Acute Respiratory Failure in the Patient with Cancer: Diagnostic and Management Strategies

Critical Care Clinics

Volumn 26, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 21-40

  Pastores, Stephen M ^a   Voigt, Louis P ^a  

^a MEMORIAL SLOAN KETTERING CANCER CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Cancer; Critical care; Diagnosis; Intensive care; Management; Mechanical ventilation; Outcome; Respiratory failure

Indexed keywords

2 OXO 4 THIAZOLIDINECARBOXYLIC ACID; ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITOR; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ATOVAQUONE; BLEOMYCIN; CORTICOSTEROID; COTRIMOXAZOLE; HEPARIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN; IMMUNOMODULATING AGENT; KETOCONAZOLE; LISOFYLLINE; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; MITOMYCIN; NARCOTIC AGENT; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NITRIC OXIDE; OXYGEN; PENTAMIDINE; PLATINUM COMPLEX; PROSTACYCLIN; PROSTAGLANDIN E; RIBAVIRIN; SEDATIVE AGENT; SELECTIVE ANDROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; SURFACTANT; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ACUTE RESPIRATORY FAILURE; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL PNEUMONIA; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BRONCHOSCOPY; BRONCHOSPASM; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CAPILLARY LEAK SYNDROME; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CRITICAL ILLNESS; CRITICALLY ILL PATIENT; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG TREATMENT FAILURE; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; HEMATOLOGIC MALIGNANCY; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION; INTERSTITIAL PNEUMONIA; LUNG BIOPSY; LUNG HEMORRHAGE; LUNG INFILTRATE; LUNG INJURY; MALIGNANT NEOPLASTIC DISEASE; MORTALITY; MYCOSIS; NONHUMAN; ORGANIZING PNEUMONIA; PARANEOPLASTIC SYNDROME; PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA; PNEUMONIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; TREATMENT DURATION; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM; VIRUS PNEUMONIA;

ACUTE DISEASE; HUMANS; INTENSIVE CARE UNITS; NEOPLASMS; PATIENT ADMISSION; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY;

EID: 70449815995     PISSN: 07490704     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ccc.2009.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (136)

1. Hauser M.J., Tabak J., and Baier H. Survival of patients with cancer in a medical critical care unit. Arch Intern Med 142 (1982) 527-529
2. Staudinger T., Stoiser B., Mullner M., et al. Outcome and prognostic factors in critically ill cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 28 (2000) 1322-1328
3. Azoulay E., Thiery G., Chevret S., et al. The prognosis of acute respiratory failure in critically ill cancer patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 83 (2004) 360-370
4. Soares M., Salluh J.I., Spector N., et al. Characteristics and outcomes of cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support for >24 hrs. Crit Care Med 33 (2005) 520-526
5. Peters S.G., Meadows III J.A., and Gracey D.R. Outcome of respiratory failure in hematologic malignancy. Chest 94 (1988) 99-102
6. Reichner C.A., Thompson J.A., O'Brien S., et al. Outcome and code status of lung cancer patients admitted to the medical ICU. Chest 130 (2006) 719-723
7. Benoit D.D., Vandewoude K.H., Decruyenaere J.M., et al. Outcome and early prognostic indicators in patients with a hematologic malignancy admitted to the intensive care unit for a life-threatening complication. Crit Care Med 31 1 (2003) 104-112
8. Snow R.M., Miller W.C., Rice D.L., et al. Respiratory failure in cancer patients. JAMA 241 19 (1979) 2039-2042
9. Darmon M., Thiery G., Ciroldi M., et al. Intensive care in patients with newly diagnosed malignancies and a need for cancer chemotherapy. Crit Care Med 33 11 (2005) 2488-2493
10. Ewer M., Ali M.K., Atta M.S., et al. Outcome of lung cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilation for pulmonary failure. JAMA 256 24 (1986) 3364-3366
11. Lloyd-Thomas A.R., Wright I., Lister T.A., et al. Prognosis of patients receiving intensive care for life-threatening medical complications of haematological malignancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 296 6628 (1988) 1025-1029
12. Schuster D.P., and Marion J.M. Precedents for meaningful recovery during treatment in a medical intensive care unit. Outcome in patients with hematologic malignancy. Am J Med 75 3 (1983) 402-408
13. Estopa R., Torres Marti A., Kastanos N., et al. Acute respiratory failure in severe hematologic disorders. Crit Care Med 12 1 (1984) 26-28
14. Groeger J.S., White Jr. P., Nierman D.M., et al. Outcome for cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilation. J Clin Oncol 17 3 (1999) 991-997
15. Chaoui D., Legrand O., Roche N., et al. Incidence and prognostic value of respiratory events in acute leukemia. Leukemia 18 4 (2004) 670-675
16. Hilbert G., Gruson D., Vargas F., et al. Noninvasive ventilation in immunosuppressed patients with pulmonary infiltrates, fever, and acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 344 7 (2001) 481-487
17. Azoulay E., Alberti C., Bornstain C., et al. Improved survival in cancer patients requiring mechanical ventilatory support: impact of noninvasive mechanical ventilatory support. Crit Care Med 29 3 (2001) 519-525
18. Rubenfeld G.D., and Crawford S.W. Withdrawing life support from mechanically ventilated recipients of bone marrow transplants: a case for evidence-based guidelines. Ann Intern Med 125 8 (1996) 625-633
19. Huaringa A.J., Leyva F.J., Giralt S.A., et al. Outcome of bone marrow transplantation patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 28 4 (2000) 1014-1017
20. Afessa B., Tefferi A., Hoagland H.C., et al. Outcome of recipients of bone marrow transplants who require intensive-care unit support. Mayo Clin Proc 67 2 (1992) 117-122
21. Faber-Langendoen K., Caplan A.L., and McGlave P.B. Survival of adult bone marrow transplant patients receiving mechanical ventilation: a case for restricted use. Bone Marrow Transplant 12 5 (1993) 501-507
22. Paz H.L., Crilley P., Weinar M., et al. Outcome of patients requiring medical ICU admission following bone marrow transplantation. Chest 104 2 (1993) 527-531
23. Denardo S.J., Oye R.K., and Bellamy P.E. Efficacy of intensive care for bone marrow transplant patients with respiratory failure. Crit Care Med 17 1 (1989) 4-6
24. Scott P.H., Morgan T.J., Durrant S., et al. Survival following mechanical ventilation of recipients of bone marrow transplants and peripheral blood stem cell transplants. Anaesth Intensive Care 30 3 (2002) 289-294
25. Price K.J., Thall P.F., Kish S.K., et al. Prognostic indicators for blood and marrow transplant patients admitted to an intensive care unit. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158 3 (1998) 876-884
26. Jackson S.R., Tweeddale M.G., Barnett M.J., et al. Admission of bone marrow transplant recipients to the intensive care unit: outcome, survival and prognostic factors. Bone Marrow Transplant 21 7 (1998) 697-704
27. Bach P.B., Schrag D., Nierman D.M., et al. Identification of poor prognostic features among patients requiring mechanical ventilation after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Blood 98 12 (2001) 3234-3240
28. Peigne V., Rusinová K., Karlin L., et al. Continued survival gains in recent years among critically ill myeloma patients. Intensive Care Med 35 3 (2009) 512-518
29. Pastores S.M. Acute respiratory failure in critically ill patients with cancer. Diagnosis and management. [review]. Crit Care Clin 17 3 (2001) 623-646
30. Azoulay E., and Schlemmer B. Diagnostic strategy in cancer patients with acute respiratory failure. [review]. Intensive Care Med 32 6 (2006) 808-822
31. Ginsberg R.J., Hill L.D., Eagan R.T., et al. Modern thirty-day operative mortality for surgical resections in lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 86 (1983) 654-658
32. Licker M., Fauconnet P., Villiger Y., et al. Acute lung injury and outcomes after thoracic surgery. [review]. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 22 1 (2009) 61-67
33. Murthy S.C., Rozas M.S., Adelstein D.J., et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy increases pleural and pericardial complications after esophagectomy for cancer. J Thorac Oncol 4 (2009) 395-403
34. Stover D.E., and Kaner R.J. Pulmonary complications in cancer patients. [review]. CA Cancer J Clin 46 5 (1996) 303-320
35. Collin B.A., and Ramphal R. Pneumonia in the compromised host including cancer patients and transplant patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 12 3 (1998) 781-805
36. Alberts W.M. Pulmonary complications of cancer treatment. Curr Opin Oncol 9 2 (1997) 161
37. Vento S., Cainelli F., and Temesgen Z. Lung infections after cancer chemotherapy. [review]. Lancet Oncol 9 10 (2008) 982-992
38. Safdar A., and Rolston K.V. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: changing spectrum of a serious bacterial pathogen in patients with cancer. [review]. Clin Infect Dis 45 12 (2007) 1602-1609
39. Paez J.I., and Costa S.F. Risk factors associated with mortality of infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia: a systematic review. [review]. J Hosp Infect 70 2 (2008) 101-108
40. Gruson D., Hilbert G., Valentino R., et al. Utility of fiberoptic bronchoscopy in neutropenic patients admitted to the intensive care unit with pulmonary infiltrates. Crit Care Med 28 (2000) 2224-2230
41. Boersma W.G., Erjavec Z., van der Werf T.S., et al. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in granulocytopenic patients with hematologic malignancies: BAL versus PSB and PBAL. Respir Med 101 2 (2007) 317-325
42. Zihlif M., Khanchandani G., Ahmed H.P., et al. Surgical lung biopsy in patients with hematological malignancy or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and unexplained pulmonary infiltrates: improved outcome with specific diagnosis. Am J Hematol 78 2 (2005) 94-99
43. White D.A., Wong P.W., and Downey R. The utility of open lung biopsy in patients with hematologic malignancies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 161 (2000) 723-729
44. Thomas Jr. C.F., and Limper A.H. Pneumocystis pneumonia. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 2487-2498
45. Roblot F., Imbert S., Godet C., et al. Risk factors analysis for Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PCP) in patients with haematological malignancies and pneumonia. Scand J Infect Dis 36 (2004) 848-854
46. Rai K.R., Freter C.E., Mercier R.J., et al. Alemtuzumab in previously treated chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients who also had received fludarabine. J Clin Oncol 20 (2002) 3891-3897
47. Bollee G., Sarfati C., Thiery G., et al. Clinical picture of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia in cancer patients. Chest 132 (2007) 1305-1310
48. Azoulay E., Bergeron A., Chevret S., et al. Polymerase chain reaction for diagnosing pneumocystis pneumonia in non-HIV immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Chest 135 (2009) 655-661
49. Martino R., Porras R.P., Rabella N., et al. Prospective study of the incidence, clinical features, and outcome of symptomatic upper and lower respiratory tract infections by respiratory viruses in adult recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplants for hematologic malignancies. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 11 (2005) 781-796
50. Nichols W.G., Corey L., Gooley T., et al. Parainfluenza virus infections after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: risk factors, response to antiviral therapy, and effect on transplant outcome. Blood 98 (2001) 573-578
51. Chemaly R.F., Ghosh S., Bodey G.P., et al. Respiratory viral infections in adults with hematologic malignancies and human stem cell transplantation recipients: a retrospective study at a major cancer center. Medicine (Baltimore) 85 (2006) 278-287
52. Peck A.J., Englund J.A., Kuypers J., et al. Respiratory virus infection among hematopoietic cell transplant recipients: evidence for asymptomatic parainfluenza virus infection. Blood 110 (2007) 1681-1688
53. Shorr A.F., Susla G.M., and O'Grady N.P. Pulmonary infiltrates in the non-HIV-infected immunocompromised patient: etiologies, diagnostic strategies, and outcomes. [review]. Chest 125 1 (2004) 260-271
54. van Elden L.J., van Kraaij M.G., Nijhuis M., et al. Polymerase chain reaction is more sensitive than viral culture and antigen testing for the detection of respiratory viruses in adults with hematological cancer and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 34 (2002) 177-183
55. Bernard G.R., Artigas A., Brigham K.L., et al. The American-European Consensus Conference on ARDS. Definitions, mechanisms, relevant outcomes, and clinical trial coordination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149 (1994) 818-824
56. Luhr O.R., Antonsen K., Karlsson M., et al. Incidence and mortality after acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome in Sweden, Denmark, and Iceland. The ARF Study Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159 (1999) 1849-1861
57. Wind J., Versteegt J., Twisk J., et al. Epidemiology of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome in The Netherlands: a survey. Respir Med 101 (2007) 2091-2098
58. Rubenfeld G.D., Caldwell E., Peabody E., et al. Incidence and outcomes of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 353 16 (2005) 1685-1693
59. Rubenfeld G.D., and Herridge M.S. Epidemiology and outcomes of acute lung injury. [review]. Chest 131 2 (2007) 554-562
60. Jeon K., Yoon J.W., Suh G.Y., et al. Risk factors for post-pneumonectomy acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome in primary lung cancer patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 37 1 (2009) 14-19
61. Kutlu C.A., Williams E.A., Evans T.W., et al. Acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome after pulmonary resection. Ann Thorac Surg 69 2 (2000) 376-380
62. Dulu A., Pastores S.M., Park B., et al. Prevalence and mortality of acute lung injury and ARDS after lung resection. Chest 130 1 (2006) 73-78
63. Ware L.B., and Matthay M.A. The acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1334-1349
64. Laufe M.D., Simon R.H., Flint A., et al. Adult respiratory distress syndrome in neutropenic patients. Am J Med 80 6 (1986) 1022-1026
65. Kress J.P., Christenson J., Pohlman A.S., et al. Outcomes of critically ill cancer patients in a university hospital setting. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160 (1999) 1957-1961
66. Nelson S., Belknap S.M., Carlson R.W., et al. A randomized controlled trial of filgrastim as an adjunct to antibiotics for treatment of hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia. CAP Study Group. J Infect Dis 178 4 (1998) 1075-1080
67. Wheeler A.P., Bernard G.R., Thompson B.T., et al. Pulmonary-artery versus central venous catheter to guide treatment of acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2213-2224
68. Wiedemann H.P., Wheeler A.P., Bernard G.R., et al. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2564-2575
69. Mercat A., Richard J.C., Vielle B., et al. Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299 (2008) 646-655
70. Stewart R.M., Park P.K., Hunt J.P., et al. Less is more: improved outcomes in surgical patients with conservative fluid administration and central venous catheter monitoring. J Am Coll Surg 208 (2009) 725-735
71. Brower R.G., Lanken P.N., MacIntyre N., et al. Higher versus lower positive end-expiratory pressures in patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 327-336
72. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Network. N Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1301-1308
73. Talmor D., Sarge T., Malhotra A., et al. Mechanical ventilation guided by esophageal pressure in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med 359 20 (2008) 2095-2104
74. Meduri G.U., Headley A.S., Golden E., et al. Effect of prolonged methylprednisolone therapy in unresolving acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 280 (1998) 159-165
75. Steinberg K.P., Hudson L.D., Goodman R.B., et al. Efficacy and safety of corticosteroids for persistent acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 1671-1684
76. Hough C.L., Steinberg K.P., Taylor Thompson B., et al. Intensive care unit-acquired neuromyopathy and corticosteroids in survivors of persistent ARDS. Intensive Care Med 35 1 (2009) 63-68
77. Meduri G.U., Marik P.E., Chrousos G.P., et al. Steroid treatment in ARDS: a critical appraisal of the ARDS network trial and the recent literature. Intensive Care Med 34 1 (2008) 61-69
78. Zambon M., and Vincent J.L. Mortality rates for patients with acute lung injury/ARDS have decreased over time. Chest 133 (2008) 1120-1127
79. Erickson S.E., Martin G.S., Davis J.L., et al. Recent trends in acute lung injury mortality: 1996-2005. Crit Care Med 37 5 (2009) 1574-1579
80. Davidson T.A., Caldwell E.S., Curtis J.R., et al. Reduced quality of life in survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome compared with critically ill control patients. JAMA 281 (1999) 354-360
81. Dowdy D.W., Bienvenu O.J., Dinglas V.D., et al. Are intensive care factors associated with depressive symptoms 6 months after acute lung injury?. Crit Care Med 37 5 (2009) 1702-1707
82. Hopkins R.O., Weaver L.K., Collingridge D., et al. Two-year cognitive, emotional, and quality-of-life outcomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 171 (2005) 340-347
83. Herridge M.S., Cheung A.M., Tansey C.M., et al. Canadian Critical Care Trials Group. One-year outcomes in survivors of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. N Engl J Med 348 8 (2003) 683-693
84. Kress J.P., Pohlman A.S., O'Connor M.F., et al. Daily interruption of sedative infusions in critically ill patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. N Engl J Med 342 20 (2000) 1471-1477
85. Girard T.D., Kress J.P., Fuchs B.D., et al. Efficacy and safety of a paired sedation and ventilator weaning protocol for mechanically ventilated patients in intensive care (Awakening and Breathing Controlled trial): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 371 9607 (2008) 126-134
86. Schweickert W.D., Pohlman M.C., Pohlman A.S., et al. Early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 373 9678 (2009) 1874-1882
87. Vahid B., and Marik P.E. Pulmonary complications of novel antineoplastic agents for solid tumors. [review]. Chest 133 2 (2008) 528-538
88. Ohnishi H., Yokoyama A., Yasuhara Y., et al. Circulating KL-6 levels in patients with drug induced pneumonitis. Thorax 58 10 (2003) 872-875
89. Camus P., Kudoh S., and Ebina M. Interstitial lung disease associated with drug therapy. [review]. Br J Cancer 91 Suppl 2 (2004) S18-S23
90. Sallah S., Wan J.Y., and Nguyen N.P. Venous thrombosis in patients with solid tumors: determination of frequency and characteristics. Thromb Haemost 87 (2002) 575-579
91. Heit J.A., Silverstein M.D., Mohr D.N., et al. Risk factors for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a population-based case-control study. Arch Intern Med 160 (2000) 809-815
92. Lee A.Y., and Levine M.N. Venous thromboembolism and cancer: risks and outcomes. Circulation 107 23 Suppl 1 (2003) I17-I21
93. DeSancho M.T., and Rand J.H. Bleeding and thrombotic complications in critically ill patients with cancer. [review]. Crit Care Clin 17 3 (2001) 599-622
94. Stein P.D., Woodard P.K., Weg J.G., et al. PIOPED II investigators. Diagnostic pathways in acute pulmonary embolism: recommendations of the PIOPED II investigators. Am J Med 119 12 (2006) 1048-1055
95. Anderson D.R., Kahn S.R., Rodger M.A., et al. Computed tomographic pulmonary angiography vs ventilation-perfusion lung scanning in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 298 23 (2007) 2743-2753
96. Stein P.D., Fowler S.E., Goodman L.R., et al. PIOPED II Investigators. Multidetector computed tomography for acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 354 22 (2006) 2317-2327
97. Lee A.Y., Julian J.A., Levine M.N., et al. Clinical utility of a rapid whole-blood D-dimer assay in patients with cancer who present with suspected acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 131 6 (1999) 417-423
98. van Belle A., Büller H.R., Huisman M.V., et al. Christopher Study Investigators. Effectiveness of managing suspected pulmonary embolism using an algorithm combining clinical probability, D-dimer testing, and computed tomography. JAMA 295 2 (2006) 172-179
99. Petralia G.A., and Kakkar A.K. Treatment of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Semin Thromb Hemost 33 7 (2007) 707-711
100. Pastores S.M. Management of venous thromboembolism in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care 24 2 (2009) 185-191
101. Kearon C., Kahn S.R., Agnelli G., et al. American College of Chest Physicians. Antithrombotic therapy for venous thromboembolic disease: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 454S-545S Erratum in: Chest 2008;134(4):892
102. Warkentin T.E., Greinacher A., Koster A., et al. American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (8th Edition). Chest 133 Suppl 6 (2008) 340S-380S
103. Simonneau G., Sors H., Charbonnier B., et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Héparine Standard: Évaluations dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med 337 10 (1997) 663-669
104. The Columbus Investigators. Low-molecular-weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 337 10 (1997) 657-662
105. Carlbom D.J., and Davidson B.L. Pulmonary embolism in the critically ill. Chest 132 1 (2007) 313-324
106. Konstantinides S. Clinical practice. Acute pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 359 26 (2008) 2804-2813
107. Schunn C., Schunn G.B., Hobbs G., et al. Inferior vena cava filter placement in late-stage cancer. Vasc Endovascular Surg 40 4 (2006) 287-294
108. Decousus H., Leizorovicz A., Parent F., et al. A clinical trial of vena caval filters in the prevention of pulmonary embolism in patients with proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Prévention du Risque d'Embolie Pulmonaire par Interruption Cave Study Group. N Engl J Med 338 7 (1998) 409-415
109. Streiff M.B. Vena caval filters: a review for intensive care specialists. J Intensive Care Med 18 2 (2003) 59-79
110. Afessa B., Tefferi A., Litzow M.R., et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage in hematopoietic stem cell recipients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 166 (2002) 641-645
111. Lewis I.D., DeFor T., and Weisdorf D.J. Increasing incidence of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation: cryptic etiology and uncertain therapy. Bone Marrow Transplant 26 (2000) 539-543
112. Metcalf J.P., Rennard S.I., Reed E.C., et al. Corticosteroids as adjunctive therapy for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage associated with bone marrow transplantation: University of Nebraska Medical Center Bone Marrow Transplant Group. Am J Med 96 (1994) 327-334
113. Pastores S.M., Papadopoulos E., Voigt L., et al. Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage after allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: treatment with recombinant factor VIIa. Chest 124 6 (2003) 2400-2403
114. Heslet L., Nielsen J.D., Levi M., et al. Successful pulmonary administration of activated recombinant factor VII in diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Crit Care 10 6 (2006) R177
115. Kotloff R.M., Ahya V.N., and Crawford S.W. Pulmonary complications of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 170 1 (2004) 22-48
116. Jawa R.S., Anillo S., and Kulaylat M.N. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. [review]. J Intensive Care Med 23 2 (2008) 109-121
117. Triulzi D.J. Transfusion-related acute lung injury: current concepts for the clinician. Anesth Analg 108 3 (2009) 770-776
118. Gajic O., and Moore S.B. Transfusion-related acute lung injury. [review]. Mayo Clin Proc 80 6 (2005) 766-770
119. Marks L.B., Yu X., Vujaskovic Z., et al. Radiation-induced lung injury. [review]. Semin Radiat Oncol 13 3 (2003) 333-345
120. Provatopoulou X., Athanasiou E., and Gounaris A. Predictive markers of radiation pneumonitis. Anticancer Res 28 4C (2008) 2421-2432
121. Ghafoori P., Marks L.B., Vujaskovic Z., et al. Radiation-induced lung injury. Assessment, management, and prevention. Oncology (Williston Park) 22 1 (2008) 37-47 [discussion: 52-3]
122. Titulaer M.J., Wirtz P.W., Willems L.N., et al. Screening for small-cell lung cancer: a follow-up study of patients with Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. J Clin Oncol 26 (2008) 4276
123. Lang B., Pinto A., Giovannini F., et al. Pathogenic autoantibodies in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 998 (2003) 187
124. Maddison P., and Newsom-Davis J. Treatment for Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. [review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2 (2005) CD003279
125. Mehta S. Neuromuscular disease causing acute respiratory failure. Respir Care 51 9 (2006) 1016-1021
126. Soares M., Salluh J.I., and Azoulay E. Noninvasive ventilation in patients with malignancies and hypoxemic acute respiratory failure: a still pending question. J Crit Care (2009) [Epub ahead of print]
127. Marik P.E. Noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation in patients with malignancy. [review]. Am J Hosp Palliat Care 24 5 (2007) 417-421
128. Girard T.D., and Bernard G.R. Mechanical ventilation in ARDS: a state-of-the-art review. [review]. Chest 131 3 (2007) 921-929
129. Soares M., and Salluh J.I. Validation of the SAPS 3 admission prognostic model in patients with cancer in need of intensive care. Intensive Care Med 32 11 (2006) 1839-1844
130. Curtis J.R., and White D.B. Practical guidance for evidence-based ICU family conferences. [review]. Chest 134 4 (2008) 835-843
131. Lautrette A., Darmon M., Megarbane B., et al. A communication strategy and brochure for relatives of patients dying in the ICU. N Engl J Med 356 5 (2007) 469-478 [Erratum in: N Engl J Med 2007 Jul 12;357(2):203]
132. Lilly C.M., De Meo D.L., Sonna L.A., et al. An intensive communication intervention for the critically ill. Am J Med 109 6 (2000) 469-475
133. Gries C.J., Curtis J.R., Wall R.J., et al. Family member satisfaction with end-of-life decision making in the ICU. Chest 133 3 (2008) 704-712
134. Wright A.A., Zhang B., Ray A., et al. Associations between end-of-life discussions, patient mental health, medical care near death, and caregiver bereavement adjustment. JAMA 300 14 (2008) 1665-1673
135. Schneiderman L.J., Gilmer T., Teetzel H.D., et al. Effect of ethics consultations on nonbeneficial life-sustaining treatments in the intensive care setting: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 290 9 (2003) 1166-1172
136. Campbell M.L., and Guzman J.A. Impact of a proactive approach to improve end-of-life care in a medical ICU. Chest 123 1 (2003) 266-271