Cone calorimeter testing of S2 glass reinforced polymer composites

Fire and Materials

Volumn 33, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 323-344

  Morgan, Alexander B ^a   Gagliardi, Nicholas A ^a   Price, William A ^a   Galaska, Mary L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DAYTON RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cone calorimeter; Nanocomposites; Polymer composites

Indexed keywords

CONE CALORIMETER; FIRE RISKS; FUEL SAVINGS; GLASS REINFORCED POLYMERS; GLASS-FIBER REINFORCED POLYMER COMPOSITES; HEAT RELEASE; PHENOLIC SYSTEMS; POLYMER COMPOSITE; POLYMER SYSTEMS; POLYMERIC COMPOSITES; POTENTIAL EFFECTS; RESIDUAL POLYMERS; STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS;

CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CARBON NANOFIBERS; CLAY MINERALS; EPOXY RESINS; FIBER REINFORCED PLASTICS; FLAMMABILITY; FUEL ECONOMY; GLASS FIBERS; NANOCOMPOSITES; PHENOLIC RESINS; PHENOLS; REINFORCED PLASTICS; RESINS; STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY;

POLYMERS;

EID: 70450175401     PISSN: 03080501     EISSN: 10991018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/fam.995     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Tewarson A. Fire hardening assessment technology for composite systems. U.S. Army Research Laboratory Report # ARL-CR-178 Report, November 1994.
2. Digges KH, Gann RG, Grayson SJ, Hirschler MM, Lyon RE, Purser DA, Quintiere JG, Stephenson RR, Tewarson A. Human survivability in motor vehicle fires. Fire and Materials 2008; 32: 249-258.
3. Wilson KR, Janssens ML, Griffith AL, Carpenter KC, Huczek JP. Smoke toxicity measurements of automotive materials. In Fire and Polymers IV: Materials and Concepts for Hazard Prevention, Wilkie CA, Nelson GL (eds), ACS Symposium Series, vol.922. American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2005; 321-333.
4. Cone Calorimeter: ASTM E1354-04. Standard Heat Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter, 2004.
5. Bundy M, Ohlemiller T. Full scale flammability measures for electronic equipment. NIST Technical Note 1461, U.S. Department of Commerce, August 2004.
6. Bundy M, Ohlemiller T. Bench-scale flammability measures for electronic equipment. NISTIR (National Institute of Standards and Technology Internal Report) 7031, U.S. Department of Commerce, July 2003.
7. Costa L, Camino G, Bertelli G, Borsini G. Mechanistic study of the combustion behavior of polymeric materials in bench-scale tests. I. Comparison between cone calorimeter and traditional tests. Fire and Materials 1995; 19: 133-142.
8. Weil ED, Hirschler MM, Patel NG, Said MM, Shakir S. Oxygen index: correlations to other fire tests. Fire and Materials 1992; 16: 159-167.
9. Schartel B, Braun U. Comprehensive fire behaviour assessment of polymeric materials based on cone calorimeter investigations. e-Polymers No. 13, 2003. Available from: http: //www.e-polymers.org/papers/scharteL010403.pdf.
10. Morgan AB, Bundy M. Cone calorimeter analysis of UL-94 V-rated plastics. Fire and Materials 2007; 31: 257-283.
11. Spearpoint M, Olenick SM, Torero JL, Steinhaus T. Ignition performance of new and used motor vehicle upholstery fabrics. Fire and Materials 2005; 29: 265-282.
12. Cogen JM, Whaley PD, Lin TS, Bolz K. Assessment of flame retardancy in polyolefin-based non-halogen FR compounds. Proceedings ofthe International Wire and Cable Symposium, Philadelphia, PA, 2004.
13. Petrella RV. The assessment of full-scale fire hazards from cone calorimeter data. Journal of Fire Sciences 1994; 12: 14-43.
14. Schartel B, Bartholmai M, Knoll U. Some comments on the use of cone calorimeter data. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2005; 88: 540-547.
15. Filipczak R, Crowley S, Lyon RE. Heat release rate measurements of thin samples in the OSU apparatus and the cone calorimeter. Fire Safety Journal 2005; 40: 628-645.
16. Babrauskas V, Peacock RD. Heat release rate: the single most important variable in fire hazard. Fire Safety Journal 1992; 18: 255-272.
17. Duggan GJ, Grayson SJ, Kumar S. New fire classifications and fire test methods for the European Railway Industry. Flame Retardants 2004 Proceedings, 27-28 January 2004. Interscience Communications: London, U.K.
18. Morgan AB, Charles A (eds). Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites Wilkie. Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2007. ISBN 978-0-471-73426-0.
19. Morgan AB, Galaska M. Microcombustion calorimetry as a tool for screening flame retardancy in epoxy. Polymers for Advanced Technology 2008; 19: 530-546.
20. Kashiwagi T, Du F, Douglas JF, Winey KI, Harris RH, Shields JR. Nanoparticle networks reduce the flammability of polymer nanocomposites. Nature Materials 2005; 4: 928-933.
21. Zammarano M, Kramer RH, Harris R, Ohlemiller TJ, Shields JR, Rahatekar SS, Lacerda S, Gilman JW. Flammability reduction of flexible polyurethane foams via carbon nanofiber network formation. Polymers for Advanced Technology 2008; 19: 588-595.
22. Hussain M, Varley RJ, Mathys Z, Cheng YB, Simon GP. Effect of organo-phosphorus and nano-clay materials on the thermal and fire performance of epoxy resins. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2004; 91: 1233-1253.
23. Xie W, Gao Z, Pan W-P, Hunter D, Singh A, Vaia R. Thermal degradation chemistry of alkyl quaternary ammonium montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials 2001; 13: 2979-2990.
24. Manfredi LB, Rodriguez ES, Wladyka-Przybylak M, Vazquez A. Thermal degradation and fire resistance of unsaturated polyester, modified acrylic resins and their composites with natural fibres. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2006; 91: 255-261.
25. Kandola BK, Myler P, Herbert K, Rashid MR. Effect of fibre type on fire and mechanical behaviour of hybrid composite laminates. SAMPE Fall Technical Conference Proceedings, Dallas, TX, 6-9 November 2007.
26. Kandola BK, Horrocks AR, Rashid MR. Effect of reinforcing element on burning behaviour of fibre-reinforced epoxy composites. Proceedings of 17th Annual BCC Conference on Flame Retardancy, Stanford, CT, 22-24 May 2006.
27. Sorathia U, Long G, Gracik T, Blum M, Ness J. Screening tests for fire safety of composites for marine applications. Fire and Materials 2001; 25: 215-222.
28. Mouritz AP, Gibson AG (eds). Fire Properties of Polymer Composite Materials. Springer: The Netherlands, 2006. ISBN 978-1-4020-5355-9.
29. Feih S, Mathys Z, Mathys G, Gibson AG, Robinson M, Mouritz AP. Influence of water content on failure of phenolic composites in fire. Polymer Degradation and Stability 2008; 93: 376-382.
30. Boyd SE, Lesko JJ, Case SW. Compression creep rupture behavior of a glass/vinyl ester composite laminate subject to fire loading conditions. Composites Science and Technology 2007; 67: 3187-3195.