Stroke in HIV infection and AIDS

Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy

Volumn 7, Issue 10, 2009, Pages 1263-1271

  Dobbs, Michael R ^b   Berger, Joseph R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

AIDS; Epidemiology; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; Intracerebral hemorrhage; Stroke; Vasculopathy

Indexed keywords

ACICLOVIR; ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT; CARDIOLIPIN ANTIBODY; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; LUPUS ANTICOAGULANT; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN VASCULITIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; DEMOGRAPHY; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HEART INFARCTION; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; INTRACARDIAC THROMBOSIS; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ABUSE; MENINGITIS; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PREVALENCE; PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; STROKE; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; VASCULAR DISEASE;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AGING; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; STROKE;

EID: 70449717054     PISSN: 14779072     EISSN: 17448344     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/erc.09.72     Document Type: Review

References (94)

1. Berger JR, Harris JO, Gregorios J, Norenberg M. Cerebrovascular disease in AIDS: a case-control study. AIDS 4(3), 239-244 (1990). (Pubitemid 20147002)
2. Gebo KA, Justice A. HIV infection in the elderly. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 11(3), 246-254 (2009).
3. Murray JM, McDonald AM, Law MG. Rapidly ageing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men in Australia. Sex. Health 6(1), 83-86 (2009).
4. Martin CP, Fain MJ, Klotz SA. The older HIV-positive adult: a critical review of the medical literature. Am. J. Med. 121(12), 1032-1037 (2008).
5. Hadigan C, JB Meigs, Corcoran C et al. Metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults with human immunodeficiency virus infection and lipodystrophy. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(1), 130-139 (2001).
6. Carr A. HIV lipodystrophy: risk factors, pathogenesis, diagnosis and management. AIDS 17(Suppl. 1), S141-S148 (2003). (Pubitemid 36667790)
7. Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P et al. Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients - association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS 17(8), 1179-1193 (2003).
8. Friis-Moller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N. Engl. J. Med. 356(17), 1723-1735 (2007). (Pubitemid 46658704)
9. Jerico C, Knobel H, Calvo N et al. Subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients: role of combination antiretroviral therapy. Stroke 37(3), 812-817 (2006). (Pubitemid 43731914)
10. Subsai K, Kanoksri S, Siwaporn C, Helen L, Kanokporn O, Wantana P. Neurological complications in AIDS patients receiving HAART: a 2-year retrospective study. Eur. J. Neurol. 13(3), 233-239 (2006).
11. Bardgett HP, Dixon M, Beeching NJ. Increase in hospital mortality from non-communicable disease and HIV-related conditions in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe, between 1992 and 2000. Trop. Doct. 36(3), 129-131 (2006).
12. Pinto AN. AIDS and cerebrovascular disease. Stroke 27(3), 538-543 (1996).
13. Qureshi AI, Janssen RS, Karon JM et al. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and stroke in young patients. Arch. Neurol. 54(9), 1150-1153 (1997).
14. Evers S, Nabavi D, Rahmann A, Heese C, Reichelt D, Husstedt IW. Ischaemic cerebrovascular events in HIV infection: a cohort study. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 15(3), 199-205 (2003).
15. Cole JW, Pinto AN, Hebel JR et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the risk of stroke. Stroke 35(1), 51-56 (2004).
16. Hoffmann M, Berger JR, Nath A, Rayens M. Cerebrovascular disease in young, HIV-infected, black Africans in the KwaZulu Natal province of South Africa. J. Neurovirol. 6(3), 229-236 (2000). (Pubitemid 30447167)
17. Tipping B, de Villiers L, Wainwright H, Candy S, Bryer A. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78(12), 1320-1324 (2007). (Pubitemid 350221410)
18. Connor M. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 78(12), 1291 (2007).
19. Ortiz G, Koch S, Romano JG, Forteza AM, Rabinstein AA. Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in HIV-infected patients. Neurology 68(16), 1257-1261 (2007). (Pubitemid 46625970)
20. Park YD, Belman AL, Kim TS et al. Stroke in pediatric acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 28(3), 303-311 (1990).
21. Gillams AR, Allen E, Hrieb K, Venna N, Craven D, Carter AP. Cerebral infarction in patients with AIDS. Am. J. Neuroradiol. 18(8), 1581-1585 (1997).
22. Chalazonitis AN, Nomikou E, Condilis N et al. Intracranial hemorrhage in a HIV patient. Case report and review of the literature. Ann. Ital. Chir. 78(3), 237-241 (2007).
23. Antunes SV, Vicari P, Cavalheiro S, Bordin JO. Intracranial haemorrhage among a population of haemophilic patients in Brazil. Haemophilia 9(5), 573-577 (2003).
24. Ake JA, Erickson JC, Lowry KJ. Cerebral aneurysmal arteriopathy associated with HIV infection in an adult. Clin. Infect. Dis. 43(5), E46-E50 (2006).
25. Kim IY, Jung S, Jung TY, Kang SS, Choi C. Primary central nervous system lymphoma presenting as an acute massive intracerebral hemorrhage: case report with immunohistochemical study. Surg. Neurol. 70(3), 308-311 (2008).
26. Berlit P, Popescu O, Weng Y, Malessa R. Disseminated cerebral hemorrhages as unusual manifestation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in AIDS. J. Neurol. Sci. 143(1-2), 187-189 (1996). (Pubitemid 26402811)
27. Roquer J, Palomeras E, Knobel H, Pou A. Intracerebral haemorrhage in AIDS. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 8(4), 222-227 (1998).
28. Saif MW, Greenberg B. HIV and thrombosis: a review. AIDS Patient Care STDS 15(1), 15-24 (2001).
29. Shen YM, Frenkel EP. Thrombosis and a hypercoagulable state in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Appl. Thromb. Hemost. 10(3), 277-280 (2004).
30. Sene D, Piette JC, Cacoub P. Antiphospholipid antibodies, antiphospholipid syndrome and infections. Autoimmun. Rev. 7(4), 272-277 (2008).
31. Abuaf N, Laperche S, Rajoely B et al. Autoantibodies to phospholipids and to the coagulation proteins in AIDS. Thromb. Haemost. 77(5), 856-861 (1997).
32. Avcin T, Toplak N. Antiphospholipid antibodies in response to infection. Curr. Rheumatol. Rep. 9(3), 212-218 (2007).
33. Rubbert A, Bock E, Schwab J et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies in HIV infection: association with cerebral perfusion defects as detected by 99mTc- HMPAO SPECT. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 98(3), 361-368 (1994). (Pubitemid 24374717)
34. Keeling DM, Birley H, Machin SJ. Multiple transient ischaemic attacks and a mild thrombotic stroke in a HIV-positive patient with anticardiolipin antibodies. Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 1(3), 333-335 (1990).
35. Brew BJ, Miller J. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-related transient neurological deficits. Am. J. Med. 101(3), 257-261 (1996). (Pubitemid 26392438)
36. Giordano N, Amendola A, Papakostas P et al. Possible pathogenetic role of antiphospholipid antibodies in a clinical case of human immunodeficiency virus infection with peripheral polyneuropathy and arterial thrombosis. New Microbiol. 28(3), 261-263 (2005). (Pubitemid 41367864)
37. Germano N, Mendonca P, Murinello A. Pulmonary embolism associated to HIV infection. Rev. Port. Pneumol. 11(4), 407-412 (2005). (Pubitemid 41631179)
38. Shahnaz S, Parikh G, Opran A. Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome manifesting as a deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in a patient with HIV. Am. J. Med. Sci. 327(4), 231-232 (2004).
39. Hassoun A, Al-Kadhimi Z, Cervia J. HIV infection and antiphospholipid antibody: literature review and link to the antiphospholipid syndrome. AIDS Patient Care STDS 18(6), 333-340 (2004). (Pubitemid 38821789)
40. Brown P, Crane L. Avascular necrosis of bone in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: report of 6 cases and review of the literature. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32(8), 1221-1226 (2001). (Pubitemid 32381126)
41. Green D, Otoya J, Oriba H, Rovner R. Protein S deficiency in middle-aged women with stroke. Neurology 42(5), 1029-1033 (1992).
42. Mayer SA, Sacco RL, Hurlet-Jensen A, Shi T, Mohr JP. Free protein S deficiency in acute ischemic stroke. A case-control study. Stroke 24(2), 224-227 (1993). (Pubitemid 23043460)
43. Restrepo L, Fayad P. Hypercoagulability. Continuum 9, 69-82 (2003).
44. Mochan A, Modi M, Modi G. Stroke in black South African HIV-positive patients: a prospective analysis. Stroke 34(1), 10-15 (2003). (Pubitemid 36070791)
45. Mochan A, Modi M, Modi G. Protein S deficiency in HIV associated ischaemic stroke: an epiphenomenon of HIV infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 76(10), 1455-1456 (2005). (Pubitemid 41360992)
46. Rodriguez GJ, Cordina SM, Vazquez G et al. The hydration influence on the risk of stroke (THIRST) study. Neurocrit. Care 10(2), 187-194 (2009).
47. deMarinis M, Arnett EN. Cerebrovascular occlusion in a transsexual man taking mestranol. Arch. Intern. Med. 138(11), 1732-1733 (1978).
48. Ott J, Kaufmann U, Bentz EK, Huber JC, Tempfer CB. Incidence of thrombophilia and venous thrombosis in transsexuals under cross-sex hormone therapy. Fertil. Steril. DOI: 10.1016/j. fertnstert.2008.12.017 (2009) (Epub ahead of print).
49. Martin CM, Matlow AG, Chew E, Sutton D, Pruzanski W. Hyperviscosity syndrome in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Intern. Med. 149(6), 1435-1436 (1989). (Pubitemid 19163546)
50. Paul B, Houston S, Latif AS. HIV infection associated with the plasma hyperviscosity syndrome: a report of two fatal cases. AIDS 4(12), 1302-1304 (1990).
51. Garderet L, Fabiani B, Lacombe K, Girard PM, Flejou JF, Gorin NC. Hyperviscosity syndrome in an HIV-1-positive patient. Am. J. Med. 117(11), 891-893 (2004).
52. Kwaan HC, Wang J. Hyperviscosity in polycythemia vera and other red cell abnormalities. Semin. Thromb. Hemost. 29(5), 451-458 (2003). (Pubitemid 37352644)
53. Cerrato P, Grasso M, Imperiale D et al. Stroke in young patients: etiopathogenesis and risk factors in different age classes. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 18(2), 154-159 (2004). (Pubitemid 39077852)
54. Roldan EO, Moskowitz L, Hensley GT. Pathology of the heart in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 111(10), 943-946 (1987). (Pubitemid 17145645)
55. Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S, Gold JW, Metroka CE, Posner JB. Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. Ann. Neurol. 14(4), 403-418 (1983).
56. Levy RM, Bredesen DE. Central nervous system dysfunction in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1(1), 41-64 (1988).
57. Engstrom JW, Lowenstein DH, Bredesen DE. Cerebral infarctions and transient neurologic deficits associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am. J. Med. 86(5), 528-532 (1989).
58. Mesquita ET, Ramos RG, Ferrari AH, Martins Wde A, da Cruz GG. [Rheumatic heart disease and infective endocarditis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 67(4), 255-257 (1996).
59. Hagen PT, Scholz DG, Edwards WD. Incidence and size of patent foramen ovale during the first 10 decades of life: an autopsy study of 965 normal hearts. Mayo Clin. Proc. 59(1), 17-20 (1984).
60. Schifitto G, Holloway R. Cerebrovascular disease in patients with HIV-1 associated pulmonary hypertension. J. NeuroAIDS 2(2), 57-64 (1999). (Pubitemid 30012142)
61. Kieburtz KD, Eskin TA, Ketonen L, Tuite MJ. Opportunistic cerebral vasculopathy and stroke in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch. Neurol. 50(4), 430-432 (1993). (Pubitemid 23105469)
62. Eidelberg D, Sotrel A, Horoupian DS, Neumann PE, Pumarola-Sune T, Price RW. Thrombotic cerebral vasculopathy associated with herpes zoster. Ann. Neurol. 19(1), 7-14 (1986). (Pubitemid 16137973)
63. Johns DR, Tierney M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N. Engl. J. Med. 316(25), 1569-1572 (1987).
64. Kase CS, Levitz SM, Wolinsky JS, Sulis CA. Pontine pure motor hemiparesis due to meningovascular syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch. Neurol. 45(8), 832 (1988).
65. Berger JR. Neurosyphilis. In: Neurology Medlink. Gilman SA (Ed.). Arbor Publications, CA, USA (2009).
66. Hook EJ. Syphilis in Infections of the Central Nervous System. Scheld WM, Whitley RJ, Durack DT (Eds). Lippincott-Raven, PA, USA, 669-684 (1997).
67. Nagel MA, Cohrs RJ, Mahalingam R et al. The varicella zoster virus vasculopathies: clinical, CSF, imaging, and virologic features. Neurology 70(11), 853-860 (2008).
68. Amlie-Lefond C, Kleinschmidt- DeMasters BK, Mahalingam R, Davis LE, Gilden DH. The vasculopathy of varicella-zoster virus encephalitis. Ann. Neurol. 37(6), 784-790 (1995).
69. Gilden DH, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Forghani B. The protean manifestations of varicellazoster virus vasculopathy. J. Neurovirol. 8(Suppl. 2), 75-79 (2002).
70. Gray F, Belec L, Lescs MC et al. Varicella-zoster virus infection of the central nervous system in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Brain 117 (Pt 5), 987-999 (1994). (Pubitemid 24350534)
71. Frank Y, Lu D, Pavlakis S, Black K, LaRussa P, Hyman RA. Childhood AIDS, varicella zoster, and cerebral vasculopathy. J. Child Neurol. 12(7), 464-466 (1997).
72. Nogueras C, Sala M, Sasal M et al. Recurrent stroke as a manifestation of primary angiitis of the central nervous system in a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch. Neurol. 59(3), 468-473 (2002). (Pubitemid 34208159)
73. Melica G, Brugieres P, Lascaux AS, Levy Y, Lelievre JD. Primary vasculitis of the central nervous system in patients infected with HIV-1 in the HAART era. J. Med. Virol. 81(4), 578-581 (2009).
74. Cornely OA, Hauschild S, Weise C et al. Seroprevalence and disease association of antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies and antigens in HIV infection. Infection 27(2), 92-96 (1999). (Pubitemid 29142161)
75. Jansen TL, van Houte D, de Vries T, Wolthuis A. ANCA seropositivity in HIV: a serological pitfall. Neth. J. Med. 63(7), 270-274 (2005). (Pubitemid 41179438)
76. Winslow BT, Voorhees KI, Pehl KA. Methamphetamine abuse. Am. Fam. Physician 76(8), 1169-1174 (2007).
77. Seaman ME. Acute cocaine abuse associated with cerebral infarction. Ann. Emerg. Med. 19(1), 34-37 (1990).
78. Diez-Tejedor E, Frank A, Gutierrez M, Barreiro P. Encephalopathy and biopsyproven cerebrovascular inflammatory changes in a cocaine abuser. Eur. J. Neurol. 5(1), 103-107 (1998). (Pubitemid 28059613)
79. Nolte KB, Brass LM, Fletterick CF. Intracranial hemorrhage associated with cocaine abuse: a prospective autopsy study. Neurology 46(5), 1291-1296 (1996).
80. Aggarwal SK, Williams V, Levine SR, Cassin BJ, Garcia JH. Cocaine-associated intracranial hemorrhage: absence of vasculitis in 14 cases. Neurology 46(6), 1741-1743 (1996). (Pubitemid 26185805)
81. Ohta K, Mori M, Yoritaka A, Okamoto K, Kishida S. Delayed ischemic stroke associated with methamphetamine use. J. Emerg. Med. 28(2), 165-167 (2005). (Pubitemid 40221957)
82. Miller MA, Coon TP. Re: Delayed ischemic stroke associated with methamphetamine use. J. Emerg. Med. 31(3), 305-306, author reply 306 (2006).
83. Connor MD, Lammie GA, Bell JE, Warlow CP, Simmonds P, Brettle RD. Cerebral infarction in adult AIDS patients: observations from the Edinburgh HIV Autopsy Cohort. Stroke 31(9), 2117-2126 (2000). (Pubitemid 30702781)
84. Mizusawa H, Hirano A, Llena JF, Shintaku M. Cerebrovascular lesions in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Acta Neuropathol. 76(5), 451-457 (1988). (Pubitemid 18209919)
85. Tipping B, de Villiers L, Candy S, Wainwright H. Stroke caused by human immunodeficiency virus-associated intracranial large-vessel aneurysmal vasculopathy. Arch. Neurol. 63(11), 1640-1642 (2006). (Pubitemid 44748809)
86. Tran Dinh YR, Mamo H, Cervoni J, Caulin C, Saimot AC. Disturbances in the cerebral perfusion of human immune deficiency virus-1 seropositive asymptomatic subjects: a quantitative tomography study of 18 cases. J. Nucl. Med. 31(10), 1601-1607 (1990). (Pubitemid 20347039)
87. Brilla R, Nabavi DG, Schulte-Altedorneburg G et al. Cerebral vasculopathy in HIV infection revealed by transcranial Doppler: a pilot study. Stroke 30(4), 811-813 (1999). (Pubitemid 29156373)
88. Maggi P, Serio G, Epifani G et al. Premature lesions of the carotid vessels in HIV-1-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. AIDS 14(16), F123-F128 (2000).
89. Depairon M, Chessex S, Sudre P et al. Premature atherosclerosis in HIV-infected individuals - focus on protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 15(3), 329-334 (2001).
90. Hsue PY, Lo JC, Franklin A et al. Progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by carotid intima-media thickness in patients with HIV infection. Circulation 109(13), 1603-1608 (2004). (Pubitemid 38451715)
91. Oliviero U, Bonadies G, Apuzzi V et al. Human immunodeficiency virus per se exerts atherogenic effects. Atherosclerosis 204(2), 586-589 (2008).
92. Francisci D, Giannini S, Baldelli F et al. HIV type 1 infection, and not short-term HAART, induces endothelial dysfunction. AIDS 23(5), 589-596 (2009).
93. Barbaro G, Iacobellis G. Metabolic syndrome associated with HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy. Curr. Diab. Rep. 9(1), 37-42 (2009).
94. Zou W, Berglund L. HIV and highly active antiretroviral therapy: dyslipidemia, metabolic aberrations, and cardiovascular risk. Prev. Cardiol. 10(2), 96-103; quiz 104-105 (2007).