Orientalism Alla turca: Late 19th/early 20th century Ottoman voyages into the Muslim 'outback'

Welt des Islams

Volumn 40, Issue 2, 2000, Pages 139-195

  Herzog, Christoph ^a   Motika, Raoul ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 70449937609     PISSN: 00432539     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/1570060001527754     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. For a general survey on these processes on a world-wide scale cf. Selbstbehauptung und Aneignung. Antworten auf die europäische Expansion. Ed. Dietmar Rothermund (Munich, 1999)
2. For the Ottoman situation cf. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London - New York - Toronto, 1961)
3. Niyazi Berkes, The Development of Secularism in Turkey (Montreal, 1964)
4. İiber Ortayli, İmperatorluǧun En Uzun Yüzyili (3rd ed. Istanbul, 1995)
5. For a general account of Ottoman literature in the 19th century cf. Ahmet Hamdi Tanpinar, XIX. Asir Türk Edebiyati Tarihi (Istanbul, 1956)
6. and Kenan Akyüz, "La Littérature moderne de Turquie," Philologiae Turcicae Fundamenta, ii (Wiesbaden, 1964), 465-634
7. 2], 'Ahcombining dot belowmad Midhcombining dot belowat" (B. Lewis), vol. 1, 289-290
8. and Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi İslâm Ansiklopedisi (Istanbul, 1988ff), [hereafter TDVİA], "Ahmed Midhat Efendi" (M. Orhan Okay), vol. 2, 100-103
9. For more extensive information cf. Hakki Tarik Us, Ahmet Midhat'i aniyoruz (Istanbul, 1955)
10. Cevdet Kudret, Ahmed Mithat (Ankara, 1962)
11. Münir Çapanoǧlu, İdeal Gazeteci Efendi Babamiz Ahmed Midhat Efendi (Istanbul, 1964)
12. Orhan Okay, Bati Medeniyeti Karşisinda Ahmed Midhat Efendi (Ankara, 1975)
13. Of special importance is the issue "Gezi Özel Sayi" of Türk Dili, 27 (1973), 457-726 with excerpts from numerous travelogues, an introductory chapter and a large (but faulty and incomplete) bibliography by Ibrahim Olgun
14. Carter Vaughn Findley, "An Ottoman Occidentalist in Europe: Ahmed Midhat Meets Madame Gülnar, 1889," American Historical Review 103.1 (February 1998), 15-49
15. Börte Sagaster, "Bobachtungen eines 'Okzidentalisten': Ahcombining dot belowmed Midhat Efendis Wahrnehmung der Europäer anläßlich seiner Reise zum Orientalistenkongreß in Stockholm 1889, Asien Afrika Lateinamenka 25.1 (1997), 29-40
16. Hala Fattah, "Representation of Self and the Other in Two Iraqi Travelogues of the Ottoman Period," IJMES 30 (1998), 51-76
17. The simplified translation into modern Turkish by Rizâ Akdemir, İstanbul'dan Orta Asya'ya Seyahat (Ankara, 1986), is unreliable
18. For the Ottoman sefaretname cf. Faik Reşit Unat, Osmanli Sefirleri ve Sefaretnameleri, ed. Bekir Sitki Baykal (Ankara, 1968)
19. and Hadiye Tuncer and Hüner Tuncer, Osmanli Diplomasisi ve Sefaretnameler (Ankara, 1997). Unat counts 42 sefaretname which were written between the middle of the 17th and the middle of the 19th century. Because of their historiographical significance many sefaretname were included into historiographical works, some of which were printed at a very early date
20. Dorothy Middleton, "The Hakluyt Society 1846-1923," Annual Report and Statement of Accounts for 1984 (London: Hakluyt Society, 1985), 14
21. quoted in Ian Richard Netton, Seek Knowledge. Thought and Travel in the House of Islam (Richmond, 1996), 113
22. Netton, Seek Knowledge, vii
23. Cf. TDEA, "Mehmed Mihri", 210f
24. Mehemmed Mihri, Sudan Seyahatnamesi (Istanbul: Ahmed İhsan ve şürekasi, 1326)
25. Özege 18274. The book's frontispiece gives the author's first name with a šadda; as for that reason it must be either Muhammad or Mehcombining dot belowemmed, we opted for the latter option because of his Turcoman origin. An Arabic translation of the book appeared in Cairo in 1914; cf. Türk Ansiklopedisi, "Mihri", 153
26. Mihri, Sudan Seyahatnamesi, 4
27. Cf. İbrahim Alâettin, Meşhur Adamlar. Hayatlari, Eserleri (Istanbul, 1933-1935), "Hamdi Efendi (Ahmed)", 671
28. Ahmed Hamdi Şirvanî, Hindistan ve Svat ve Afganistan Seyahatnamesi (Istanbul: Mahmud Bey Matbaasi, 1300), 3
29. An uncritical description of the travelogue can be found in Syed Tanvir Wasti, "Two Muslim Travelogues: To and From Istanbul," Middle Eastern Studies 27 (1991), 457-476, especially 458-466
30. Ahmed Hamdi, Hindistan, 2
31. For his biography cf. Bilge Ercilasun, Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz (Ankara, 1996), 3-70
32. Jules Verne, Les enfants du capitaine Grant. Voyage autour du monde
33. Ahmed Midhat, "Mukaddime", 19
34. Dale F. Eickelman and James Piscatori (ed.), Muslim Travellers. Pilgrimage, Migration, and the Religious Imagination (London, 1990), xii
35. Muhammad Ali bin Zeynülabidin, Tercüme-i Risale-i Sudan (Istanbul: Matbaa-i Ceridet ül-Havadis, 1262 [1846]); Özege 20660
36. Cf. Rosen, Das Buch des Sudan, 5 n. 5
37. Zeynülabidin, Tercüme, 91
38. Heinrich Barth, Reisen und Entdeckungen in Nord- und Central-Afrika in den Jahren 1849 bis 1855. Tagebuch seiner im Auftrag der Brittischen Regierung unternommenen Reise, vol. 2 (Gotha, 1857), 369
39. Cf. Barth, Reisen und Entdeckungen, vol. 2, 369ff. On the other hand, Zeynülabidin reports to have seen two Franks in Darfor
40. Özalp, Brezilya Seyehatnamesi, 9
41. For the examplary function of Mehmed Yirmisekiz Çelebi's Sefaretname for the one composed by Morali Seyyid Ali Efendi cf. Stéphane Yerasimos, "Introduction," Deux Ottomans à Paris sous le directoire et l'empire, trans. and ed. Stéphane Yerasimos (Arles, 1998), 15 and 20
42. For the significance of this work cf. Taeschner, "Geographische Literatur", 64
43. Martin Kramer, "Introduction", Middle Eastern Lives. The Practice of Biography and Self-Narrative, ed. Martin Kramer (Syracuse, 1991), 14
44. The findings of Cemal Kafadar, "Self and Others: The Diary of a Dervish in Seventeenth Century Istanbul and First-Person Narratives in Ottoman Literature," Studia Islamica 69 (1989), 121-150 do not really affect the observation quoted in the text
45. Richard F. Kreutel & Otto Spies (ed., transl.), Leben und Abenteuer des Dolmetschers Osman Aǧa. Eine türkische Autobiographie aus der Zeit der großen Kriege gegen Österreich (Bonn, 1954), xxiv
46. Cemal Kafadar, "Self and Others," 126
47. Cf. Nuri Akbayar, "Osmanli Yayinciliǧi", Tanzimat'tan Cumhuriyet'e Türkiye Ansiklopedisi, vol. 6 (Istanbul, 1985), 1686
48. Reinhard Wittmann, Geschichte des deutschen Buchhandels (revised ed. Munich, 1999), 295
49. Johann Strauß, "Zum Istanbuler Buchwesen in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts," Osmanli Araştirmalari 12 (1992), 307-38
50. For Ottoman geographical literature cf. Ignatij Julianovič Kračkovskij, "Tureckaja geografičeskaja literatura XV - XIX vv.," id., Izbrannye sočinenija, vol. 4 (Moskow-Leningrad, 1957), 589-656
51. and Franz Taeschner, "Die geographische Literatur der Osmanen," ZDMG 77 (1923), 31-80, 144
52. The Seyahatname-i Hudud was printed in 1862 in Istanbul in 150 copies by the Takvimhane-i Âmire (Özege 17909). Recently Alâattin Eser published a transliterated version including an introduction which contains some bibliographical notes on Mehmed Hurşid Efendi's biography and information about the Commission's work (Istanbul, 1997). The high source value of the Seyahatname was praised shortly after its publication by A.D. Mordtmann in Mittheilungen aus Justus Perthes' Geographischer Anstalt über wichtige Erforschungen auf dem Gesammtgebiete der Geographie, ed. A. Petermann, 8 (Gotha, 1862), 146f
53. Selanikli Tevfik, Musavver Hindistan Seyahatnamesi (Istanbul: Mihran Matbaasi, 1318 [1900])
54. Özege 14449. Some information on this book in H. Dilek Batislam, "Musavver Hindistan Seyahatnamesi," Toplumsal Tarih 8.48 (December 1997), 62-64
55. Cf. İstanbul Ansiklopedisi, "Sabah" (Orhan Koloǧlu), 380f
56. Cami, Trablusgarb'dan Sahra-yi Kebir'e Doǧru (Istanbul: Nişan Babikyan Matbaasi, 1326 [1910])
57. Özege 21187. For Cami's description of the women of Murzuq and Ghat cf. Anja Pistor-Hatam, "Reisebeschreibungen aus einer vergessenen Provinz: 'Abdülqādir Ǧāmī Bey und die Frauen des Fezzān," WZKM 89 (1999), 163-86
58. Cf. Sabine Prätor, Der arabische Faktor in der jungtürkischen Politik. Eine Studie zum osmanischen Parlament der II Konstitution (1908-1918) (Berlin, 1993), 258
59. Gerhard Rohlfs (1831-1896), German adventurer and explorer. Cf. Konrad Guenther, Gerhard Rohlfs, Lebensbild eines Afrikaforschers (Freiburg i.Br., 1912)
60. For a description of the lâyiha and its different types cf. Mübahat Kütükoǧlu, Osmanli Belgelerinin Dili (Diplomatik) (Istanbul, 1994), 335-9
61. Cf. Michel LeGall, "A New Ottoman Outlook on Africa: Note on Turn of the Century Literature," Studies on Ottoman Diplomatic History. V. The Ottomans in Africa, eds. Selim Deringil & Sinan Kuneralp (Istanbul, 1990), 135-46
62. See also LeGall's dissertation "Pashas, Bedouins and Notables: Ottoman Administration in Tripoli and Benghazi, 1881-1902" (Diss. Princeton University, 1986)
63. Prätor, Der arabische Faktor, 135-50
64. Across the Sahara From Tripoli to Bornu (London, 1910), 27
65. A version in Latin script was published in Istanbul 1999 (ed. Mustafa Baydemir). For the historical context of his mission to Ethiopia cf. Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanli İmparatorluǧun Güney Siyaseti. Habeş Eyaleti (Ankara, 1996) [first edition: Istanbul, 1974], 163ff
66. nd enl. ed. Cholet, 1997)
67. nd ed. Marseille, 1992)
68. David Armine Howarth, The Story of P & O: The Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company (London, 1986)
69. Sadik ül-Müeyyed, Habeş Seyahatnamesi, 18
70. Ahmed İhsan, Asya-yi Şarki'ye Seyahat, 4
71. E.g. Ahmed Hamdi, Hindistan, 110, 270f
72. Ahmed İhsan, Asya-yi Şarki'ye Seyahat, 51, 74
73. Selanikli Tevfik, Musavver Hindistan Seyahatnamesi, 155
74. Ahmed Hamdi, Hindistan, after p. 93
75. Cami, Trablusgarb'dan Sahra-yi Kebir'e Doǧru, after p. 220
76. For his biography cf. TDVİA, "Cenab Şahabeddin" (Celai Tarakçi), 346-349
77. Cenab Şahabeddin, "Hac yolunda," Servet-i Fünun 314 (6 Mart 1313), 18f
78. He is probably identical with the Mehmed Fazli who is responsible for two drawings for the satirical journal Karagöz in February and May 1909, before the same person, presumably, published the short-lived humorous journal Çimdik (Istanbul, 1326). Cf. Tobias Heinzelmann, Die Balkankrise in der osmanischen Karikatur. Die Satirezeitschriften Karagöz, Kalem und Cem 1908-1914 (Istanbul, 1999), 61
79. and Duman, Süreli Yayinlar Toplu Kataloǧu, no. 0263
80. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Afgan Seyahati (Istanbul: Matbaa-i Ahmed Ihsan, 1325 [1909])
81. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Afgan Seyahati, 8
82. For the connnection of the nineteenth century concept of civilisation with material culture cf. Mark Francis, "The 'Civilizing' of Indigenous People in Nineteenth-Century Canada," Journal of World History 9.1 (Spring 1998), 51-87
83. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Afgan Seyahati, 24, 27
84. Mehemmed Mihri, Sudan Seyahatnamesi, 13, 133
85. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Afgan Seyahati, 16, 23ff
86. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Efgan Seyahati, 31
87. Cf. Gavin E.S. Carney, Şinasi Tekin & Gönül Alpay Tekin (eds.), "Imperial Self Portrait'. The Ottoman Empire as Revealed in Sultan Abdul Hamid's Photographic Albums," Journal of Turkish Studies 12 (1988)
88. and Selim Deringil, The Well-Protected Domains. Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire. Ideology and the Legitimation of Power in the Ottoman Empire 1876-1909 (London-New York, 1998), 151f
89. Ahmet İhsan Tokgöz, Matbuat Hatiralarim, ed. Alpay Kabacali (Istanbul, 1993), p. 56f, 273
90. Cf. Klaus Kreiser, "Servet-i Fünûn und seine Leser im Spiegel der tausendsten Nummer (1910)," Presse und Öffentlichkeit im Nahen Osten, ed. Christoph Herzog, Raoul Motika, Anja Pistor-Hatam (Heidelberg, 1995), 93-99
91. "Osmanli Demiryol Hattinda Haydarpaşa'dan Konya'ya bir Cevelan. Azimet ve Avdet 1498 Kilometre," Servet-i Fünun 292-296 (1312). The voyage was done on the occasion of the completion of the railway link to Konya
92. Sadik el-Müeyyed Azm Zade, Afrika Sahra-yi Kebirinde Seyahat (Istanbul: Alem Matbaasi-Ahmed İhsan ve Şürekâsi, 1314 [1896/97])
93. Müeyyed, Habeş Seyahatnamesi, 42
94. Le Gall, "Ottoman Outlook on Africa," 144
95. Cf. the illustration in Mehemmed Mihri, Sudan Seyahatnamesi, 45
96. and its counterpart in Mehmed Muhsin, Afrika Delili (Cairo, 1312 [1894]) between pp. 480 and 181
97. Ali Suavi, Le Chiva en Mars 1873 (Paris, 1873)
98. Özege 7681. There is a version in modern Turkish by M. Abdulhâlik Çay, Ali Suavi'nin Hive Hanliǧi ve Türkistan'da Rus Yayilmasi (Istanbul: Orkun Yayinevi, 1977)
99. First published in La transmission du savoir dans le monde musulman périphérique, Lettre d'information 10 (March 1990), 89-94
100. repr. in François Georgeon, Dès Ottomans aux Turcs. Naissance d'une nation (Istanbul, 1995), 399-406
101. Cf. Ahmed Midhat's preface in Mehmed Emin, İstanbul'dan Asya-yi Vusta'ya Seyahat, 2 and 20
102. Ahmed Midhat in his preface writes: "Seyyah ve müellif [..] an asli Asyayi vusta ahalisinden olub"; cf. Mehmed Emin, İstanbul'dan Asya-yi Vusta'ya Seyahat, 2
103. Georgeon relies here apparently on two sources: A. Vambéry, "Personal Recollections of Abdul Hamid II and His Court," The Nineteenth Century 65 (January-June 1909), 989: "The chamberlain Emin Bey, a Caucasian, wrote a book on Central-Asia"
104. Mehmed Emin, İstanbul'dan Asya-yi Vusta'ya Seyahat, 247 remarks (while in Khiva): "Bendeniz zaten o taraflar ahalisinden bir adamin oǧlu olub oralarca pederimin şöhreti beni dahi hüsn-i suretle tavsiye ettirmiş olduǧu gibi [..]."
105. Cf. Seymour Becker, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924 (Cambridge, MA, 1968), 89f
106. A. Zeki Velidi Togan, Bugünkü Türkili (Türkistan) ve Yakin Tarihi. Cilt 1: Bati ve Kuzey Türkistan (Istanbul, 1942-1947), 212
107. The first article by Mehmed Emin, with a preface by Ahmed Midhat, is "İpek Böcekleri," Tercüman-i Hakikat, no. 275 (29 Cemayülevvel 1296), 4ff. The articles were collected in a booklet under the same title which was printed in Ahmed Midhat's Kirk Anbar Matbaasi in 1296 [1879]; Özege 9285
108. Cf. Fred Burnaby, A Pride to Khiva (London, 1876)
109. Vambéry in his account insists that he visited Khiva incognito. Cf. Hermann Vambery, Mohammed in Asien. Verbotene Reise nach Buchara und Samarkand, 1863-1864, ed. Peter Simons (Stuttgart, 1983), 167ff. There are several possibilities to explain the obvious contradiction, none of which, however, can be verified at present
110. The rise of a Turkish ethnic consciousness in the Ottoman Empire of Abdülhamid is described in David Kushner, The Rise of Turkish Nationalism 1876-1908 (London, 1977)
111. The papers of Behai Efendi were edited by M. Cavid Baysun, "Şirvani-zade Ahmed Hulûsi Efendi'nin Efganistan Elçiliǧine Âid Vesikalar," Tarih Dergisi 4 (1952), 146-158
112. cf. also Dwight E. Lee, "A Turkish Mission to Afghanistan, 1877," Journal of Modern History 13 (1941), 335-356
113. S. Tanvir Wasti, "The 1877 Ottoman Mission to Afghanistan," Middle Eastern Studies 30 (1994), 956-962
114. Mehmed Saray, Afganistan ve Türkler (Istanbul, 1987), 59ff
115. and Azmi Özcan, Pan-Islamism. Indian Muslims, the Ottomans and Britain (1877-1924) (Leiden, 1997), 78-88
116. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Efgan Seyahati, 10, 13f, 52
117. Surprisingly, they seemed not to have travelled to Budapest via Vienna. Mehmet Fazli, Resimli Efgan Seyahati, 13ff
118. More information on these Muslim-Turkish intellectuals may be found through the indices of Tadeusz Swietochowski, Russian Azerbaijan, 1905-1920: The Shaping of National Identity in a Muslim Community (New York, 1985)
119. and his Russia and Azerbaijan. A Borderland in Transition (New York, 1995)
120. Quoted in Okay, Ahmed Midhat, 40
121. The Muslim view of the Japanese model after the Japanese victory against Russia in 1905 is treated in Klaus Kreiser, "Der japanische Sieg über Rußland (1905) und sein Echo unter den Muslimen", Welt des Islams 21 (1981), 209-239
122. cf. also Henry Duveyrier, Les Touareg du Nord (Paris, 1864)
123. Cf. Trablusgarb'dan Sahra-yi Kebir'e Doǧru, 213f
124. Trablusgarb'dan Sahra-yi Kebir'e Doǧru, 204 with explanations pp. 203, 205f
125. Trablusgarb'dan Sahra-yi Kebir'e Doǧru, 199-202
126. Cf. Rudolph Peters, "Religious Attitudes Towards Modernization in the Ottoman Empire. A Nineteenth Century Pious Text on Steamships, Factories and the Telegraph," Welt des Islams 26 (1986), 76-105