Volunteerism: Social issues perspectives and social policy implications

Social Issues and Policy Review

Volumn 2, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-36

  Snyder, Mark ^a   Omoto, Allen M ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

^b CLAREMONT GRADUATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449646245     PISSN: 17512395     EISSN: 17512409     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-2409.2008.00009.x     Document Type: Review

References (158)

1. Allik J, Realo A. Individualism-collectivism and social capital. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2004, 35:29-49.
2. Volunteer 2000 study. Vol. 1: Findings and recommendations 1991, American Red Cross, Washington, DC, Author
3. Astin A, Sax L, Avalos J. The long-term effects of volunteerism during the undergraduate years. Review of Higher Education 1999, 22:187-202.
4. Atkins R, Hart D, Donnelly T. The association of childhood personality type with volunteering during adolescence. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 2005, 51:145-162.
5. Batson C D, Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G. Altruism and prosocial behavior. The handbook of social psychology 1998, 282-316. In, Eds, 4th ed, Vol. 2, pp, New York, McGraw-Hill
6. Boling A L. Volunteer motivations across the lifespan 2006, April, Presented at the annual meeting of the Western Psychological Association, Palm Springs, CA
7. Bringle R G, Duffy D K. With service in mind: Concepts and models for service learning in psychology 1998, Eds, Washington, DC, American Association of Higher Education
8. Brown S L, Nesse R M, Vinokur A D, Smith D M. Providing social support may be more beneficial than receiving it: Results from a prospective study of mortality. Psychological Science 2003, 14:320-327.
9. Callero P L. Role-identity salience. Social Psychology Quarterly 1985, 48:203-214.
10. Callero P L, Howard J A, Piliavin J A. Helping behavior as role behavior: Disclosing social structure and history in the analysis of prosocial action. Social Psychology Quarterly 1987, 50:247-256.
11. Carpenter D. Voluntourism" vacations taking off. 2007, http://www.usatoday.com/travel/destinations/2007-03-29-volunteer-tourism_N.htm, Retrieved May 19, 2008, from
12. Chacon M L, Vecina M C, Davila M C. The three-stage model of volunteers' duration of service. Social Behavior and Personality 2007, 35:627-642.
13. Chambré S M. Kindling points of light: Volunteering as public policy. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 1989, 18:249-268.
14. Charng H, Piliavin J A, Callero P L. Role identity and reasoned action. Social Psychology Quarterly 1988, 51:303-317.
15. Clary E G, Orenstein L. The amount and effectiveness of help: The relationship of motives and abilities to helping behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1991, 17:58-64.
16. Clary E G, Snyder M, Clark M. A functional analysis of altruism and prosocial behavior: The case of volunteerism. Review of personality and social psychology 1991, Vol. 12. In, Ed, Newbury Park, CA, Sage
17. Clary E G, Snyder M, Young D R, Hollister R M, Hodgkinson V A. Persuasive communications strategies for recruiting volunteers. Governing, leading, and managing nonprofit organizations: New insights from research and practice 1993, 121-137. In, Eds, pp, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass
18. Clary E G, Snyder M, Ridge R D, Copeland J T, Stukas A A, Haugen J A, Miene P K. Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: A functional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:1516-1530.
19. Clary E G, Snyder M, Ridge R D, Miene P, Haugen J. Matching messages to motives in persuasion: A functional approach to promoting volunteerism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 1994, 24:1129-1149.
20. Clary E G, Snyder M, Stukas A A. Volunteers motivations: Findings from a national survey. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 1996, 25:485-505.
21. Clary E G, Snyder M, Stukas A A, Bringle R G, Duffy D K. Service-learning and psychology: Lessons from the psychology of volunteers' motivations. With service in mind: Concepts and models for service-learning in 1998, 35-50. In, Eds, pp, Washington, DC, American Association of Higher Education
22. Corporation for National and Community Service. 2008a, http://www.nationalservice.gov/, Corporation for National and Community Service, Retrieved May 19, 2008, from
23. Senior Corps. 2008b, http://www.seniorcorps.gov/, Corporation for National and Community Service, Retrieved May 19, 2008, from
24. Crain A L, Omoto A M, Snyder M. What if you can't always get what you want? Testing a functional approach to volunteerism. 1998, Chicago, IL
25. Crain A L, Snyder M, Omoto A M. Volunteers make a difference: Relationship quality, active coping, and functioning among PWAs with volunteer buddies. 2000, Chicago, IL
26. Curtis J, Baer D, Grabb E. Nations of joiners: Voluntary association memberships in democratic societies. American Sociological Review 2001, 66:783-805.
27. Curtis J E, Grabb E, Baer D. Voluntary association membership in fifteen countries: A comparative analysis. American Sociological Review 1992, 57:139-152.
28. Darley J M, Latané B. Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1968, 8:377-383.
29. Davis M H. The effects of dispositional empathy on emotional reactions and helping: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality 1983, 51:167-184.
30. Davis M H. Empathy: A social psychological approach 1996, Boulder, CO, Westview
31. Davis M H, Omoto A M. Becoming (and remaining) a community volunteer: Does personality matter. Processes of community change and social action 2005, 67-82. In, Ed, pp, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
32. Davis M H, Hall J A, Meyer M. The first year: Influences on the satisfaction, involvement, and persistence of new community volunteers. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2003, 29:248-260.
33. Davis M H, Mitchell K V, Hall J A, Lothert J, Snapp T, Meyer M. Empathy, expectations, and situational preferences: Personality influences on the decision to participate in volunteer helping behaviors. Journal of Personality 1999, 67:469-503.
34. Dekker P, Halman L. The values of volunteering: A cross-cultural perspective 2003, Eds, New York, Kluwer Academic
35. de Tocqueville A, Mayer J P. Democracy in America 1835/1969, translation by George Lawrence, edited by, New York, Anchor Books, Doubleday
36. Dovidio J F, Gaertner S L, Validzic A, Matoka K, Johnson B, Frazier S. Extending the benefits of recategorization: Evaluation, self-disclosure, and helping. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1997, 33:401-420.
37. Durkheim E. The division of labor in society 1984, London, Macmillan, Original work published 1893
38. Dutton D G, Lake R A. Threat of own prejudice and reverse discrimination in interracial situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1973, 28:94-100.
39. Eccles J S, Barber B L. Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters. Journal of Adolescence Research 1999, 14:10-43.
40. Flanagan C, Bowes J, Johnson B, Csapo B, Sheblanova E. Ties that bind: Correlates of adolescents' civic commitments in seven countries. Journal of Social Issues 1998, 54:457-475.
41. Folkman S, Chesney M A, Cooke M, Boccellari A, Collette L. Caregiver burden in HIV-positive and HIV-negative partners of men with AIDS. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1994, 62:746-756.
42. Gaertner S L, Dovidio J F. The subtlety of white racism, arousal, and helping behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1977, 35:691-707.
43. Gaertner S L, Dovidio J F. Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model 2000, Philadelphia, PA, Psychology Press
44. Gagné M. The role of autonomy support and autonomy orientation in the engagement of prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion 2003, 27:199-223.
45. Grube J, Piliavin J A. Role-identity, organizational experiences, and volunteer performance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:1108-1119.
46. Hall M, McKeown L, Roberts K. Caring Canadians, involved Canadians: Highlights from the 2000 national survey of giving, volunteering and participating 2001, Ottawa, Ministry of Industry
47. Handy F, Brodeur N, Cnaan R A. Summer on the island: Episodic volunteering. Voluntary Action 2006, 7:31-42.
48. Handy F, Cnaan R, Brudney J, Ascoli U, Meijs L, Ranade S. Public perception of " who is a volunteer?" An examination of the net-cost approach from a cross-cultural perspective. Voluntas 2000, 11:45-65.
49. Herbst-Damm K L, Kulik J A. Volunteer support, marital status, and the survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology 2005, 24:225-229.
50. Hobfoll S E, Lerman M. Personal relationships, personal attributes, and stress resistance: Mothers' reactions to their child's illness. American Journal of Community Psychology 1988, 16:565-589.
51. Houle B J, Sagarin B J, Kaplan M F. A functional approach to volunteerism: Do volunteer motives predict task preference. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2005, 27:337-344.
52. House J. Social isolation kills, but how and why. Psychosomatic Medicine 2001, 63:273-274.
53. House J S, Robbins C, Metzner H L. The association of social relationships and activities with morality: Prospective evidence from the Tecumseh Community Health Study. The American Journal of Epidemiology 1982, 116:123-140.
54. Giving and volunteering in the United States: Findings from a national survey 2001, Independent Sector, Washington, DC, Author
55. Give Five: About the give five campaign. 2004, http://www.independentsector.org/give5/givefive.html, Independent Sector, Retrieved May 17, 2008, from
56. Johnson M K, Beebe T, Mortimer J T, Snyder M. Volunteerism in adolescence: A process perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence 1998, 8:309-332.
57. Kemmelmeier M, Jambor E E, Letner J. Individualism and good works: Cultural variation in giving and volunteering across the United States. Journal of Cross Cultural Psychology 2006, 37:327-344.
58. Kinney J M, Stephens M A. Hassles and uplifts of giving care to a family member with dementia. Psychology and Aging 1989, 4:402-408.
59. Kiviniemi M T, Snyder M, Omoto A M. Too many of a good thing? The effects of multiple motivations on task fulfillment, satisfaction, and cost. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2002, 28:732-743.
60. Lee L, Piliavin J A, Call Y R A. Giving money, time, and blood: Similarities and differences. Social Psychology Quarterly 1999, 62:276-290.
61. Levine R V, Norenzayan A, Philbrick K. Cross-cultural differences in helping strangers. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2001, 32:543-560.
62. Lindsay J J, Snyder M, Omoto A M. Volunteers' impact on psychological and physical functioning of persons living with HIV 2003, Atlanta, GA
63. Liu E, Holosko M J, Wing Lo T. Youth empowerment and volunteerism: Principles, policies and practices Eds, Hong Kong, City University of Hong Kong Press
64. Macduff N, Brudney J. Societal changes and the rise of the episodic volunteer. Emerging areas of volunteering 2005, 49-61. In, Ed, pp, Indianapolis, IN, Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Associations
65. Marta E, Pozzi M. Young people and volunteerism: A model of sustained volunteerism during the transition to adulthood. Journal of Adult Development 2008, online publication, January 23
66. Martino S C, Snyder M, Omoto A M. Predicting sustained volunteer service: Intentions and identity concerns. 1998, Chicago, IL
67. Matsuba K, Hart D, Atkins R. Psychological and social-structural influences on commitment to volunteering. Journal of Research in Personality 2007, 41:889-907.
68. Midlarsky E, Kahana E. Altruism in later life 1994, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage
69. Midlarsky E, Kahana E, Post S G. Altruism, well-being, and mental health in late life. Altruism and health: Perspectives from empirical research 2007, 56-69. In, Ed, pp, New York, Oxford University Press
70. Miller J G. Cultural diversity in the morality of caring: Individually oriented versus duty-based interpersonal moral codes. Cross-Cultural Research 1994, 28:3-39.
71. Moen P, Dempster-McClain D, Williams R M. Successful aging: A life-course perspective on women's multiple roles and health. American Journal of Sociology 1992, 97:1612-1638.
72. Musick M A, Wilson J. Volunteers: A social profile 2007, Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press
73. Nadler A. Inter-group helping relations as power relations: Maintaining or challenging social dominance between groups through helping. Journal of Social Issues 2002, 58:487-502.
74. Nadler A, Halabi S. Intergroup helping as status relations: Effects of status stability, identification, and type of help on receptivity to high-status group's help. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2006, 91:97-110.
75. Neighborhood watch program. 2008, http://www.usaonwatch.org/, National Sheriff's Association, Retrieved May 17, 2008, from
76. O'Brien L T, Crain A L, Omoto A M, Snyder M. Matching motivations to outcomes: Implications for persistence in service. 2000, Chicago, IL
77. Okun M A, Barr A, Herzog A R. Motivation to volunteer by older adults: A test of competing measurement models. Psychology and Aging 1998, 13:608-621.
78. Okun M A, Schultz A. Age and motives for volunteering: Testing hypotheses derived from socioemotional selectivity theory. Psychology and Aging 2003, 18:231-239.
79. Omoto A M, Crain A L, Herek G M, Greene B. AIDS volunteerism: Lesbian and gay community-based responses to HIV. Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 2. AIDS, identity, and community: The HIV epidemic and lesbians and gay men 1995, 187-209. In, Eds, pp, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
80. Omoto A M, Gunn D G, Crain A L, Derlega V J, Barbee A P. Helping in hard times: Relationship closeness and the AIDS volunteer experience. HIV infection and social interaction 1998, 106-128. In, (Eds.), pp, -, Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications
81. Omoto A M, Malsch A, Omoto A M. Psychological sense of community: Conceptual issues and connections to volunteerism-related activism. Processes of community change and social action 2005, 83-102. In, Ed, pp, Mahwah, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
82. Omoto A M, Schlehofer M M, Post S G. Volunteerism, religiousness, spirituality, and the health outcomes of older adults. Altruism and health: Perspectives from empirical research 2007, 394-409. In, Ed, pp, New York, Oxford University Press
83. Omoto A M, Snyder M. Basic research in action: Volunteerism and society's response to AIDS. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1990, 16:152-166.
84. Omoto A M, Snyder M. AIDS volunteers and their motivations: Theoretical issues and practical concerns. Nonprofit Management and Leadership 1993, 4:157-176.
85. Omoto A M, Snyder M. Sustained helping without obligation: Motivation, longevity of service, and perceived attitude change among AIDS volunteers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1995, 68:671-686.
86. Omoto A M, Snyder M. Considerations of community: The context and process of volunteerism. American Behavioral Scientist 2002, 45(5):846-867.
87. Omoto A M, Snyder M, Chang W, Lee D H. Knowledge and attitude change among volunteers and their associates. 2001, San Francisco, CA
88. Omoto A M, Snyder M, Martino S C. Volunteerism and the life course: Investigating age-related agendas for action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 2000, 22:181-198.
89. Osguthorpe R T, Scruggs T E. Special education students as tutors: A review and analysis. Remedial Special Education 1986, 7:15-25.
90. Ouellette S C, Cassel B, Maslanka H, Wong L M. GMHC volunteers and the challenges and hopes for the second decade of AIDS. AIDS Education and Prevention 1995, 7:64-79.
91. Peace Corps. 2008, http://www.peacecorps.gov/, Peace Corps, Retrieved May 19, 2008, from
92. Penner L A. The causes of sustained volunteerism: An interactionist perspective. Journal of Social Issues 2002, 258:447-467.
93. Penner L A. Volunteerism and social problems: Making things better or worse. Journal of Social Issues 2004, 60:645-666.
94. Penner L A, Brannick M, Connell P, Webb S. The effects of the September 11 attacks on volunteering: An archival analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 2005, 35:1333-1360.
95. Penner L A, Dovidio J F, Piliavin J A, Schroeder D A. Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology 2005, 56:365-392.
96. Penner L A, Finkelstein M A. Dispositional and structural determinants of volunteerism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:525-537.
97. Penner L A, Fritzsche B A, Craiger J P, Freifeld T R, Butcher J, Spielberger C D. Measuring the prosocial personality. Advances in personality assessment 1995, Vol. 10:147-163. In, Eds, pp, -, Hillsdale, NJ, Erlbaum
98. Piliavin J A, Eisenberg N, Reykowski J, Staub E. The development of motives, self-identities, and values related to blood donation: A Polish-American comparison study. Social and moral values: Individual and societal perspectives 1989, 253-276. In, Eds, pp, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
99. Piliavin J A, Omoto A M. Feeling good by doing good: Health consequences of social service. Processes of community change and social action 2005, 29-50. In, Ed, pp, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
100. Piliavin J A, Callero P L. Giving blood: The development of an altruistic identity 1991, Baltimore, MD, Johns Hopkins University Press
101. Piliavin J A, Charng H. Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology 1990, 16:27-65.
102. Piliavin J A, Grube J A, Callero P L. Role as a resource for action in public service. Journal of Social Issues 2002, 58:469-485.
103. Mission statement. 2008, http://www.pointsoflight.org/about/, Points of Light and Hands on Network, Retrieved May 17, 2008, from
104. Post S G. Altruism and health: Perspectives from empirical research 2007, Ed, New York, Oxford University Press
105. Putnam R D. Bowling alone: The collapse and revival of American community 2000, New York, Simon & Schuster
106. Reeder G D, Davison D M, Gipson K L, Hesson-McInnis M S. Identifying the motivations of African American volunteers working to prevent HIV/AIDS. AIDS Education and Prevention 2001, 13:343-354.
107. Revenson T A, Majerowtiz S D. Spouses' provision of support to chronically ill patients. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 1990, 7:575-586.
108. Schindler-Rainman E. Volunteerism is changing. Journal of Volunteer Administration 1990, Summer:2-6.
109. Schondel C, Shields G, Orel N. Development of an instrument to measure volunteers' motivation in working with people with AIDS. Social Work in Health Care 1992, 17:53-71.
110. Schulz R, Williamson G M, Morycz R K, Biegel D E, Spacapan S, Oskamp S. Costs and benefits of providing care to Alzheimer's patients. Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies 1992, 153-182. In, (Eds.), pp, -, Newbury Park, CA, Sage
111. Silva P, Thomas C, Wilson L, Simson S P. Civic engagement and national service: Results from senior corps evaluations. Civic engagement and the baby boomer generation: Research, policy, and practice perspectives 2006, 43-60. In, Eds, pp, New York, Haworth Press
112. Simon C A, Wang C H. The impact of AmeriCorps on volunteer participants: Results from a 2-year study in four Western states. Administration & Society 2002, 34:522-540.
113. Simon B, Loewy M, Stuermer S, Weber U, Freytag P, Habig C, Kampmeier C, Spahlinger P. Collective identification and social movement participation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 1998, 74:646-658.
114. Simon B, Stuermer S, Steffens K. Helping individuals or group members? The role of individual and collective identification in AIDS volunteerism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2000, 26:497-506.
115. Smith D H. Altruism, volunteers, and volunteerism. Journal of Voluntary Action Research 1981, 10:21-36. -
116. Smith D H, Macaulay J. Participation in social and political activities 1980, Eds, San Francisco, CA, Jossey-Bass
117. Smith D M, Omoto A M, Snyder M. Motivation matching and recruitment of volunteers: A field study. 2001, Toronto, Canada
118. Snyder M. Basic research and practical problems: The promise of a " functional" personality and social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 1993, 19:251-264.
119. Snyder M, Cantor N, Gilbert D T, Fiske S T, Lindzey G. Understanding personality and social behavior: A functionalist strategy. The handbook of social psychology: Vol. 1 1998, 635-679. In, Eds, 4th ed., pp, Boston, MA, McGraw-Hill
120. Snyder M, Clary E G, Stukas A A, Maio G R, Olson J M. The functional approach to volunteerism. Why we evaluate: Functions of attitudes 2000, 365-393. In, Eds, pp, Hillsdale, NJ, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
121. Snyder M, Omoto A M. Volunteerism and society's response to the HIV epidemic. Current Directions in Psychological Science 1992a, 1:113-116.
122. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Spacapan S, Oskamp S. Who helps and why? The psychology of AIDS volunteerism. Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies 1992b, 213-239. In, Eds, pp, Newbury Park, CA, Sage
123. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Van Vugt M, Snyder M, Tyler T, Biel A. Doing good for self and society: Volunteerism and the psychology of citizen participation. Cooperation in modern society: Promoting the welfare of communities, states, and organizations 2000, 127-141. In, Eds, pp, London, Routledge
124. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Wosinska W, Cialdini R, Barrett D, Reykowski J. Basic research and practical problems: Volunteerism and the psychology of individual and collective action. The practice of social influence in multiple cultures 2001, 287-307. In, Eds, pp, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum
125. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Kruglanski A W, Higgins E T. Social action. Social psychology: A handbook of basic principles 2007, 940-961. In, Eds, 2nd ed., pp, New York, Guilford
126. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Crain A L. Punished for their good deeds: Stigmatization of AIDS volunteers. American Behavioral Scientist 1999, 42:1175-1192.
127. Snyder M, Omoto A M, Smith D M, Borgida E, Federico C, Sullivan J. The role of persuasion strategies in motivating individual and collective action. The political psychology of democratic citizenship In, Eds, New York, Oxford University Press
128. Stuermer S, Kampmeier C. Active citizenship: The role of community identification in community volunteerism and local participation. Psychologica Belgica 2003, 43:103-122.
129. Stuermer S, Siem B. A group-level perspective on the role of empathy and interpersonal attraction in helping. 2005, Wuerzburg, Germany
130. Stuermer S, Simon B. The role of collective identification in community volunteerism: A panel study in the context of the German gay movement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2004, 30:363-377.
131. Stuermer S, Simon B, Loewy M, Joerger H. The dual pathway model of social movement participation: The case of the fat acceptance movement. Social Psychology Quarterly 2003, 66:71-82.
132. Stuermer A, Snyder M, Kropp A, Siem B. Empathy-motivated helping: The moderating role of group membership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 2006, 32:943-956.
133. Stuermer S, Snyder M, Omoto A M. Prosocial emotions and helping: The moderating role of group membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 2005, 88:532-546.
134. Stukas A A, Clary E G, Snyder M. Service learning: Who benefits and why. Social Policy Report: Society for Research on Child Development 1999, 13:1-19.
135. Stukas A A, Daly M, Cowling M J. Volunteerism and the creation of social capital: A functional approach. Australian Journal of Volunteering 2005, 10:35-44.
136. Stukas A A, Dunlap M R. Community involvement, service-learning, and social activism. Journal of Social Issues 2002, 58(3). Oxford, UK, Blackwell Publishing
137. Stukas A A, Snyder M, Clary E G. The effects of " mandatory volunteerism" on intentions to volunteer. Psychological Science 1999, 10(1):59-64.
138. Thoits P A, Hewitt L N. Volunteer work and well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 2001, 42:115-131.
139. Thompson S C, Pitts J S, Spacapan S, Oskamp S. In sickness and in health: Chronic illness, marriage, and spousal caregiving. Helping and being helped: Naturalistic studies 1992, 115-152. In, Eds, pp, -, Newbury Park, CA, Sage
140. Thomson A M, Perry J L. Can AmeriCorps build communities. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 1998, 27:399-420.
141. Titlebaum P, Williamson G, Deprano C, Baer J, Brahler J. Annotated history of service learning, 1862-2002 2004, http://www.servicelearning.org/filemanager/download/142/SL%20Comp%20Timeline%203-15-04_rev.pdf, Dayton, OH, University of Dayton, from
142. UN volunteers. 2008, http://www.unv.org/, UN Volunteers, Retrieved July 18, 2008, from
143. Volunteering in the United States, 2007 2008, http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/volun.pdf, United States Department of Labor, Washington, DC, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Retrieved July 25, 2008, from
144. Van de Vliert E, Huang X, Levine R V. National wealth and thermal climate as predictors of motives for volunteer work. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2004, 35:62-73.
145. Van Vugt M, Snyder M, Tyler T, Biel A. Cooperation in modern society: Promoting the welfare of communities, states, and organizations 2000, Eds, London, Routledge
146. VolunteerMatch: Where volunteering begins. 2008, http://www.volunteermatch.org/, VolunteerMatch, Retrieved July 18, 2008, from
147. What is VolunTourism. 2008, http://www.voluntourism.org/inside.html, VolunTourism International, Retrieved May 17, 2008
148. Wheeler J A, Gorey K M, Greenblatt B. The beneficial effects of volunteering for older volunteers and the people they serve: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Aging and Human Development 1998, 47:69-79.
149. Williamson I, Snyder M, Omoto A M. How motivations and re-enlistment frames interact to predict volunteer attitudes and intentions: A test of the functional matching effect. 2000, Chicago, IL
150. Wilson J. Volunteering. Annual Review of Sociology 2000, 26:215-240.
151. Wilson J, Musick M. Who cares? Toward an integrated theory of volunteer work. Social Forces 1997, 76:251-272.
152. Volunteerism worldwide: News, views & resources. 2008, http://www.worldvolunteerweb.org/int-l-volunteer-day.html, World Volunteer Web, Retrieved July 18, 2008, from
153. Yates M, Youniss J. A developmental perspective on community service in adolescence. Social Development 1996, 5:85-111.
154. Yates M, Youniss J. Community service and social responsibility in youth. 1997, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press
155. Yates M, Youniss J. Roots of civic identity: International perspectives on community service and activism in youth 1999, Eds, New York, Cambridge University Press
156. Yogev A, Ronen R. Cross-age tutoring: Effects on tutors' attributes. Journal of Educational Research 1982, 75:261-268.
157. Youniss J, McLellan J A, Yates M. What we know about engendering civic identity. American Behavioral Scientist 1997, 40:620-631.
158. Youniss J, Yates M, Su Y. Social integration into peer and adult society: Community service and marijuana use in high school seniors. Journal of Adolescence Research 1997, 12:245-262.