 1139
13. Deagle B.E., Eveson J.P., and Jarman S.N. Quantification of damage in DNA recovered from highly degraded samples - a case study on DNA in faeces. Front. Zool. 3 (2006) 11
14. Endicott P., Sanchez J.J., Metspalu E., Behar D.M., and Kivisild T. The unresolved location of Ötzi's mtDNA within haplogroup K. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 132 (2007) 590-593
15. Endicott P., Ho S.Y.W., Metspalu M., and Stringer C. Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 24 (2009) 515-521
16. Ermini L., Olivieri C., Rizzi E., Corti G., Bonnal R., Soares P., Luciani S., Marota I., De Bellis G., Richards M.B., and Rollo F. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman. Curr. Biol. 18 (2008) 1687-1693
17. Feldman M.Y. Reactions of nucleic acids and nucleoproteins with formaldehyde. Prog. Nucleic Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 13 (1973) 1-49
18. Fish S.A., Shepherd T.J., McGenity T.J., and Grant W.D. Recovery of 16S ribosomal RNA gene fragments from ancient halite. Nature 417 (2002) 432-436
19. Gilbert M.T., Djurhuus D., Melchior L., Lynnerup N., Worobey M., Wilson A.S., Andreasen C., and Dissing J. MtDNA from hair and nail clarifies the genetic relationship of the 15th century Qilakitsoq Inuit mummies. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 133 (2007) 847-853
20. Gilbert M.T.P. Paleogenomics using the 454 sequencing platform. In: Janitz M. (Ed). Next-Generation Genome Sequencing: Towards Personalized Medicine (2008), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany 183-199
21. Gilbert M.T.P., Bandelt H.J., Hofreiter M., and Barnes I. Assessing ancient DNA studies. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20 (2005) 541-544
22. Gilbert M.T.P., Binladen J., Miller W., Wiuf C., Willerslev E., Poinar H., Carlson J.E., Leebens-Mack J.H., and Schuster S.C. Recharacterization of ancient DNA miscoding lesions: insights in the era of sequencing-by-synthesis. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2007) 1-10
23. Gilbert M.T.P., Drautz D.I., Lesk A.M., Ho S.Y.W., Qi J., Ratan A., Hsu C.-H., Sher A., Dalén L., Götherström A., Tomsho L.P., Rendulic S., Packard M., Campos P.F., Kuznetsova T., Shidlovskiy F., Tikhonov A., Willerslev E., Iacumin P., Buigues B., Ericson P.G., Germonpré M., Kosintsev P., Nikolaev V., Nowak-Kemp M., Knight J.R., Irzyk G.P., Perbost C.S., Fredrikson K.M., Harkins T.T., Sheridan S., Miller W., and Schuster S.C. Intraspecific phylogenetic analysis of Siberian woolly mammoths using complete mitochondrial genomes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 105 (2008) 8327-8332
24. Gilbert M.T.P., Kivisild T., Grønnow B., Andersen P.K., Metspalu E., Reidla M., Tamm E., Axelsson E., Götherström A., Campos P.F., Rasmussen M., Metspalu M., Higham T.F.G., Schwenninger J.-L., Nathan R., De Hoog C.-J., Koch A., Møller L.N., Andreasen C., Meldgaard M., Villems R., Bendixen C., and Willerslev E. Paleo-Eskimo MtDNA genome reveals matrilineal discontinuity in Greenland. Science 320 (2008) 1787-1789
25. Gilbert M.T.P., Menez L., Janaway R.C., Tobin D.J., Cooper A., and Wilson A.S. Resistance of degraded hair shafts to contaminant DNA. Forensic Sci. Int. 156 (2006) 208-212
26. Gilbert M.T.P., Tomsho L.P., Rendulic S., Packard M., Drautz D.I., Sher A., Tikhonov A., Dalén L., Kuznetsova T., Kosintsev P., Campos P.F., Higham T., Collins M.J., Wilson A.S., Shidlovskiy F., Buigues B., Ericson P.G., Germonpré M., Götherström A., Iacumin P., Nikolaev V., Nowak-Kemp M., Willerslev E., Knight J.R., Irzyk G.P., Perbost C.S., Fredrikson K.M., Harkins T.T., Sheridan S., Miller W., and Schuster S.C. Whole-genome shotgun sequencing of mitochondria from ancient hair shafts. Science 317 (2007) 1927-1930
27. Gilbert M.T.P., Wilson A.S., Bunce M., Hansen A.J., Willerslev E., Shapiro B., Higham T.F., Richards M.P., O'Connell T.C., Tobin D.J., Janaway R.C., and Cooper A. Ancient mitochondrial DNA from hair. Curr. Biol. 14 (2004) R463-464
28. Gill P., Ivanov P.L., Kimpton C., Piercy R., Benson N., Tully G., Evett I., Hagelberg E., and Sullivan K. Identification of the remains of the Romanov family by DNA analysis. Nat. Genet. 6 (1994) 130-135
29. Golenberg E.M., Giannasi D.E., Clegg M.T., Smiley C.J., Durbin M., Henderson D., and Zurawski G. Chloroplast DNA sequence from a miocene Magnolia species. Nature 344 (1990) 656-658
30. Green R.E., Krause J., Ptak S.E., Briggs A.W., Ronan M.T., Simons J.F., Du L., Egholm M., Rothberg J.M., Paunovic M., and Pääbo S. Analysis of one million base pairs of Neanderthal DNA. Nature 444 (2006) 330-336
31. Green R.E., Malaspinas A.S., Krause J., Briggs A.W., Johnson P.L., Uhler C., Meyer M., Good J.M., Maricic T., Stenzel U., Prufer K., Siebauer M., Burbano H.A., Ronan M., Rothberg J.M., Egholm M., Rudan P., Brajkovic D., Kucan Z., Gusic I., Wikstrom M., Laakkonen L., Kelso J., Slatkin M., and Pääbo S. A complete Neandertal mitochondrial genome sequence determined by high-throughput sequencing. Cell 134 (2008) 416-426
32. Haddrath O., and Baker A.J. Complete mitochondrial DNA genome sequences of extinct birds: ratite phylogenetics and the vicariance biogeography hypothesis. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B 268 (2001) 939-945
33. Handt O., Höss M., Krings M., and Pääbo S. Ancient DNA: methodological challenges. Experientia 50 (1994) 524-529
34. Hebsgaard M.B., Phillips M.J., and Willerslev E. Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?. Trends Microbiol. 13 (2005) 212-220
35. Hebsgaard M.B., Wiuf C., Gilbert M.T.P., Glenner H., and Willerslev E. Evaluating Neanderthal genetics and phylogeny. J. Mol. Evol. 64 (2007) 50-60
36. Higuchi R., Bowman B., Freiberger M., Ryder O.A., and Wilson A.C. DNA sequences from the quagga, an extinct member of the horse family. Nature 312 (1984) 282-284
37. Ho S.Y.W. Ursid mitogenomics. Mitochondrial DNA 20 (2009) 2-3
38. Ho S.Y.W., Heupink T.H., Rambaut A., and Shapiro B. Bayesian estimation of sequence damage in ancient DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol. 24 (2007) 1416-1422
39. Hodgson J.A., and Disotell T.R. No evidence of a Neanderthal contribution to modern human diversity. Genome Biol. 9 (2008) 206
40. Hofreiter M., Serre D., Poinar H.N., Kuch M., and Pääbo S. Ancient DNA. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2 (2001) 353-359
41. Höss M., Dilling A., Currant A., and Pääbo S. Molecular phylogeny of the extinct ground sloth Mylodon darwinii. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93 (1996) 181-185
42. Höss M., Jaruga P., Zastawny T.H., Dizdaroglu M., and Pääbo S. DNA damage and DNA sequence retrieval from ancient tissues. Nucleic Acids Res. 24 (1996) 1304-1307
43. Ivanov P.L., Wadhams M.J., Roby R.K., Holland M.M., Weedn V.W., and Parsons T.J. Mitochondrial DNA sequence heteroplasmy in the Grand Duke of Russia Georgij Romanov establishes the authenticity of the remains of Tsar Nicholas II. Nat. Genet. 12 (1996) 417-420
44. Jehaes E., Gilissen A., Cassiman J.J., and Decorte R. Evaluation of a decontamination protocol for hair shafts before mtDNA sequencing. Forensic Sci. Int. 94 (1998) 65-71
45. Kim S., Soltis D.E., Soltis P.S., and Suh Y. DNA sequences from Miocene fossils: an ndhf sequence of Magnolia latahensis (Magnoliaceae) and an rbcl sequence of Persea pseudocarolinensis (Lauraceae). Am. J. Bot. 91 (2004) 615-620
46. Krause J., Dear P.H., Pollack J.L., Slatkin M., Spriggs H., Barnes I., Lister A.M., Ebersberger I., Pääbo S., and Hofreiter M. Multiplex amplification of the mammoth mitochondrial genome and the evolution of Elephantidae. Nature 439 (2006) 724-727
47. Krause J., Unger T., Noçon A., Malaspinas A.-S., Kolokotronis S.-O., Stiller M., Soibelzon L., Spriggs H., Dear P.H., Briggs A.W., Bray S.C.E., O'Brian S.J., Rabeder G., Matheus P., Cooper A., Slatkin M., Pääbo S., and Hofreiter M. Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene-Pliocene boundary. BMC Evol. Biol. 8 (2008) 220
48. Li Y., An C.-C., and Zhu Y.-X. DNA isolation and sequence analysis of dinosaur DNA from Cretaceous dinosaur egg in Xixia Henan, China. Acta Sci. Nat. Univ. Pekinensi 31 (1995) 148-152
49. Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362 (1993) 709-715
50. Lindahl T. Facts and artifacts of ancient DNA. Cell 90 (1997) 1-3
51. Malmström H., Stora J., Dalén L., Holmlund G., and Götherström A. Extensive human DNA contamination in extracts from ancient dog bones and teeth. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22 (2005) 2040-2047
52. Margulies M., Egholm M., Altman W.E., Attiya S., Bader J.S., Bemben L.A., Berka J., Braverman M.S., Chen Y.J., Chen Z., Dewell S.B., Du L., Fierro J.M., Gomes X.V., Godwin B.C., He W., Helgesen S., Ho C.S., Irzyk G.P., Jando S.C., Alenquer M.L., Jarvie T.P., Jirage K.B., Kim J.B., Knight J.R., Lanza J.R., Leamon J.H., Lefkowitz S.M., Lei M., Li J., Lohman K.L., Lu H., Makhijani V.B., McDade K.E., McKenna M.P., Myers E.W., Nickerson E., Nobile J.R., Plant R., Puc B.P., Ronan M.T., Roth G.T., Sarkis G.J., Simons J.F., Simpson J.W., Srinivasan M., Tartaro K.R., Tomasz A., Vogt K.A., Volkmer G.A., Wang S.H., Wang Y., Weiner M.P., Yu P., Begley R.F., and Rothberg J.M. Genome sequencing in microfabricated high-density picolitre reactors. Nature 437 (2005) 376-380
53. Maricic T., and Pääbo S. Optimization of 454 sequencing library preparation from small amounts of DNA permits sequence determination of both DNA strands. Biotechniques 46 (2009) 51-57
54. Mateiu L.M., and Rannala B.H. Bayesian inference of errors in ancient DNA caused by postmortem degradation. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (2008) 1503-1511
55. Meyer M., Briggs A.W., Maricic T., Hober B., Hoffner B., Krause J., Weihmann A., Pääbo S., and Hofreiter M. From micrograms to picograms: quantitative PCR reduces the material demands of high-throughput sequencing. Nucleic Acids Res. 36 (2008) e5
56. Meyer M., Stenzel U., Myles S., Prufer K., and Hofreiter M. Targeted high-throughput sequencing of tagged nucleic acid samples. Nucleic Acids Res. 35 (2007) e97
57. Miller W., Drautz D.I., Janecka J.E., Lesk A.M., Ratan A., Tomsho L.P., Packard M., Zhang Y., McClellan L.R., Qi J., Zhao F., Gilbert M.T., Dalen L., Arsuaga J.L., Ericson P.G., Huson D.H., Helgen K.M., Murphy W.J., Gotherstrom A., and Schuster S.C. The mitochondrial genome sequence of the Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus). Genome Res. 19 (2009) 213-220
58. Miller W., Drautz D.I., Ratan A., Pusey B., Qi J., Lesk A.M., Tomsho L.P., Packard M.D., Zhao F., Sher A., Tikhonov A., Raney B., Patterson N., Lindblad-Toh K., Lander E.S., Knight J.R., Irzyk G.P., Fredrikson K.M., Harkins T.T., Sheridan S., Pringle T., and Schuster S.C. Sequencing the nuclear genome of the extinct woolly mammoth. Nature 456 (2008) 387-390
59. Mullis K.B., and Faloona F.A. Specific synthesis of DNA in vitro via a polymerase-catalyzed chain reaction. Methods Enzymol. 155 (1987) 335-350
60. Noonan J.P., Coop G., Kudaravalli S., Smith D., Krause J., Alessi J., Chen F., Platt D., Pääbo S., Pritchard J.K., and Rubin E.M. Sequencing and analysis of Neanderthal genomic DNA. Nature 314 (2006) 1113-1118
61. Noonan J.P., Hofreiter M., Smith D., Priest J.R., Rohland N., Rabeder G., Krause J., Detter J.C., Pääbo S., and Rubin E.M. Genomic sequencing of Pleistocene cave bears. Science 309 (2005) 597-599
62. Orlando L., Leonard J.A., Thenot A., Laudet V., Guerin C., and Hanni C. Ancient DNA analysis reveals woolly rhino evolutionary relationships. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 3 (2003) 485-499
63. Ottoni C., Koon H.E., Collins M.J., Penkman K.E., Rickards O., and Craig O.E. Preservation of ancient DNA in thermally damaged archaeological bone. Naturwissenschaften 96 (2009) 267-278
64. Pääbo S. Molecular cloning of ancient Egyptian mummy DNA. Nature 314 (1985) 644-645
65. Pääbo S. Ancient DNA: extraction, characterization, molecular cloning, and enzymatic amplification. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86 (1989) 1939-1943
66. Pääbo S., Poinar H., Serre D., Jaenicke-Despres V., Hebler J., Rohland N., Kuch M., Krause J., Vigilant L., and Hofreiter M. Genetic analyses from ancient DNA. Ann. Rev. Genet. 38 (2004) 645-679
67. Pääbo S., and Wilson A.C. Polymerase chain reaction revels cloning artefacts. Nature 334 (1988) 387-388
68. Poinar H., Kuch M., McDonald G., Martin P., and Pääbo S. Nuclear gene sequences from a Late Pleistocene sloth coprolite. Curr. Biol. 13 (2003) 1150-1152
69. Poinar H.N., Schwarz C., Qi J., Shapiro B., Macphee R.D., Buigues B., Tikhonov A., Huson D.H., Tomsho L.P., Auch A., Rampp M., Miller W., and Schuster S.C. Metagenomics to paleogenomics: large-scale sequencing of mammoth DNA. Science 311 (2006) 392-394
70. Ramakrishnan U., and Hadly E.A. Using phylochronology to reveal cryptic population histories: review and synthesis of 29 ancient DNA studies. Mol. Ecol. 18 (2009) 1310-1330
71. Rambaut A., Ho S.Y.W., Drummond A.J., and Shapiro B. Accommodating the effect of ancient DNA damage on inferences of demographic histories. Mol. Biol. Evol. 26 (2009) 245-248
72. Ramírez O., Gigli E., Bover P., Alcover J.A., Bertranpetit J., Castresana J., and Lalueza-Fox C. Paleogenomics in a temperate environment: shotgun sequencing from an extinct Mediterranean Caprine. PLoS ONE 4 (2009) e5670
73. Richards M.B., Sykes B.C., and Hedges R.E.M. Authenticating DNA extracted from ancient skeletal remains. J. Archaeol. Sci. 22 (1995) 291-299
74. Rogaev E.I., Grigorenko A.P., Moliaka Y.K., Faskhutdinova G., Goltsov A., Lahti A., Hildebrandt C., Kittler E.L.W., and Morozova I. Genomic identification in the historical case of the Nicholas II royal family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106 (2009) 5258-5263
75. Rogaev E.I., Moliaka Y.K., Malyarchuk B.A., Kondrashov F.A., Derenko M.V., Chumakov I., and Grigorenko A.P. Complete mitochondrial genome and phylogeny of Pleistocene mammoth Mammuthus primigenius. PLoS Biol. 4 (2006) e73
76. Rohland N., Malaspinas A.-S., Pollack J.L., Slatkin M., Matheus P., and Hofreiter M. Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup. PLoS Biol. 5 (2007) e207
77. Rohland N., Siedel H., and Hofreiter M. Nondestructive DNA extraction method for mitochondrial DNA analyses of museum specimens. Biotechniques 36 (2004) 814-821
78. Rollo F., Ermini L., Luciani S., Marota I., Olivieri C., and Luiselli D. Fine characterization of the Iceman's mtDNA haplogroup. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 130 (2006) 557-564
79. Römpler H., Dear P.H., Krause J., Meyer M., Rohland N., Schöneberg T., Spriggs H., Stiller M., and Hofreiter M. Multiplex amplification of ancient DNA. Nat. Protocols 1 (2006) 720-728
80. Salamon M., Tuross N., Arensburg B., and Weiner S. Relatively well preserved DNA is present in the crystal aggregates of fossil bones. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102 (2005) 13783-13788
81. Schwarz C., Debruyne R., Kuch M., McNally E., Schwarcz H., Aubrey A.D., Bada J., and Poinar H. New insights from old bones: DNA preservation and degradation in permafrost preserved mammoth remains. Nucleic Acids Res. 37 (2009) 3215-3229
82. Smith C.I., Chamberlain A.T., Riley M.S., Cooper A., Stringer C.B., and Collins M.J. Not just old but old and cold?. Nature 410 (2001) 771-772
83. Soltis P.S., Soltis D.E., and Smiley C.J. An rbcL sequence from a Miocene Taxodium (bald cypress). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 (1992) 449-451
84. Stiller, M., Knapp, M., Stenzel, U., Hofreiter, M. and Meyer, M., in press. Direct multiplex sequencing (DMPS) - a novel method for targeted high-throughput sequencing of ancient and highly degraded DNA. Genome Res.
85. Tahir M.A., and Watson N. Typing of DNA HLA-DQ alpha alleles extracted from human nail material using polymerase chain reaction. J. Forensic Sci. 40 (1995) 634-636
86. Thomas R.K., Baker A.C., Debiasi R.M., Winckler W., Laframboise T., Lin W.M., Wang M., Feng W., Zander T., MacConaill L., Lee J.C., Nicoletti R., Hatton C., Goyette M., Girard L., Majmudar K., Ziaugra L., Wong K.K., Gabriel S., Beroukhim R., Peyton M., Barretina J., Dutt A., Emery C., Greulich H., Shah K., Sasaki H., Gazdar A., Minna J., Armstrong S.A., Mellinghoff I.K., Hodi F.S., Dranoff G., Mischel P.S., Cloughesy T.F., Nelson S.F., Liau L.M., Mertz K., Rubin M.A., Moch H., Loda M., Catalona W., Fletcher J., Signoretti S., Kaye F., Anderson K.C., Demetri G.D., Dummer R., Wagner S., Herlyn M., Sellers W.R., Meyerson M., and Garraway L.A. High-throughput oncogene mutation profiling in human cancer. Nat. Genet. 39 (2007) 347-351
87. Tougard C., Delefosse T., Hanni C., and Montgelard C. Phylogenetic relationships of the five extant rhinoceros species (Rhinocerotidae, Perissodactyla) based on mitochondrial cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 19 (2001) 39-44
88. Vass A.A. Beyond the grave - understanding human decomposition. Microbiol. Today 28 (2001) 190-192
89. Veiga-Crespo P., Blasco L., Poza M., and Villa T.G. Putative ancient microorganisms from amber nuggets. Int. Microbiol. 10 (2007) 117-122
90. Veiga-Crespo P., Martinez L.R., Viñas M., and Villa T.G. Fragment of the ancient rbcL gene from the Miocene. Schol. Res. Exch. 2008 (2008) 417592
91. Veiga-Crespo P., Poza M., Prieto-Alcedo M., and Villa T.G. Ancient genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Microbiology 150 (2004) 2221-2227
92. Vreeland R.H., Rosenzweig W.D., Lowenstein T., Satterfield C., and Ventosa A. Fatty acid and DNA analyses of Permian bacteria isolated from ancient salt crystals reveal differences with their modern relatives. Extremophiles 10 (2006) 71-78
93. Ward R., and Stringer C. A molecular handle on the Neanderthals. Nature 388 (1997) 225-226
94. Willerslev E., Gilbert M.T.P., Binladen J., Ho S.Y.W., Campos P.F., Ratan A., Tomsho L.P., da Fonseca R.R., Sher A., Kuznetsova T.V., Nowak-Kemp M., Roth T.L., Miller W., and Schuster S.C. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genomes from extinct and extant rhinoceroses reveals lack of phylogenetic resolution. BMC Evol. Biol. 9 (2009) 95
95. Willerslev E., Hansen A.J., Binladen J., Brand T.B., Gilbert M.T.P., Shapiro B., Bunce M., Wiuf C., Gilichinsky D.A., and Cooper A. Diverse plant and animal genetic records from Holocene and Pleistocene sediments. Science 300 (2003) 791-795
96. Wilson M.R., Polanskey D., Butler J., DiZinno J.A., Replogle J., and Budowle B. Extraction, PCR amplification and sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from human hair shafts. Biotechniques 18 (1995) 662-669
97. Woodward S.R., Weyand N.J., and Bunnell M. DNA sequence from Cretaceous period bone fragments. Science 266 (1994) 1229-1232
98. Yu L., Li Y.-W., Ryder O.A., and Zhang Y.-P. Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation. BMC Evol. Biol. 7 (2007) 198