Nation building or nation splitting? Political transition and the dangers of violence

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 21, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 378-400

  Talentino, Andrea Kathryn ^a  

^a DREW UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Authority; Nation building; Transition; Violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449688214     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: 15561836     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546550902950274     Document Type: Article

References (64)

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2. Robert Rotberg, ed., State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror (Washington,DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2002)
3. Francis Fukuyama, State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2004).
4. Francis Fukuyama, Nation-Building 101. The Atlantic, January=February 2004, theatlantic.com=doc=200401=fukuyama.
5. See for example Frederick Starr, Sovereignty and Legitimacy in Afghan Nation-Building, in Francis Fukuyama, ed., Nation-Building: Beyond Afghanistan and Iraq (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006).
6. Roland Paris, At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 6.
7. Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens, eds., Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002);
8. John Paul Lederach, Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1997)
9. Lederach, Civil Society and Reconciliation, in Chester A. Crocker, Fen Hampson, and Pamela Aall, eds., Turbulent Peace (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001)
10. Louis J. Kriesberg, Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003)
11. Krishna Kumar, Healing Communities in Conflict (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999
12. Michael W. Doyle and Nicholas Sambanis, Making War and Building Peace (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006).
13. Niccolo Machiavelli, The Prince and the Discourses (New York: Random House, 1950), 21.
14. Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1968)
15. Chalmers Johnson, Revolutionary Change, 2nd ed. (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1982)
16. Guillermo O'Donnell and Philippe C. Schmitter, Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986)
17. Terry Lynn Karl, Dilemmas of Democratization, Comparative Politics 23, no. 1, 1990
18. Juan J. Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post- Communist Europe (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996).
19. Johnson (see note 8 above), 28; see also Ted Robert Gurr, A Causal Model of Civil Strife, in Ivo K. Feierabend, Rosalind Feierabend, and Gurr, eds., Anger, Violence and Politics (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1972).
20. See Starr (note 4 above)
21. United Nations Development Programme, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Early Warning System-Second Quarterly Report, June 2008. Available at http://www.undp.ba/index.aspx?PID=14.
22. Benjamin Reilly, Post-war elections: uncertain turning points of transition, in Anna K. Jarstad and Timothy Sisk, eds., From War to Democracy: Dilemmas of Peacebuilding (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008)
23. Krishna Kumar, ed., Postconflict Elections, Democratization, and International Assistance (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998
24. see also David C. Rapoport and Leonard Weinberg, eds., The Democratic Experience and Political Violence (London: Frank Cass, 2001).
25. William Reno, Warlord Politics in African States (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1999)
26. Patrick Chabal and Jean-Pascal Daloz, Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999).
27. See Rama Mani, Beyond Retribution: Seeking Justice in the Shadows of War (New York: Polity, 2002).
28. Stedman et al. (see note 6 above); Caroline Hartzell, Matthew Hoddie, and Donald Rothchild Stabilizing Peace After Civil War: An Investigation of Some Key Variables, International Organization 55, no. 1, 2001, 183-208
29. Stephen John Stedman, Civil Wars: Findings From a Study of Sixteen Cases, in Crocker et al., eds. (see note 6 above).
30. Edward Newman and Oliver Richmond, eds., Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution (Tokyo: United Nations University Press, 2006)
31. Jarstad and Sisk, eds. (see note 12 above); John Darby, The Effects of Violence on Peace Processes (Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 2001).
32. Edward D. Mansfield and Jack Snyder, Democratic Transitions, Institutional Strength, and War, International Organization 56, no. 2, 2002, 120.
33. Reno (see note 13 above); David Keen, Incentives and Disincentives for Violence, in Mats Berdal and David Malone, eds., Greed and Grievance: Economic Agendas in Civil Wars (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2000).
34. Adrian Guelke, Violence and Electoral Polarization in Divided Societies: Three Cases in Comparative Perspective, in Rapoport and Weinberg (see note 12 above); Gurr (see note 9 above).
35. See Walker Connor, Nation-Building or Nation-Destroying, World Politics 24, no. 3, 1972, 319-355.
36. Boutrous Boutrous-Ghali, An Agenda for Peace (New York: United Nations Department of Public Information, 1995).
37. Kosovo does not appear on these charts because the World Bank did not have sufficient data for measurement. The sole measurement for that region was on government effectiveness in 2007, but the absence of data from other years provided no means of comparison.
38. Roy Licklider, The Consequences of Negotiated Settlements in Civil Wars, 1945-1993, The American Political Science Review 89, no. 3, 1995, 681-690.
39. Brahman Chellaney, Trying to Patch up Afghanistan is a Futile Diversion, International Herald Tribune, Monday, November 19, 2001. www.iht.com/articles/2001/11/19/edbrahma_ed3_php.
40. Starr (see note 4 above).
41. Laurel Miller and Robert Perito, Establishing the Rule of Law in Afghanistan. US Institute of Peace Special Report No. 117, March 2004.
42. International Crisis Group, Afghanistan: The Need for International Resolve. Asia Report No. 145, 6 February 2008.
43. Human Rights Watch, Afghanistan: Warlords Threaten Integrity of Election. September 28, 2004. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/09/28/afghan9402.htm.
44. International Crisis Group, Afghanistan Elections: Endgame or New Beginning. Asia Report No. 101, 21 July 2005.
45. World Bank, Afghanistan-State Building, Sustaining Growth, and Reducing Poverty (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005), 47.
46. See Starr (note 4 above).
47. Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Breaking Point: Measuring Progress in Afghanistan, 2007, http://www.csis.org/breakingpoint, 42; International Crisis Group, Taliban Propaganda: Winning the War of Words. Asia Report No. 158, 24 July 2008.
48. Michael O'Hanlon and Adriana Lins de Albuquerque, Afghanistan Index, Brookings Institution, February 23, http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/faqs/Afghanistan%20Index.pdf, 13.
49. United Nations Security Council, Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti, 26 March 2008. S=2008=202.
50. UN Security Council (see note 31 above), 17.
51. International Crisis Group, Congo: Staying Engaged After the Elections. Africa Briefing No. 44, 9 January 2007, 4; Jeffrey Gettleman, Congo Struggles to Emerge From Freefall, International Herald Tribune, March 27, 2007.
52. Author interview with Mohammed Dansoko, Program Office for Central and West Africa, National Democratic Institute, March 2006.
53. International Crisis Group, Escaping the Conflict Trap: Promoting Good Governance in the Congo. Africa Report No. 114, 20 July 2006, 4.
54. International Crisis Group, Cote d'Ivoire: Can the Ouagadougou Agreement Bring Peace? Africa Report No. 127, 27 June 2007, 21.
55. Gary Younge, Haiti's militias claim to uphold the law-but now they have become
56. the law, The Guardian International, February 14, 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0114785100.html.
57. Kosovo was earlier noted as an exception. It is worth noting, however, that in spite of the absence of violence Kosovo is one of the most unstable areas in this group, and identity politics likely play a role.
58. Michael W. Doyle, Peacebuilding in Cambodia: The Continuing Quest for Power and Legitimacy. Asia Society. 1997, www.asiasociety.org/publications/cambodia/peacebuilding.html
59. Sorpong Peou, International Democracy Assistance for Peacebuilding: Cambodia and Beyond (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)
60. Sedra Kim, From Peace Keeping to Peace-Building: Cambodia Post-Conflict Democratization. 2007, www.psa.ac.uk/2007/pps/Kim1.pdf.
61. Kim, 8 (see note 38 above); Doyle (see note 38 above).
62. Peou (see note 38 above).
63. International Crisis Group, Sierra Leone: The Election Opportunity. Africa Report No. 129, 12 July 2007.
64. Author interviews with refugees, Conakry, Guinea, October 2002.