The effect of pitching biomechanics on the upper extremity in youth and adolescent baseball pitchers

American Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 8, 2009, Pages 1484-1491

  Davis, J T ^a   Limpisvasti, Orr ^b   Fluhme, Derrick ^c   Mohr, Karen J ^b   Yocum, Lewis A ^b   Elattrache, Neal S ^b   Jobe, Frank W ^b  

^a Southern Illinois Orthopaedic Clinic   (United States)

^b KERLAN JOBE ORTHOPAEDIC CLINIC   (United States)

^c South Hills Orthopaedic Surgery   (United States)

Author keywords

Baseball; Biomechanics; Pitching; Youth baseball

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARM; ARTICLE; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BASEBALL; BIOMECHANICS; BODY MOVEMENT; CHILD; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMERUS; JOINT MOBILITY; MALE; MOTION ANALYSIS SYSTEM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SAFETY; SCHOOL CHILD; TORQUE; ELBOW; INJURY; MOVEMENT (PHYSIOLOGY); PHYSIOLOGY; SHOULDER; SPORT INJURY; STANDARD;

ADOLESCENT; ATHLETIC INJURIES; ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE; BASEBALL; BIOMECHANICS; CHILD; ELBOW JOINT; HUMANS; MALE; MOVEMENT; SHOULDER JOINT; UPPER EXTREMITY;

EID: 70449714160     PISSN: 03635465     EISSN: 15523365     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0363546509340226     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Adams JE. Injury to the throwing arm: a study of traumatic changes in the elbow joints of boy baseball players. Calif Med. 1965;102(2):127-132.
2. Aguinaldo AL, Buttermore J, Chambers H. Effects of upper trunk rotation on shoulder joint torque among baseball pitchers of various levels. J Appl Biomech. 2007;23:42-51.
3. Carson WG, Gasser SI. Little Leaguer's shoulder: a report of 23 cases. Am J Sports Med. 1998;26(4):575-580.
4. DaSilva MF, Williams JS, Fadale PD, Hulstyn MJ, Ehrlich MG. Pediatric throwing injuries about the elbow. Am J Orthop. 1998;27:90-96.
5. Dillman CJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of pitching with emphasis upon shoulder kinematics. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;18(2):402-408.
6. Ellis S. The Complete Pitcher Web site. http://www.thecompleteppitcher. com.
7. Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Zheng N, Andrews JR. Kinematic comparisons of throwing different types of baseball pitches. J Appl Biomech. 1998;14:1-23.
8. Feltner ME. Three-dimensional interactions in a two-segment kinetic chain, part I: general model. J Appl Biomech. 1989;5:404-419.
9. Feltner ME, Dapena J. Dynamics of the shoulder and elbow joints of the throwing arm during a baseball pitch. J Appl Biomech. 1986;2:235-239.
10. Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Dillman CJ, Escamilla RF. Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23(2):233-239.
11. Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Zheng N, Escamilla RF, Andrews JR. Kinematic and kinetic comparison of baseball pitching among various levels of development. J Biomech. 1999;32:1371-1375.
12. Glousman R, Jobe F, Tibone J, Moynes D, Antonelli D, Perry J. Dynamic electromyographic analysis of the throwing shoulder with glenohumeral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70(2):220-226.
13. Grana WA, Rashkin A. Pitcher's elbow in adolescents. Am J Sports Med. 1980;8(5):333-336.
14. Gugenheim JJ Jr, Stanley RF, Woods GW, Tullos HS. Little League survey: the Houston study. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4(5):189-200.
15. Hang DW, Chao CM, Hang YS. A clinical and roentgenographic study of Little League elbow. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):79-84.
16. House T. Pitching Mechanics [video]. Dallas, TX: Robert Steinfeld Productions; 1989.
17. Ireland ML, Hutchinson MR. Upper extremity injury in young athletes. Clin Sports Med. 1995;14(3):533-569.
18. Jobe FW. Anterior shoulder instability, impingement, and rotator cuff tear. In: Jobe FW, ed. Operative Techniques in Upper Extremity Sports Injuries. St. Louis, MO; Mosby; 1996:164-176.
19. Johnson R, Rosenthal J, Ryan N. Randy Johnson's Power Pitching: The Big Unit's Secrets to Domination, Intimidation, and Winning. New York, NY: Three Rivers Press; 2003.
20. Kadaba MP, Ramakrishnan HK, Wootten ME. Measurement of lower extremity kinematics during level walking. J Orthop Res. 1990;8(3):383-392.
21. Kocher MS, Waters PM, Micheli LJ. Upper extremity injuries in the paediatric athlete. Sports Med. 2000;30(2):117-135.
22. Larson RL, Singer KM, Bergstrom R, Thomas S. Little League survey: the Eugene study. Am J Sports Med. 1976;4(5):201-209.
23. Limpisvasti O, ElAttrache NS, Jobe FW. Understanding shoulder and elbow injuries in baseball. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2007;15(3):139-147.
24. Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR, Osinski ED. Effect of pitch type, pitch count, and pitching mechanics on risk of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30(4):463-468.
25. Lyman S, Fleisig GS, Waterbor JW, et al. Longitudinal study of elbow and shoulder pain in youth baseball pitchers. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(11):1803-1810.
26. Mullaney MJ, McHugh MP, Donofrio TM, Nicholas SJ. Upper and lower extremity muscle fatigue after a baseball pitching performance. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:108-113.
27. Nicholls R, Fleisig G, Elliott B, Lyman S, Osinski E. Accuracy of qualitative analysis of skilled baseball pitching technique. Sports Biomech. 2003;2:213-226.
28. Pappas AM. Elbow problems associated with baseball during childhood and adolescence. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;164:30-41.
29. Pappas AM, Zawacki RM, Sullivan TJ. Biomechanics of baseball pitching: a preliminary report. Am J Sports Med. 1985;13(4):216-222.
30. Petty DH, Andrews JR, Fleisig GS, Cain EL. Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction in high school baseball players. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(5):1158-1164.
31. Ryan N, House T, Rosenthal J. Nolan Ryan's Pitcher's Bible: The Ultimate Guide to Power, Precision, and Long-Term Performance. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster; 1991.
32. Sabick MB, Kim YK, Torry MR, Keirns MA, Hawkins RJ. Biomechanics of the shoulder in youth baseball pitchers: implications for the development of proximal humeral epiphysiolysis and humeral retrotorsion. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(11):1716-1722.
33. Sabick MB, Torry MR, Kim YK, Hawkins RJ. Humeral torque in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(4):892-898.
34. Sabick MB, Torry MR, Lawton RL, Hawkins RJ. Valgus torque in youth baseball pitchers: a biomechanical study. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2004;13(3):349-355.
35. Stodden DF, Langendorfer SJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing, part I: step and trunk actions. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006;77(4):417-427.
36. Stodden DF, Langendorfer SJ, Fleisig GS, Andrews JR. Kinematic constraints associated with the acquisition of overarm throwing, part II: upper extremity actions. Res Q Exerc Sport. 2006;77(4):428-436.
37. Torg JS, Pollack H, Sweterlitsch P. The effect of competitive pitching on the shoulders and elbows of preadolescent baseball players. Pediatrics. 1972;49(2):267-272.
38. Werner SL, Fleisig GS, Dillman CJ, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of the elbow during baseball pitching. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1993;17(6):274-278.
39. Werner SL, Gill TJ, Murray TA, Cook TD, Hawkins RJ. Relationship between throwing mechanics and shoulder distraction in professional baseball pitchers. Am J Sports Med. 2001;29(3):354-358.
40. Werner SL, Murray TA, Hawkins RJ, Gill TJ. Relationship between throwing mechanics and elbow valgus in professional baseball pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2002;11(2):151-155.