Chrysanthemum: Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzvelv

Flower Breeding and Genetics: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for the 21st Century

Volumn , Issue , 2006, Pages 389-437

  Anderson, Neil O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

Allopolyploids; Hybrid seed production; Inbreeding depression; Rapid generation cycling; Self incompatibility

Indexed keywords

EID: 70450234431     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-4428-1-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (226)

1. Ackerson, C. (1957). The complete book of chrysanthemums. American Garden Guild & Doubleday Co., New York.
2. Ackerson, C. (1967a). Development of the Chrysanthemum in China. National Chrysanthemum Society Bulletin 23(4):146-155.
3. Ackerson, C. (1967b). Original species of the chrysanthemum. National Chrysanthemum Society Bulletin 23(3):105-107.
4. Allerton, F. W. (1949). Chrysanthemums for amateur and market growers. Faber and Faber, London.
5. Anderson, NO (1985). An analysis of techniques for studying flower color inheritance in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramatuelle. MS Thesis. Univ. of Minnesota.
6. Anderson, N. O. (1987). Reclassifications of the genus Chrysanthemum L. HortSci. 22(2):313.
7. Anderson, N. O. (1989). Rapid generation cycling and inbreeding depression in chrysanthemums. Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U. S. A.
8. Anderson, N. O. (1991). The discovery of day-neutral chrysanthemums. Greenhouse Grower 9:50-53.
9. Anderson, N. (2004). Breeding flower seed crops. pp. 53-86. In: M. McDonald and F. Kwong (eds.). Flower seeds. CABI.
10. Anderson, NO and P. D. Ascher. (1994). Clonal decline in horticultural crops due to Muller's Ratchet. HortScience 29(5):435.
11. Anderson, N. O. and P. D. Ascher. (1996). Inheritance of pseudo-self compatibility in self-incompatible garden and greenhouse chrysanthemums, Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv. Euphytica 87:153-164.
12. Anderson, N. O. and P. D. Ascher. (2000). Fertility changes in inbred families of self-incompatible chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora). Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 125(5):619-625.
13. Anderson, N. O. and P. D. Ascher. (2001). Selection of day-neutral, heat-delay-insensitive Dendranthema x grandiflora genotypes. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126(6):710-721.
14. Anderson, N. O. and P. D. Ascher. (2004). Inheritance of seed set, germination, and day neutrality/heat delay insensitivity of garden chrysanthemums (Dendranthema x grandiflora) under glasshouse and field conditions. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129(4):509-516.
15. Anderson, N. O. and E. Gesick. (2004). Phenotypic markers for selection of winter hardy garden chrysanthemum (Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzvelv.) genotypes. Sci. Hort. 101:153-167.
16. Anderson, N. O., B. E. Liedl, P. D. Ascher, R. E. Widmer, and S. L. Desborough. (1988). Evaluating self incompatibility in Chrysanthemum: The influence of ovule number. Sex. Plant Reprod. 1:173-181.
17. Anderson, N. O., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1989). Chrysanthemum plant-day neutral. U. S. Plant Patent No. 6, 884. (Issued June 27, 1989) U. S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, D. C.
18. Anderson, N. O., P. D. Ascher, R. E. Widmer, and J. L. Luby. (1990). Rapid generation cycling of chrysanthemum using laboratory seed development and embryo rescue techniques. Jour. American Society for Hort. Science 115(2):329-336.
19. Anderson, N. O., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1992a). Inbreeding depression in garden and glasshouse chrysanthemums: germination and survivorship. Euphytica 62:155-169.
20. Anderson, N. O., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1992b). Lethal equivalents and genetic load. Plant Breeding Rev. 10:93-127.
21. Anderson, N. O.; P. D. Ascher and J. J. Luby. (1993). Variations of recombinant inbreeding: Circumventing inbreeding depression in chrysanthemum populations. In: K. K. Dhir and T. S. Sareen (Eds.). Frontiers in Plant Science Research, pp. 1-16.
22. 1 hybrid seed development of hexaploid chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv.). HortScience 30(4):811.
23. Anderson, NO, PD Ascher, E Gesick, B Walvatne, N Eash, V Fritz, J Hebel, S Poppe, R Wagner, & D Wildung. (2001). Garden chrysanthemums 'Peach Centerpiece' and 'Sesquicentennial Sun'. HortScience 36(7):1349-1351.
24. Arneson, M. (1927). History of the chrysanthemums. Minnesota Horticulturist 55:231-233.
25. Ascher, P. D. (1976). Self incompatibility systems in floricultural crops. Acta Hort. 63:205-215.
26. Ascher, P. D. (1986). Breeding garden chrysanthemums. Ornamental Plant Breeding Workshop, Int. Hort. Congress, Davis, California. HortSci. 21:616.
27. Ascher, P. D., N. O. Anderson, V. Fritz, C. Perillo, S. Poppe, R.. Wagner, and D. Wildung. (1997). MAXI-MUMSTM A new series from the Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station exhibiting shrub-like growth. Minnesota Report 242-1997. (Reprinted on http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/horticulture/components/6728-01.html)
28. Askew, R. G.. and L. J. Chaput. (1987). Hardy chrysanthemums. North Dakota Stat Univ. Ext. Ser. [pub.] H-120, rev.
29. Bailey, D. W. (1971). Recombinant-inbred strains: An aid to finding identity, linkage, and function of histocompatibility and other genes. Transplantation 11(3):325-327.
30. Bailey, L. H. (1914). The standard cyclopedia of horticulture, Vol. 2, pp. 753-766. MacMillan Co., New York.
31. Bentham, G. (1873). The Compositae: Anthemideae. In: G. Bentham and J. D. Hooker (Eds.). Genera Plant. 2(1):416-435.
32. Bingham, E. T. (1979). Maximizing heterozygosity in autopolyploids. Pp. 471-487. In: Lewis, (Ed.). Polyploidy: biological relevance. Plenum, New York.
33. Bleier, H. (1934). Bastardkeryologie. Bibliographia Genetica 12:393-489.
34. Boase, M. R., R. Miller, and S. C. Deroles. (1997). Chrysanthemum systematics, genetics, and breeding. Plant Breeding Reviews 14:321-361.
35. Borgen, L. (1972). Embryology and achene morphology in endemic Canarian species of Chrysanthemum (L.) Hoffm., subgenus Argyranthemum (Webb) Harling (Asteraceae). Nor. J. Bot. 19(3-4):149-170.
36. Borthwick, H. A. and H. M. Cathey. (1962). Role of phytochrome in control of flowering of chrysanthemum. Bot. Gazette 123:155-162.
37. Briquet, J. and F. Cavillier. (1916-1917). Compositae. In E. Burnat (Ed.). Flore des Alpes Maritimes 6:1-344.
38. Bush, A. L. & S. G. Pueppke. (1991). Cultivar-strain specificity between Chrysanthemum morifolium and Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 39:309-323.
39. Campbell, R. B. (1988). Mating structure and the cost of deleterious mutation: 1. Postponing inbreeding. J. Heredity 79:179-183.
40. Carlson, J. E., J. K. Tulsieran, J. C. Glaubitz, V. W. K. Luk, C. Kauffeldt, and R. Rutledge. (1991). Segregation of random amplified DNA markers in F1 progeny of conifers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:194-200.
41. Cathey, H. M. (1954). Chrysanthemum temperature study. C. The effect of night, day, and mean temperature upon the flowering of chrysanthemums. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 64:499-502.
42. Cathey, H. M. and H. A. Borthwick. (1957). Photoreversibility of floral initiation in chrysanthemum. Bot. Gazette 119:71-76.
43. Cathey, H. M. and H. A. Borthwick. (1961). Cyclic lighting for controlling flowering of chrysanthemums. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 78:545-552.
44. Cathey, H. M. and H. A. Borthwick. (1964). Significance of dark reversion of phytochrome in flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Bot. Gazette 125:232-236.
45. Cathey, H. M. and H. A. Borthwick. (1970). Photoreactions controlling flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat. & Hems.) illuminated with fluorescent lamps. Plant Phys. 45:23335-239.
46. Chen, J. Y., S. Wang, X. C. Wang, and P. W. Wang. (1995). Thirty years' studies on breeding ground-cover chrysanthemum new cultivars. Acta Horticulturae 404:30-36.
47. Clark, R. B. (1962). History of culture of hardy chrysanthemums. Nat'l. Chrysanthemum Soc. Bull. 18(3):144.
48. Cockshull, K. E. (1976). Flower and leaf initiation by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. In long days. Jour. Hort Sci. 51:441-450.
49. Cockshull, K. E. (1979). Effects of irradiance and temperature on flowering of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. in continuous light. Ann. Bot. 44:451-460.
50. Cockshull, K. E. (1985). Chrysanthemum morifolium. In: A. Halevy (ed.). CRC handbook of flowering 2:236-257.
51. Cockshull, K. E. and A. M. Kofranek. (1985). Long-day flower initiation by chrysanthemum. HortSci. 20:296-298.
52. Cockshull, K. E. and A. M. Kofranek. (1992). Responses of garden chrysanthemum to day length. HortSci. 27:113-115.
53. Cockshull, K. E., J. S. Horridge, & F. A. Langton. (1979). Ethephon and the delay of early budding in chrysanthemums. Jour. Hort. Science 54(4):337-338.
54. Craig, R. (1976). Floricultural plant breeding and genetics in the United States. Acta Horticulturae 63:37-47.
55. Crane, M. B. and W. J. C. Lawrence. (1952). The genetics of garden plants. 4th ed. MacMillan, London.
56. Crater, G. D. (1980). Pot mums, pp. 263-287. In: Larsen, R. (Ed). Introduction to floriculture. Academic Press, New York.
57. Crook, C. B. (1942). Genetic studies of chrysanthemums. MS Thesis. Kansas State University.
58. Cumming, A. (1939). Hardy chrysanthemums. Whittlesey House, New York.
59. Datta, S. K., D. Chakrabarty, and A. K. A. Mandal. (2001). Gamma ray-induced genetic manipulation in flower colour and shape in Dendranthema grandiflorum and their management through tissue culture. Plant Breeding 120:91-92.
60. De Jong, J. (1978). Selection for wide temperature adaptation in Chrysanthemum morifolium. Netherlands Jour. Agr. Sci. 26:110-118.
61. De Jong, J. and W. Rademaker. (1986). The reaction of Chrysanthemum cultivars to Puccinia horiana and the inheritance of resistance. Euphytica 35:945-952.
62. De Jong, J., M. M. J. Meterns, & W. Rademaker. (1994). Stable expression of the BUS-reporter in chrysanthemum depends on binary plasmid T-DNA. Plant Cell Reports 14:59-64.
63. Dole, J. M. and H. F. Wilkins. (2004). Floriculture: Principles and species. 2nd Ed. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
64. Donald, C. M. (1968). The breeding of crop ideotypes. Euphytica 17:385-403.
65. Dowrick, G.. J. (1952a). Abnormal meiosis in chrysanthemum. John Innes Hort. Inst. 42nd Annual Report. Bayfordbury, England.
66. Dowrick, G. J. (1952b). The chromosomes of chrysanthemum. I. The species. Heredity 6:365-375.
67. Dowrick, G.. J. (1953). The chromosomes of chrysanthemum. II. Garden varieties. Heredity 7:59-72.
68. Dowrick, G.. J. (1958). Chromosome numbers and the origin and nature of sports in the garden chrysanthemum. National Chrysanthemum Soc. Yearbook, pp. 60-79.
69. Dowrick, G.. J. and A. El-Bayoumi. (1966). The origin of new forms of the garden Chrysanthemum. Euphytica 15:32-38.
70. Dowrick, G. J. and A. El-Bayoumi. (1969). Nucleic acid content and chromosome morphology in Chrysanthemum. Genetical Research (Cambridge) 13:241-250.
71. Drewlow, L. W., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1973). Rapid method of determining pollen incompatibility in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Theor. Appl. Genetics 43(1):1-5.
72. Emsweller, S. L., P. Brierley, D. V. Lumsden, and F. D. Mulford. (1937). Improvement of flowers by breeding. USDA Yearbook, pp. 890-998.
73. Engler, A. and K. Prantl. (1926). Die Natuerlichen Pflanzenfamilien. 4(5):277-278. W. Engelmann, Leipzig.
74. Everett, T. H. (1980). The New York botanical garden illustrated encyclopedia of horticulture. Garland, New York.
75. Fan, E. (1965). Further studies of chrysanthemum breeding for the southwest. M. S. Thesis. Texas Tech. College, Lubbock, Texas.
76. Fleming, W. M. (1929). Inheritance of colour in asters. Can. Jour. Agric. Sci. 10:272-275.
77. Frankel, R. and E. Galun. (1977). Pollination mechanisms, reproduction and plant breeding. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
78. Gaiser, L. O. (1930). Chromosome numbers in angiosperms III. Genetica 12:161-260.
79. Gaston, M. L., S. A. Carver, C. A. Irwin, and P. S. Konjoian. (n. d.). Tips on growing and marketing garden mums. Ohio Florists' Association, Columbus, Ohio.
80. Gortzig, C. and I. Gillow. (1964). Varieties, pp. 9-17. In: R. W. Langhans (Ed.). Chrysanthemums: a manual of the culture, disease, insects and economics of chrysanthemums. The New York State Ext. Serv. Chrysanthemum School with cooperation of the New York State Flower Growers Assoc., Ithaca, New York.
81. Griesbach, R. J. and S. M. Berberich. (1995). The early history of research on ornamental plants at the US Department of Agriculture from 1862 to 1940. Hort Sci. 30:421-425.
82. Harada, H. and J. P. Nitsch. (1959). Flower induction in Japanese chrysanthemums with giberrellic acid. Science 129:777-778.
83. Harling, G. (1951). Embryological studies in the Compositae: II. Anthemideae-Chrysantheminae. Acta Hort. Bergiani 16:2-54.
84. Hattori, K. and Y. Futsuhara. (1970). Genetical studies on flower color mutations in chrysanthemum. I. Chromatographic analyses of pigments in flower color mutations. Iku-gaku zasshi (Jap. Jour. of Breeding) 20(5):261-268.
85. Haufler, C. H. and D. E. Soltis. (1986). Genetic evidence suggests that homosporous ferns with high chromosome numbers are diploid. Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Science (USA) 83:4389-4393.
86. Hemsley, W. B. (1889). The history of the chrysanthemum: the principle modification of the chrysanthemum. Gardeners Chronicle 6:586-587.
87. Herrington, A. (1917). The chrysanthemum. Orange Judd Co., New York.
88. Heywood, V. H. (1954). A revision of the Spanish species of Tanacetum L. subset. Leucanthemopsis. Anal. Del Inst. Bot. A. J. Cavanilles 12(2):313-377.
89. Heywood, V. H. (1958). Summary of the divisions of Chrysanthemum, Pyrethrum, Leucanthemum, and Tanacetum, and a key to the English members. Bot. Soc. Brit. Isles. Proc. 3:177-179.
90. Heywood, V. H. (1959). A check list of the Portuguese Compositae-Chrysantheminae. Agr. Lusitana 20:205-216.
91. Heywood, V. H. (1976). An overture to the Compositae. pp. 1-20. In: T. G. Tutin, V. H. Heywood, N. A. Burges, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters, and D. A. Wedd (Eds.). The biology and chemistry of the Compositae. Academic Press, New York.
92. Heywood, V. H. and C. J. Humphries. (1977). Anthemideae-systematic review, pp. 851-898. In: V. H. Heywood, J. B. Harborne, and B. L. Turner (Eds.). The biology and chemistry of the Compositae. Academic Press, New York.
93. Hieke, K. (1976). The Pruhonice variety collection of Chrysanthemum x hortorum perennial cultivars. Acta Pruhoniciana, No. 35.
94. Hoffman, O. (1889-1894). Compositae. In: A. Engler and K. Prantl. (Eds.). Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien 4(5):87-387.
95. Holley, W. D. (1945). Winter hardiness in chrysanthemums. Plant. Gard. 1:163-164.
96. Horst, R. K. (1990). Chrysanthemum. Pp. 319-336. In: P. V. Ammirato, D. A. Evans, W. R. Sharp, and Y. P. S. Bajaj (Eds.). Handbook of plant cell culture, Vol. 5. Ornamental species. McGraw-Hill, new York.
97. Humphries, C. J. (1976a). Evolution and endemism in Argyranthemum Webb ex Schultz Bip (Compositae: anthemideae). Bot. Macron. 1:25-50.
98. Humphries, C. J. (1976b). A revision of the Macronesian genus Argyranthemum (Compositae: anthemideae). British Mus. (Nat. History). Bull. Bot. 5(4):147-240.
99. Jones, E. M. (1958). Early-flowering chrysanthemums. W. H. & L. Collingridge Ltd., London.
100. Jordan, C. and R. Reimann-Philipp. (1983). Untersuchungen über Typ und Grad der Polyploidie von Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Durch Erbanalysen von zwei Bluetenfarbmerkmalen. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenzuchtungen 91:111-122.
101. Kaneko, K. (1957). Studies of the embryo culture on the interspecific hybridization of Chrysanthemum. Japanese Jour. Genetics 32:300-305.
102. Kawase, K. and Y. Tsukamoto. (1966). Studies on the breeding of chrysanthemum 10. On the inbreeding. Jap. Soc. Hort. Science. Abstracts of the Spring Meeting, pp. 289-290.
103. Kawase, K. and Y. Tsukamoto. (1974). Studies on flower colour in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. II. Absorption spectra of intact flowers. Engi gakkai zasshi 43:165-173.
104. Kawase, K. and Y. Tsukamoto. (1976). Studies on flower colour in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. III. Quantitative effects of major pigments on flower color variation, and measurement of color qualities of petals with a color difference meter. Engei gakkai zasshi 45(1):65-75.
105. Kawase, K., Y Tsukamoto, N. Saito, and Y Osawa. (1970). Studies on flower colour in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. I. Anthocyanins. Plant and Cell Phys. 11:349-353.
106. Kawata, J. and T. Toyoda. (1982). The response to photoperiod and temperature in Japanese July to September flowering chrysanthemums. Acta Hort. 125:93-99.
107. Kim, D.-C. and N. O. Anderson. (2005). Comparative analysis of laboratory freezing methods to establish cold tolerance of detached rhizomes and intact crowns in garden chrysanthemums (Dendranthema x grandiflora Tzvelv.). Scientia Horticulturae (Under Review).
108. Kim, YH. and J. S. Lee. (1998). Effect of grafting between day-neutral and short-day cultivar on successful graft union, growth, and flowering of Dendranthema grandiflorum. Jour. Kor. Soc. Hort. Sci. 39:784-788.
109. Kitamura, S. (1978). Dendranthema et Nipponanthemum. Acta Phytotax. Et Geobot. 29:165-170.
110. Kofranek, A. M. (1980). Cut chrysanthemums, pp. 3-45. In: R. E. Larson (Ed.). Introduction to floriculture. Academic Press, New York.
111. Kosaka, H. (1932). Über den Einflup des Lichtes, der Temperatur und des Wassermangels aus die Färbung der Chrysanthemum-Blüten. Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 46(549):551-560.
112. Langevin, D. (1992). The growing and marketing of fall mums: How you can turn your backyard into...a money-making, growing machine! Annedawn Publishing, Norton, Massachusetts.
113. Langton, F. A. (1976). Sports, pp. 109-112. In: N. Scopes and F. A. Langton (Eds.). Chrysanthemums-the inside story. The National Chrysanthemum Society, London.
114. Langton, F. A. (1977). The responses of early-flowering chrysanthemums to daylength. Scientia Hort. 1:277-289.
115. Langton, F. A. (1978). Photoperiod responses of some Japanese chrysanthemums. Jour. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 47:237-242.
116. Langton, F. A. (1980). Chimerical structure and carotenoid inheritance in Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.). Euphytica 29:807-812.
117. Langton, F. A. (1981). Breeding summer-flowering chrysanthemums: The relationship between flower bud development and vegetative duration in long days. Zeit. Für Pflanzeuchtungen 86:254-262.
118. Langton, F. A. (1987). Breeding for improved ornamental plants, pp. 159-180. In: A. J. Abbott and R. K. Atkin (Eds.). Improving vegetatively propagated crops. Academic Press, New York.
119. Langton, F. A. and K. E. Cockshull. (1976). An ideotype of chrysanthemum (C. morifolium Ramat). Acta Hort. 63:165-175.
120. Langton, F. A. and T. J. Dixon. (1984). Long-day leaf number in the chrysanthemum (C. morifolium Ramat.): Inheritance and correlative associations with three other cultivars. Zeitschrift fuer Pflanzenzucht. 92:249-258.
121. Laurie, A. and G. H. Poesch. (1939). Commercial flower forcing. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 2 ed.
122. Lee, Y. N. (1967). A cytotaxonomic study on Chrysanthemum zawadskii complex in Korea. II. Polyploidy. Korean Jour. Botany 12(1):35-48.
123. Lee, Y. N. (1975). Taxonomic study on white flowered wild Chrysanthemum in Asia. Jour. Korean Res. inst. Better Living 14:63-80.
124. Linnaeus, C. (1737). Genera Plantarum. Leiden.
125. Linnaeus, C. (1753). Species Plantarum. Stockholm.
126. Locke, B. (1990). Chrysanthemums: the complete guide. Crowood, Ramsbury, Marlborough, Wilsthire, United Kingdom.
127. Longley, L. E. (1949). Chrysanthemums for the north. Horticulture 27(11):404.
128. Longley, L. E. (1950). Chrysanthemum breeding at the University of Minnesota. National Chrysanthemum Society Bulletin 5:45-46.
129. Magulaev, A. Y (1992). Chromosome numbers in some species of vascular plants of the northern Caucasus flora. Botaniceskij Žurnal (Moscow and Leningrad) 88(10):88-90.
130. Maisano, J. J., Jr. (1971). Cascade chrysanthemums. Connecticut Greenhouse Newsletter 38:1-5.
131. Marousky, F. J. (1971). Handling and opening bud-cut chrysanthemum flowers with 8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate and sucrose. U. S. Dept. of Agric, Marketing Research Report No. 905.
132. Marshall, H. H. (1973). Problems in breeding seed lines of garden chrysanthemums: self-sterility and color. Western Canada. Soc. for Hort., Banff, Alberta. Report of Proceedings, V: 97-100.
133. Meynet, J. (1978). Obtention of seed-propagated gerbera varieties, pp. 203-210.. In: Proc. Of the Eucarpia Meeting on carnation and gerbera. Alassio.
134. Miller, H., J. Miller, & G. Crane. (1975). Relative susceptibility of chrysanthemum cultivars to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Disease Reporter 59:576-581.
135. Miyake, K. and Y Imai. (1935). A chimerical strain with variegated flowers in Chrysanthemum sinense. Zeitschrift für Vererbungslehre 68:300-302.
136. Morrison, B. Y (1923). Chrysanthemums for the home. U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Farmers' Bulletin No. 1311.
137. Morton, J. (1891). Chrysanthemum culture for America. Rural Publishing Co., New York.
138. Mulford, F. L. (1935). Breeding for earliness and hardiness in chrysanthemums. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Science 33:690-692.
139. Mulford, F. L. (1937a). Pollen studies in chrysanthemum with special reference to fertility. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Science 35:815-817.
140. Mulford, F. L. (1937b). Results of selfing twenty-four early blooming chrysanthemums. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Science 35:818-821.
141. Mulford, F. L. (1938). Three-year studies in the behavior of twenty one chrysanthemum clones flowering at different seasons. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort Science 36:823-825.
142. National Chrysanthemum Society. (1996). Handbook of chrysanthemum classification. Classification Cmte., The. Society. Palmetto, Georgia.
143. Niwa, T. (1931). Pollination and self incompatibility in chrysanthemum (Outlines). Jap. Assoc. for the Adv. of Science. Report 6:479-487.
144. Nordenstam, B. (1976). Re-classification of Chrysanthemum L. in South Africa. Bot. Not. 129(2):137-165.
145. Okada, M. (1957). Classification of chrysanthemum varieties in view of their environmental responses to flowering. Jour. Hort. Assoc. Japan 26:59-72.
146. Park Seed Company. (1985). Park seed catalog. Park Seed Co., Greenwood, South Carolina.
147. Pathfast Publishing. (1994). The international floriculture quarterly Rep. 5 (1). Essex, United Kingdom.
148. Pi Alpha Xi. (1998). A manual for flower judging. 8th ed. Pi Alpha Xi National. University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin.
149. Post, K. (1949). Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chrysanthemum), pp. 385-417. In: K. Post (Ed.). Florist crop production and marketing. Orange Judd Publishing, New York.
150. Post, K. (1950). Florist crop production and marketing. Orange Judd, New York.
151. Randall, H. and A. Wren. (1983). Growing chrysanthemums. Croom Helm Ltd. Kent, U. K.
152. Reimann-Philipp, R. (1983). Heterosis in ornamentals. In: R. Frankel (Ed.). Heterosis. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics 6:234-259.
153. Reimann-Philipp, R. and C. Jordan. (1978). Evidence for tetrasomic segregation of flower colour characters in hexaploid (?) chrysanthemums. Eucarpia Meeting on Chrysanthemums. Proceedings, pp. 61-75.
154. Reiter, R. S., J. G. K. Williams, K. A. Feldmann, J. A. Rafalski, S. V. Tingey, and P. A. Scolnik. (1992). Global and local genome mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana by using recombinant inbred lines and random amplified polymorphic DNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci., U. S. A. 89:1477-1481.
155. Ronald, W. G. (1974). Genetic and high temperature control of self compatibility in Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. PhD Diss., University of Minnesota, St. Paul.
156. Ronald, W. G. and P. D. Ascher. (1975a). Effects of high temperature treatments on seed yield and self incompatibility in chrysanthemum. Euphytica 24(2):317-322.
157. Ronald, W. G. and P. D. Ascher. (1975b). Self compatibility in garden chrysanthemum: occurrence, inheritance and breeding potential. Theor. Appl. Genetics 46(1):45-54.
158. Ronald, W. G. and P. D. Ascher. (1975c). Transfer of self-compatibility from garden to greenhouse strains of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Science 100(4):351-353.
159. Royle, D. (1982). Floranova breed fuel economy into pot plants. Grower 98(10):21-25.
160. Rutland, R. B. (1968). Effect of temperature on the concentration of anthocyanin in pink flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. 'Orchid Queen'. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. Proc. 93:576-582.
161. Sampson, D. R., G. W. R. Waler, A. W. S. Hunter and M. Bragdø. (1958). Investigations on the sporting process in greenhouse chrysanthemums. Canadian J. Botany 38:346-356.
162. Sansome, F. W. and J. Philp. (1932). Recent advances in plant genetics. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
163. Satory, M. (1986). Tagneutrale F1-Minichrysanthemen für Beet- und Topfkulture als "Nach-Urlaubs-Geschaeft" bis in den Spaetherbst geeignet. Zierpflanzen bau Gartenbautechnik 26:86.
164. Schillinger, A. (2000). Redefinition of the mum clears up confusion. FlowerTECH 3(1):16-17.
165. Schmidt, D. W. and H. T. Erickson. (1981). Inheritance of several plant and floral characters in Streptocarpus. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Science 106(2):170-174.
166. Schwabe, W. W. (1953). Effects of temperature, day length, and light intensity in the control of flowering in the chrysanthemum. Rpt. 13th Int'l. Hort. Congr. Royal Hort. Soc. 2:952-960.
167. Schweinfurth, G. (1919). Pflanzenbilder in Tempel von Karnak. In: A. Engler (Ed.). Botanische Jahrbucher LV: 464-480.
168. Scott, E. L. (1957). The breeders handbook. Handbook No. 4. Nat'. Chrysanthemum Society.
169. Scott-Moncrieff, R. (1936). A biochemical survey of some Mendelian factors for flower colour. Jour. Genetics 32:117-170.
170. Seeley, J. G. (1966). Response of garden and greenhouse chrysanthemum cultivars to photoperiods of 9 to 24 hours. Progress Rpt. 267, Pa. State Univ., College of Agr., Agr. Expt. Sta., University Park.
171. Shamel, A. D. (1918). Chrysanthemum varieties... list of four hundred varieties originating from bud sports compiled. Journal of Heredity 9:81-89.
172. Shimizu, A., M. Hirai, H. Hirochika. (1998). Retrotransposon-like elements in Dendranthema pacificum (Nakai) Kitam. Acta Horticulturae 454:377-382.
173. Shimotomai, N. (1931). Bastadierungsversuche bei Chrysanthemum. Jour. Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B (Botany), Div. 2, 1(3):37-59.
174. Shimotomai, N. (1932a). Bastadierungsversuche bei Chrysanthemum. II. Entstehung eines fruchtbaren Bastardes (haploid 4n2) aus der Kreuzung von Ch. Marginatum (hapl. 5n) mit Ch. Morifolium (hapl. 3n). Jour. Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B (Botany), Div. 2, 1(8):1-4.
175. Shimotomai, N. (1932b). Eigenartige Vermehrung der Chromosomenzahl bei den Artbastarden von Chrysanthemum. The Botanical Magazine 46:789-799.
176. Shimotomai, N. (1934). Cytogenetische untersuchungen über chrysanthemum. Bibl. Genetica 12:161-174.
177. Shimotomai, N. and T. Takemoto. (1940). Hybrids between Chrysanthemum wakasaense and some species of Chrysanthemum, and the increase in chromosome number of the hybrids. Bot. & Zool. 8(4):61-66.
178. Smith, E. D. (1913). Chrysanthemum manual. Elmer D. Smith Co., Adrian, Michigan.
179. Smith, E. D. and A. Laurie. (1928). Chrysanthemum breeding. Michigan Agric. Expt. Station, Special Bulletin 186:1-30.
180. Soltis, D. E. (1986). Isozyme number and enzyme compartmentalization in Equisetum. Amer. J. Botany 73:908-913.
181. Sparnaaij, L. D., Y. O. Kho, and J. Baer. (1968). Investigations on seed production in tetraploid freesis. Euphytica 17:289-297.
182. Stephens, L. C., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1984). Interaction among sporophytic S loci in self-incompatible garden chrysanthemums. Euphytica 33:623-631.
183. Stewart, R. N. and H. Derman. (1970). Somatic genetic analysis of the apical layers of chimeral sports in chrysanthemum by experimental production of adventitious shoots. American Journal of Botany 57:1061-1071.
184. Stickland, R. G. (1974). Pigment production by cultured florets of Chrysanthemum morifolium. Annals of Botany 38:1-6.
185. Still, S., T. Disabato-Aust, and G. Brenneman. (1988). Cold hardiness of herbaceous perennials. Proc. Int. Plant Prop. Soc. 37:386-392.
186. Strefeler, M., N. Anderson, and P. Ascher. (1996). Use of exogenous ethylene applications to delay flower bud initiation in day neutral chrysanthemums (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvele.) I. Response of stock plants. HortTech. 6:251-253.
187. Stuart, M. C., N. O. Anderson, and R. E. Widmer. (1988). Use of exogenous ethylene applications to delay flower bud initiation in day neutral chrysanthemums. HortSci. 23:820.
188. Tanaka, R. (1952). Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Fertilität bei Selbstbestäubung in der Polyploidie von Chrysanthemum. Jap. Jour. Genetics 27(1-2):1-2.
189. Tanaka, R. and K. Watanabe. (1972). Embryological studies in Chrysanthemum makinoi and its hybrid crossed with hexaploid Ch. Japonense. Hiroshima Daigaku. J. Faculty Sci., Hiroshima Univ., Ser. B, Div. 2(Botany) 14(2):75-84.
190. Taniguchi, K. (1987). Cytogenetical studies on the speciation of tetraploid Chrysanthemum indicum L. with special reference to C-bands. Jour. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., Series B, Division 2 (Botany) 21:105-157.
191. Teynor, T. M., P. D. Ascher., R. E. Widmer, and J. J. Luby. (1989a). Inheritance of flower color in Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) using cultivars and inbreds. I. Plastid pigmentation. Euphytica 42:199-207.
192. Teynor, T. M., P. D. Ascher., R. E. Widmer, and J. J. Luby. (1989b). Inheritance of flower color in Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) using cultivars and inbreds. II. Vacuole pigmentation. Euphytica 42:297-305.
193. Thistlewaiter, E. T. (1960). Chrysanthemums. Penguin, Harmondsworth, London.
194. Thorpe, H. C. (1940). Pyrethrum breeding. East African Agric. And For. Jour. 5:364-368.
195. Tsukamoto, Y., S. Kosuge, and S. Kumo. (1964). Studies on the breeding of chrysanthemums. 6. Results of crossing and selfing. Jap. Jour. Hort. Science. Abstracts of the Autumn Meeting, p. 36.
196. Tzvelv, N. N., et al. (1961). Compositae-Anthemideae. In: B. L. Momorov (Ed.). Flora SSSR (Akademiia nauk SSSR. Botanicheskii Institut) 26:1-638. United States. Department of Agriculture. National Agricultural Statistics Service. (2004). Floriculture crops, 2003 summary. Beltsville, Maryland.
197. Van Heusden, A. W. and K. Bachmann. (1992). Genotype relationships in Microseris elegans (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) revealed by DNA amplification from arbitrary primers (RAPDs) > Pl. Syst. Evol. 179:221-233.
198. Van Zanten, North America. (1999). Garden mum catalog. Van Zanten, N. A., Oxnard, California.
199. Vandenburg, C. (2004). Breeding holds the key to what's new. The Garden Border for retailers 5(2):1.
200. Viehmeyer, G. and R. D. Uhlinger. (1955). Chrysanthemum improvement. University of Nebraska, College of Agric. The Agric. Expt. Station Bulletin SB 428.
201. Viehmeyer, G.. and W. C. Whitney. (1955). Chrysanthemum culture in Nebraska. University of Nebraska, College of Agric. The Agric. Expt. Station Bulletin, E. C. No. 1273.
202. Walker, G.. R. W. (1955). Chromosome numbers in chrysanthemum sports. Canada. Dept. of Agric. Progress Report 1949-1953, pp. 69-70.
203. Wasscher, J. (1956). The importance of sports in some florist's flowers. Euphytica 5:163-170.
204. Watanabe, K. (1977a). The control of diploid-like meiosis in polyploid taxa of Chrysanthemum (Compositae). Jap. Jour. Genetics 52(2):125-131.
205. Watanabe, K. (1977b). Successful ovary culture and production of F1 hybrids and androgenic haploids in Japanese Chrysanthemum species. Jour. Heredity 68(5):317-320.
206. Watanabe, K., Y. Hishii & R. Tanaka. (1972). Anatomical observations on the high frequency callus formation from anther culture of Chrysanthemum. The Japanese Jour. Genetics 47(4):249-255.
207. Wellensiek, S. J. (1959). The effect of inbreeding in Cyclamen. Euphytica 8:125-130.
208. Whealey, C. A., T. A. Nell, J. E. Barrett, and R. A. Larson. (1987). High temperature effects on growth and floral development of chrysanthemums. Jour. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112:464-468.
209. Wheldale, M. (1909). The colours and pigments of flowers with special reference to genetics. Roy. Soc. London. Proc. Ser. B, 81 B: 44-60.
210. White, J. W. and D. J. Quatchak. (1985). Fast crop seed geraniums. Grower Talks 45:38-40.
211. Widmer, R. E. (1958). The determination of cold resistance in the garden chrysanthemum and its relation to winter survival. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 71:537-546.
212. Widmer, R. E. (1980). Garden chrysanthemums. University of Minnesota, Agric. Ext. Ser., Horticulture Fact Sheet No. 38.
213. Widmer, R. E. (1997). A history of Minnesota floriculture. Minnesota Report 238-1997. Minn. Agric. Expt. Station, Univ. of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
214. Wildung, D. (1979). Garden chrysanthemums for northern Minnesota: cultivars. Minn. Hort. 107:230-231.
215. Wolff, K. (1996). RAPD analysis of sporting and chimerism in chrysanthemum. Euphytica 89:159-164.
216. Wolff, K. and J. Peters-van Rijn. (1993). Rapid detection of genetic variability in chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelv.) using random primers. Heredity 71:335-341.
217. Wolff, K., E. D. Schoen, and J. Peters-van Rijn. (1993). Optimizing the generation of random amplified polymorphic DNAs in chrysanthemum. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86:1033-1037.
218. Wolff, K., J. Peters-van Rijn, and H. Hofstra. (1994). RFLP analysis in chrysanthemum. I. Probe and primer development. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88:472-478.
219. Wolff, K., E. Zietkiewicz, & H. Hofstra. (1995). Identification of chrysanthemum cultivars and stability of DNA Fingerprint patterns. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91:439-447.
220. Woolman, J. (1953). Chrysanthemums for garden and exhibition. W. H. & L. Collingridge, Ltd., London.
221. Wulster, G. J. and D. B. Lacey. (1985). Garden chrysanthemums: hardiness evaluations, No. 147. FS Coop. Ext. Serv., Cook College, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
222. Yang, C. (1995). Evaluation on the resistance to cold and cultivation zonation in chrysanthemum varieties. Acta Hort. 404:76-81.
223. Yoder Brothers, Inc. (1967). Evolution of the Indianapolis family. Growers Circle News 51:1-4.
224. Yoder Brothers, Inc. (2000). Pot mums, cut mums, and garden mum catalogs. Yoder Brothers, Inc., Barberton, Ohio.
225. Young, K. J., S. J. Park, B. Y. Um, C. H. Pak, Y. S. Chung, and J. S. Shing. (1998). Transformation of Chrysanthemum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens with three different types of vectors. Jour. Korean Society for Hort. Science 39(3):360-366.
226. Zagorski, J. S., P. D. Ascher, and R. E. Widmer. (1983). Multigenic self incompatibility in hexaploid Chrysanthemum. Euphytica 32:1-7.