Persistent or not persistent? Polychlorinated biphenyls are readily depurated by grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis)

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

Volumn 28, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 2206-2215

  Christensen, Jennie R ^a,b,c   Letcher, Robert J ^c,d   Ross, Peter S ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

^b INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES   (Canada)

^c Raincoast Conservation Society   (Canada)

^d CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Biomagnification; Biotransformation; Excretion; Grizzly bears; Polychlorinated biphenyls

Indexed keywords

BIOMAGNIFICATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DEPURATION; FOOD WEBS; GRIZZLY BEAR; HIGHLY-CORRELATED; HYDROGEN POSITIONS; OCTANOL-WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PCB CONCENTRATION; PCB CONGENERS;

BIOCONVERSION; CHLORINE; MAMMALS; ORGANIC POLLUTANTS; PHYSIOLOGY; PRINTED CIRCUITS;

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS;

CHLORINE; HYDROGEN; OCTANOL; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL; WATER;

ALCOHOL; BEAR; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; CHLORINE; EXCRETION; FOOD WEB; HIBERNATION; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; PCB; PERSISTENCE; WILD POPULATION;

ARTICLE; BEAR; BIOACCUMULATION; BIOTRANSFORMATION; DIET; ECOTOXICOLOGY; FECES; FEEDING; FEMALE; FOOD WEB; HIBERNATION; MALE; NONHUMAN; PARTITION COEFFICIENT; POLLUTION TRANSPORT; PREY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEASON; URINARY EXCRETION; URSUS ARCTOS HORRIBILIS; WILDLIFE;

ANIMALS; FEMALE; MALE; POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; URSIDAE;

MAMMALIA; URSUS ARCTOS; URSUS ARCTOS HORRIBILIS;

EID: 70450055968     PISSN: 07307268     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1897/08-582.1     Document Type: Article

References (42)

1. Macdonald RW, Mackay D, Hickie B. 2002. Contaminant amplification in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 36:457-462.
2. Ross PS, Ellis GM, Ikonomou MG, Barrett-Lennard LG, Addison RF. 2000. High PCB concentrations in free-ranging Pacific killer whales, Orcinus orca: Effects of age, sex, and dietary preference. Mar Pollut Bull 40:504-515.
3. Muir DCG, Norstrom RJ, Simon M. 1988. Organochlorine contaminants in Arctic marine food chains: Accumulation of specific polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane-related compounds. Environ Sci Technol 22:1071-1079. (Pubitemid 18209441)
4. Colborn T, Saal FSV, Soto AM. 1993. Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans. Environ Health Perspect 101:378-384. (Pubitemid 23343683)
5. Kannan K, Tanabe S, Borrell A, Aguilar A, Focardi S, Tatsukawa R. 1993. Isomer-specific analysis and toxic evaluation of polychlorinated biphenyls in striped dolphins affected by an epizootic in the western Mediterranean Sea. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 25:227-233. (Pubitemid 23181798)
6. Verreault J, Norstrom RJ, Ramsay MA, Mulvihill M, Letcher RJ. 2006. Composition of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants among major adipose tissue depots for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from the Canadian high Arctic. Sci Total Environ 370:580-587. (Pubitemid 44486359)
7. Gebbink WA, Sonne C, Dietz R, Kirkegaard M, Born EW, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ. 2008. Target tissue selectivity and burdens of diverse classes of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. Environ Sci Technol 42:752-759. (Pubitemid 351213944)
8. Fisk AT, Norstrom RJ, Cymbalisty CD, Muir DCG. 1998. Dietary accumulation and depuration of hydrophobic organochlorines: Bioaccumulation parameters and their relationship with the octanol-water partition coefficient. Environ Toxicol Chem 17: 951-961.
9. Fisk AT, Hobson KA, Norstrom RJ. 2001. Influence of chemical and biological factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the Northwater Polynya marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 35:732-738.
10. Kannan K, Kajiwara N, Watanabe M, Nakata H, Thomas NJ, Stephenson M, Jessup DA, Tanabe S. 2004. Profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners, organochlorine pesticides, and butyltins in southern sea otters and their prey. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:49-56. (Pubitemid 38049651)
11. Borgå K, Wolkers H, Skaare JU, Hop H, Muir DCG, Gabrielsen GW. 2005. Bioaccumulation of PCBs in Arctic seabirds: Influence of dietary exposure and congener biotransformation. Environ Pollut 134:397-409. (Pubitemid 40037354)
12. Boon JP, Eijgenraam F, Everaarts JM. 1989. A structure-activity relationship (SAR) approach towards metabolism of PCBs in marine animals from different trophic levels. Mar Environ Res 27: 159-176. (Pubitemid 20054723)
13. Boon JP, Van der Meer J, Allchin CR, Law RJ, Klungsoyr J, Leonards PEG, Spliid H, Storr-Hansen E, Mckenzie C, Wells DE. 1997. Concentration-dependent changes of PCB patterns in fish-eating mammals: Structural evidence for induction of cytochrome P450. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 33:298-311. (Pubitemid 27510168)
14. Letcher RJ, Norstrom RJ, Muir DCG. 1998. Biotransformation versus bioaccumulation: Sources of methyl sulfone PCB and 4,4′-DDE metabolites in the polar bear food chain. Environ Sci Technol 32:1656-1661.
15. Tanabe S, Watanabe S, Kan H, Tatsukawa R. 1988. Capacity and mode of PCB metabolism in small cetaceans. Mar Mamm Sci 4: 103-124.
16. Senthilkumar K, Kannan K, Sinha RK, Tanabe S, Giesy JP. 1999. Bioaccumulation profiles of polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and organochlorine pesticides in Ganges river dolphins. Environ Toxicol Chem 18:1511-1520. (Pubitemid 29288064)
17. Christensen JR, MacDuffee M, Macdonald RW, Whiticar M, Ross PS. 2005. Persistent organic pollutants in British Columbia grizzly bears: Consequence of divergent diets. Environ Sci Technol 39:6952-6960. (Pubitemid 41339054)
18. Verreault J, Dietz R, Sonne C, Gebbink WA, Shahmiri S, Letcher RJ. 2008. Comparative fate of organohalogen compounds in two top carnivores in Greenland: Captive sledge dogs and wild polar bears. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 147:306-315.
19. Drouillard KG, Norstrom RJ. 2003. The influence of diet properties and feeding rates on PCB toxicokinetics in the ring dove. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 44:97-106.
20. Kimura Y, Nagata Y, Buddington RK. 2004. Some dietary fibers increase elimination of orally administered polychlorinated biphenyls but not that of retinol in mice. J Nutr 134:135-142. (Pubitemid 38057436)
21. Boon JP, Eijgenraam F. 1988. The possible role of metabolism in determining patterns of PCB congeners in species from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Mar Environ Res 24:3-8. (Pubitemid 19320146)
22. Kelly BC, Gobas FAPC. 2001. Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in lichen-caribou-wolf food chains of Canada's central and western Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 35:325-334.
23. Barboza PS, Farley SD, Robbins CT. 1997. Whole-body urea cycling and protein turnover during hyperphagia and dormancy in growing bears (Ursus americanus and U. arctos). Can J Zool 75: 2129-2136.
24. Christensen JR, MacDuffee M, Yunker MB, Ross PS. 2007. Hibernation-associated changes in persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels and patterns in British Columbia grizzly bears. Environ Sci Technol 41:1834-1840. (Pubitemid 46449209)
25. Hilderbrand GV, Schwartz CC, Robbins CT, Jacoby ME, Hanley TA, Arthur SM, Servheen C. 1999. The importance of meat, particularly salmon, to body size, population productivity, and conservation of North American brown bears. Can J Zool 77:132-138. (Pubitemid 30063088)
26. Hilderbrand GV, Hanley TA, Robbins CT, Schwartz CC. 2004. Role of brown bears (Ursus arctos) in the flow of marine nitrogen into a terrestrial ecosystem. Oecologia 121:546-550.
27. Kelly BC, Gray SL, Ikonomou MG, MacDonald JS, Bandiera SM, Hrycay EG. 2007. Lipid reserve dynamics and magnification of persistent organic pollutants in spawning sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) from the Fraser River, British Columbia. Environ Sci Technol 41:3083-3089.
28. DeBruyn AMH, Ikonomou MG, Gobas FAPC. 2004. Magnification and toxicity of PCBs, PCDDs, and PCDFs in upriver-migrating Pacific salmon. Environ Sci Technol 38:6217-6224.
29. Gende SM, Quin TP, Willson MF. 2001. Consumption choice by bears feeding on salmon. Oecologia 127:372-382.
30. Christensen JR, Letcher JR, Ross PS. 2008. Using grizzly bears to re-examine the processes underlying PCB biomagnification in food webs. Abstracts, 29th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Tampa, FL, USA, November 16-20, Abstract 480, p. 107.
31. Hilderbrand GV, Farley SD, Robbins CT, Hanley TA, Titus K, Servheen C. 1996. Use of stable isotopes to determine diets of living and extinct bears. Can J Zool 74:2080-2088. (Pubitemid 27005888)
32. Felicetti LA, Schwartz CC, Rye RO, Haroldson MA, Gunther KA, Phillips DL, Robbins CT. 2003. Use of sulfur and nitrogen stable isotopes to determine the importance of whitebark pine nuts to Yellowstone grizzly bears. Can J Zool 81:763-770.
33. Hites RA, Foran JA, Carpenter DO, Hamilton MC, Knuth BA, Schwager SJ. 2004. Global assessment of organic contaminants in farmed salmon. Science 303:226-229. (Pubitemid 38057571)
34. Cullon DL, Yunker MB, Alleyne C, Dangerfield N, O'Neil S, Whiticar MJ, Ross PS. 2009. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): Implications for northeastern Pacific resident killer whales. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:148-161.
35. Verreault J, Muir DCG, Norstrom RJ, Stirling I, Fisk AT, Gabrielsen GW, Derocher AE, Evans TJ, Dietz R, Sonne C, Sandala GM, Gebbink W, Riget FF, Born EW, Taylor MK, Nagy J, Letcher RJ. 2005. Chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants and metabolites in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland, and Svalbard: 1996-2002. Sci Total Environ 351-352:369-390.
36. Hoekstra PF, O'Hara TM, Fisk AT, Borgå K, Soloman KR, Muir DCG. 2003. Trophic transfer of persistent organochlorine contaminants (OCs) within an Arctic marine food web from the southern Beaufort-Chukchi seas. Environ Pollut 124:509-522. (Pubitemid 36566661)
37. Farley SD, Robbins CT. 1995. Lactation, hibernation, and mass dynamics of American black bears and grizzly bears. Can J Zool 73:2216-2222. (Pubitemid 2618941)
38. Kelly BC, Gobas FAPC. 2003. An Arctic terrestrial food-chain bioaccumulation model for persistent organic pollutants. Environ Sci Technol 37:2966-2974. (Pubitemid 36799090)
39. Sandala GM, Sonne-Hansen C, Dietz R, Muir DCG, Valters K, Bennett ER, Born EW, Letcher RJ. 2004. Hydroxylated and methyl sulfone PCB metabolites in adipose and whole blood of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) from East Greenland. Sci Total Environ 331:125-141. (Pubitemid 39490367)
40. Drouillard KG, Norstrom RJ. 2000. Dietary absorption efficiencies and toxicokinetics of polychlorinated biphenyls in ring doves following exposure to Aroclor® mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 19:2707-2714.
41. Kelly BC, Gobas FA, McLachlan MS. 2004. Intestinal absorption and biomagnification of organic contaminants in fish, wildlife and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:2324-2336.
42. Gobas FAPC, Muir DCG, Mackay D. 1988. Dynamics of dietary bioaccumulation and fecal elimination of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish. Chemosphere 17:943-962. (Pubitemid 18134037)