메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 44, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 411-438

Direct and indirect effects of interparental relationship quality on child behavior problems in low-income, black, single-mother families

Author keywords

African American; Child behavior; Father; Interparental relations; Maternal depressive symptoms; Parenting

Indexed keywords


EID: 70449633404     PISSN: 01494929     EISSN: 15409635     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01494920802453910     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (15)

References (75)
  • 1
    • 0003567640 scopus 로고
    • Manual for the child behavior checklist=2-3 and 1992 profile
    • University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT. Administration for Children and Families press office. (2006, February 8). Retrieved November 21, 2007 from
    • Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the child behavior checklist=2-3 and 1992 profile, University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry, Burlington, VT. Administration for Children and Families press office. (2006, February 8). News Release: Welfare Reform Reauthorized. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from http:// dhhs.gov/news/press/2006pres/20060208.html
    • (1992) News Release: Welfare Reform Reauthorized
    • Achenbach, T.M.1
  • 2
    • 70449657798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Administration for Children and Families. February 8. . Retrieved October 20 2008, from
    • Administration for Children and Families. (2006, February 8). News release: Welfare reform reauthorized. Retrieved October 20, 2008, from http://dhhs.gov/news/ press/2006pres/20060208.html
    • (2006) News Release: Welfare Reform Reauthorized
  • 4
    • 0036678975 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity
    • Amato, P. R., & Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting practices, child adjustment, and family diversity. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(3), 703-716.
    • (2002) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.64 , Issue.3 , pp. 703-716
    • Amato, P.R.1    Fowler, F.2
  • 5
    • 0033177268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonresident fathers and children's wellbeing: A meta-analysis
    • Amato, P. R., & Gilbreth, J. G. (1999). Nonresident fathers and children's wellbeing: A meta-analysis. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(3), 557-573.
    • (1999) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.61 , Issue.3 , pp. 557-573
    • Amato, P.R.1    Gilbreth, J.G.2
  • 8
    • 0141852153 scopus 로고
    • Linear structural equations with latent variables
    • Bentler, P. M., & Weeks, D. G. (1980). Linear structural equations with latent variables. Psychometrika, 45(3), 289-308.
    • (1980) Psychometrika , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-308
    • Bentler, P.M.1    Weeks, D.G.2
  • 9
    • 1642587721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-national study of interparental conflict, parenting, and adolescent functioning: South Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Bosnia, Germany, Palestine, Colombia, and the United States
    • Bradford, K., Barber, B. K., Olsen, J. A., Maughan, S. L., Erickson, L. D., Ward, D., & Stolz, H. E. (2003). A multi-national study of interparental conflict, parenting, and adolescent functioning: South Africa, Bangladesh, China, India, Bosnia, Germany, Palestine, Colombia, and the United States. Marriage & Family Review, 35(3=4), 107-137.
    • (2003) Marriage & Family Review , vol.35 , Issue.3-4 , pp. 107-137
    • Bradford, K.1    Barber, B.K.2    Olsen, J.A.3    Maughan, S.L.4    Erickson, L.D.5    Ward, D.6    Stolz, H.E.7
  • 10
    • 17744389997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marital quality in Black and White marriages
    • Broman, C. L. (2005). Marital quality in Black and White marriages. Journal of Family Issues, 26(4), 431-441.
    • (2005) Journal of Family Issues , vol.26 , Issue.4 , pp. 431-441
    • Broman, C.L.1
  • 11
    • 28044471801 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of parenting to ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. School readiness: Closing racial and ethnic gaps
    • Brooks-Gunn, J., & Markman, L. B. (2005). The contribution of parenting to ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness. School readiness: Closing racial and ethnic gaps. Future of Children, 15(1), 139-168.
    • (2005) Future of Children , vol.15 , Issue.1 , pp. 139-168
    • Brooks-Gunn, J.1    Markman, L.B.2
  • 13
    • 2442694815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Union formation in fragile families
    • Carlson, M., McLanahan, S., & England, P. (2004). Union formation in fragile families. Demography, 41(2), 237-261.
    • (2004) Demography , vol.41 , Issue.2 , pp. 237-261
    • Carlson, M.1    Mc Lanahan, S.2    England, P.3
  • 14
    • 70449644925 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Percentage of births to unmarried women
    • Retrieved November 21, 2007, from
    • Child Trends.(2006). Percentage of births to unmarried women. DataBank. Retrieved November 21, 2007, from http://www.childtrendsdatabank.org/indicators/ 75UnmarriedBirths.cfm
    • (2006) Data Bank
  • 15
    • 0002207873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thinking about risk and resilience in families
    • E. M. Hetherington & E. A. Blechman (Eds.), Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
    • Cowen, P. A., Cowan, C. P., & Schulz, M. S. (1996). Thinking about risk and resilience in families. In E. M. Hetherington & E. A. Blechman (Eds.), Stress, coping, & resiliency in children & families (pp. 1-37). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
    • (1996) Stress, Coping, & Resiliency in Children & Families , pp. 1-37
    • Cowen, P.A.1    Cowan, C.P.2    Schulz, M.S.3
  • 16
    • 33644949224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interparental discord and child adjustment: Prospective investigations of emotional security as an explanatory mechanism
    • Cummings, E. M., Schermerhorn, A. C., Davies, P. T., Goeke-Morey, M. C., & Cummings, J. S. (2006). Interparental discord and child adjustment: Prospective investigations of emotional security as an explanatory mechanism. Child Development, 77(1), 132-152.
    • (2006) Child Development , vol.77 , Issue.1 , pp. 132-152
    • Cummings, E.M.1    Schermerhorn, A.C.2    Davies, P.T.3    Goeke-Morey, M.C.4    Cummings, J.S.5
  • 18
    • 16644380484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interdependencies among interparental discord and parenting practices: The role of adult vulnerability and relationship perturbations
    • Davies, P. T., Sturge-Apple, M. L., & Cummings, E. M. (2004). Interdependencies among interparental discord and parenting practices: The role of adult vulnerability and relationship perturbations. Development and Psychopathology, 16(3), 773-797.
    • (2004) Development and Psychopathology , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 773-797
    • Davies, P.T.1    Sturge-Apple, M.L.2    Cummings, E.M.3
  • 19
    • 0034311416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Families with young children: A review of research in the 1990s
    • Demo, D. H., & Cox, M. J. (2000). Families with young children: A review of research in the 1990s. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62(4), 876-895.
    • (2000) Journal of Marriage and the Family , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 876-895
    • Demo, D.H.1    Cox, M.J.2
  • 21
    • 0025455297 scopus 로고
    • Children of depressed parents: An integrative review
    • Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108(1), 50-76.
    • (1990) Psychological Bulletin , vol.108 , Issue.1 , pp. 50-76
    • Downey, G.1    Coyne, J.C.2
  • 22
    • 70449652505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early Head Start Parent Interview. Retrieved March 23, from
    • Early Head Start Parent Interview. (1998). For parents of 14-month-old infants. Retrieved March 23, from http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/core/ongoing- research/ehs/instruments-ehs/rating-scales-pdfs/parents-of-14month-old-infants. pdf
    • (1998) For Parents of 14-month-old Infants
  • 24
    • 0029340120 scopus 로고
    • Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review
    • Erel, O., & Burman, B. (1995). Interrelatedness of marital relations and parent-child relations: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 118(1), 108-132.
    • (1995) Psychological Bulletin , vol.118 , Issue.1 , pp. 108-132
    • Erel, O.1    Burman, B.2
  • 26
    • 70449652506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Young children's behavioral problems in married and cohabitating families
    • Fragile Families Research Brief. NJ: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing
    • Fragile Families Research Brief. (2005). Young children's behavioral problems in married and cohabitating families (No.33). Princeton, NJ: Center for Research on Child Wellbeing.
    • (2005) Princeton , Issue.33
  • 30
    • 33748685987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Family structure and wellbeing of the out-ofwedlock children: The significance of the biological parents' relationship
    • Heiland, F., & Liu, S. H. (2006). Family structure and wellbeing of the out-ofwedlock children: The significance of the biological parents' relationship. Demographic Research, 15(4), 61-104.
    • (2006) Demographic Research , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 61-104
    • Heiland, F.1    Liu, S.H.2
  • 35
    • 0033084605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of nonresident father involvement on single Black mothers and their young children
    • Jackson, A. P. (1999). The effects of nonresident father involvement on single Black mothers and their young children. Social Work, 44(2), 156-166.
    • (1999) Social Work , vol.44 , Issue.2 , pp. 156-166
    • Jackson, A.P.1
  • 36
    • 0034277997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single mothers in low-wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes
    • Jackson, A. P., Brooks-Gunn, J., Huang, C., & Glassman, M. (2000). Single mothers in low-wage jobs: Financial strain, parenting, and preschoolers' outcomes. Child Development, 71(5), 1409-1423.
    • (2000) Child Development , vol.71 , Issue.5 , pp. 1409-1423
    • Jackson, A.P.1    Brooks-Gunn, J.2    Huang, C.3    Glassman, M.4
  • 37
    • 16344364534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single mothers' self-efficacy, parenting in the home environment, and children's development in a two-wave study
    • Jackson, A. P., & Scheines, R. (2005). Single mothers' self-efficacy, parenting in the home environment, and children's development in a two-wave study. Social Work Research, 29(1), 7-20.
    • (2005) Social Work Research , vol.29 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-20
    • Jackson, A.P.1    Scheines, R.2
  • 38
    • 18744393166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Coparent support and conflict in African American single mother-headed families: Associations with maternal and child psychosocial functioning
    • Jones, D. J., Forehand, R., Dorsey, S., Foster, S., & Brody, G. (2005). Coparent support and conflict in African American single mother-headed families: Associations with maternal and child psychosocial functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 20(3), 141-150.
    • (2005) Journal of Family Violence , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 141-150
    • Jones, D.J.1    Forehand, R.2    Dorsey, S.3    Foster, S.4    Brody, G.5
  • 40
    • 4043154941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation
    • Kim-Cohen, J., Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., and Taylor, A. (2004). Genetic and environmental processes in young children's resilience and vulnerability to socioeconomic deprivation. Child Development, 75(3), 651-668.
    • (2004) Child Development , vol.75 , Issue.3 , pp. 651-668
    • Kim-Cohen, J.1    Moffitt, T.E.2    Caspi, A.3    Taylor, A.4
  • 41
    • 0033130565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonresident father visitation, parental conflict, and mother's satisfaction: What's best for child well-being?
    • King, V., & Heard, H. E. (1999). Nonresident father visitation, parental conflict, and mother's satisfaction: What's best for child well-being?. Journal of Marriage and Family, 61(2), 385-396.
    • (1999) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 385-396
    • King, V.1    Heard, H.E.2
  • 44
    • 0024538589 scopus 로고
    • Maternal depression and child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis
    • Lee, C., & Gotlib, I. H. (1989). Maternal depression and child adjustment: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98(1), 78-85.
    • (1989) Journal of Abnormal Psychology , vol.98 , Issue.1 , pp. 78-85
    • Lee, C.1    Gotlib, I.H.2
  • 46
    • 85040491619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of domestic violence on women's employment
    • Lloyd, S. (1997) The effects of domestic violence on women's employment. Law & Policy, 19(2), 139-167.
    • (1997) Law & Policy , vol.19 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-167
    • Lloyd, S.1
  • 47
    • 18744436982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviors of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence: An analysis of 330 Black, White, and Hispanic children
    • McFarlane, J. M., Groff, J. Y., O'Brien, J. A., & Watson, K. (2003). Behaviors of children who are exposed and not exposed to intimate partner violence: An analysis of 330 Black, White, and Hispanic children. Pediatrics, 112(3), 202-207.
    • (2003) Pediatrics , vol.112 , Issue.3 , pp. 202-207
    • Mc Farlane, J.M.1    Groff, J.Y.2    O'Brien, J.A.3    Watson, K.4
  • 48
    • 0034180946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Parenting among low-income, African American single mothers with preschool-age children: Patterns, predictors, and developmental correlates
    • McGroder, S. M. (2000). Parenting among low-income, African American single mothers with preschool-age children: Patterns, predictors, and developmental correlates. Child Development, 71(3), 752-771.
    • (2000) Child Development , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 752-771
    • Mc Groder, S.M.1
  • 50
    • 0025412461 scopus 로고
    • The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development
    • McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61(2), 311-346.
    • (1990) Child Development , vol.61 , Issue.2 , pp. 311-346
    • Mc Loyd, V.C.1
  • 51
    • 0034311088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marital processes and parental socialization in families of color: A decade in review
    • McLoyd, V. C., Cauce, A. M., Takeuchi, D., & Wilson, L. (2000). Marital processes and parental socialization in families of color: A decade in review. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1070-1093.
    • (2000) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.62 , Issue.4 , pp. 1070-1093
    • Mc Loyd, V.C.1    Cauce, A.M.2    Takeuchi, D.3    Wilson, L.4
  • 52
    • 0040918871 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ethnic minority status, interparental conflict, and child development
    • J. Grych & F. Fincham (Eds.), New York: Cambridge University Press
    • McLoyd, V. C., Harper, C. I., & Copeland, N. L. (2001). Ethnic minority status, interparental conflict, and child development. In J. Grych & F. Fincham (Eds.), Interparental conflict and child development (pp. 98-128). New York: Cambridge University Press.
    • (2001) Interparental Conflict and Child Development , pp. 98-128
    • Mc Loyd, V.C.1    Harper, C.I.2    Copeland, N.L.3
  • 54
    • 33645704452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental processes in African American families: An application of McLoyd's theoretical model
    • Nievar, M. A., & Luster, T. (2006). Developmental processes in African American families: An application of McLoyd's theoretical model. Journal of Marriage and Family, 68(2), 320-331.
    • (2006) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.68 , Issue.2 , pp. 320-331
    • Nievar, M.A.1    Luster, T.2
  • 58
    • 33748429446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mediating role of parenting stress in the relation between intimate partner violence and child adjustment
    • Owen, A. E., Thompson, M. P., & Kaslow, N. J. (2006). The mediating role of parenting stress in the relation between intimate partner violence and child adjustment. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(3), 505-513.
    • (2006) Journal of Family Psychology , vol.20 , Issue.3 , pp. 505-513
    • Owen, A.E.1    Thompson, M.P.2    Kaslow, N.J.3
  • 59
    • 33646374158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do parenting and the home environment, maternal depression, neighborhood, and chronic poverty affect child behavioral problems differently in different racial-ethnic groups?
    • Pachter, L. M., Aulinger, P., Palmer, R., & Weitzman, M. (2006). Do parenting and the home environment, maternal depression, neighborhood, and chronic poverty affect child behavioral problems differently in different racial-ethnic groups? Pediatrics, 117(4), 1329-1338.
    • (2006) Pediatrics , vol.117 , Issue.4 , pp. 1329-1338
    • Pachter, L.M.1    Aulinger, P.2    Palmer, R.3    Weitzman, M.4
  • 60
    • 0036579506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating family resilience with family stress theory
    • Patterson, J. (2002). Integrating family resilience with family stress theory. Journal of Marriage and Family, 64(2), 349-360.
    • (2002) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.64 , Issue.2 , pp. 349-360
    • Patterson, J.1
  • 62
    • 0025330224 scopus 로고
    • Marital discord and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis
    • Reid, W. J., & Crisafulli, A. (1990). Marital discord and child behavior problems: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18(1), 105-117.
    • (1990) Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , vol.18 , Issue.1 , pp. 105-117
    • Reid, W.J.1    Crisafulli, A.2
  • 64
    • 36049042551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marital conflict and children's adjustment: Evaluation of the parenting process model
    • Schoppe-Sullivan, S. J., Schermerhorn, A. C., & Cummings, E. M. (2007). Marital conflict and children's adjustment: Evaluation of the parenting process model. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69(5), 1118-1134.
    • (2007) Journal of Marriage and Family , vol.69 , Issue.5 , pp. 1118-1134
    • Schoppe-Sullivan, S.J.1    Schermerhorn, A.C.2    Cummings, E.M.3
  • 66
    • 69249113808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Father absence and child well-being: A critical review
    • D. Moynihan, L. Rainwater & T. Smeeding (Eds.), New York: Russell Sage Foundation
    • Sigle-Rushton, W., & McLanahan, S. (2002). Father absence and child well-being: A critical review. In D. Moynihan, L. Rainwater & T. Smeeding (Eds.), The future of the family (pp.116-155). New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
    • (2002) The Future of the Family , pp. 116-155
    • Sigle-Rushton, W.1    Mc Lanahan, S.2
  • 67
    • 0004417713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and intervention strategies for promoting resilience in disadvantaged children
    • Smokowski, P. R. (1998). Prevention and intervention strategies for promoting resilience in disadvantaged children. Social Service Review, 72(3), 337-364.
    • (1998) Social Service Review , vol.72 , Issue.3 , pp. 337-364
    • Smokowski, P.R.1
  • 68
    • 70449638358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Columbia University School of Social Work. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from
    • Social Indicators Survey Center, Columbia University School of Social Work. (1997). 1997 New York City Social Indicators Survey: Codebook and Documentation. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.siscenter.org/data. html
    • (1997) 1997 New York City Social Indicators Survey: Codebook and Documentation
  • 69
    • 70449623607 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Columbia University School of Social Work. , Revised Version. Retrieved November 2007, from
    • Social Indicators Survey Center, Columbia University School of Social Work. (1999). 1999 New York City Social Indicators Survey: Documentation and Codebook, Revised Version. Retrieved November 22, 2007, from http://www.siscenter.org/ data.html
    • (1999) 1999 New York City Social Indicators Survey: Documentation and Codebook
  • 70
    • 0043202693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence
    • Spence, S. H., Naiman, J. M., Bor, W., O'Callaghan, M. J., & Williams, G. M. (2002). Maternal anxiety and depression, poverty and marital relationship factors during early childhood as predictors of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43(4), 457-469.
    • (2002) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , vol.43 , Issue.4 , pp. 457-469
    • Spence, S.H.1    Naiman, J.M.2    Bor, W.3    O'Callaghan, M.J.4    Williams, G.M.5
  • 72
    • 42549167102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Style matters: Toward a culturally relevant framework for interventions with African American families
    • V. C. McLoyd, N. E. Hill & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), New York: Guilford Press
    • Stevenson, H. C., Winn, D., Walker-Barnes, C., & Coard, S. I. (2001). Style matters: Toward a culturally relevant framework for interventions with African American families. In V. C. McLoyd, N. E. Hill & K. A. Dodge (Eds.), African American family life: Ecological and cultural diversity (pp. 311-334). New York: Guilford Press.
    • (2001) African American Family Life: Ecological and Cultural Diversity , pp. 311-334
    • Stevenson, H.C.1    Winn, D.2    Walker-Barnes, C.3    Coard, S.I.4
  • 73
    • 70449644922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrieved March 27, 2003, from
    • Survey on Income and Program Participation. (1998). 1996 Panel Wave 8 Adult Well-Being Topical Module Questionnaire. Retrieved March 27, 2003, from http://www.sipp.census.gov/sipp/top-mod/1996/quests/wave8/awbook.html
    • (1998) 1996 Panel Wave 8 Adult Well-Being Topical Module Questionnaire
  • 74
    • 70449644923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CH-3 Living arrangements of Black children under 18 years of age: 1960 to present
    • U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved March 31 2008, from www.census. gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ch3.xls+%22U.S.+Census+Bureau%22+%22 Living+arrangements+of+Black+children+under+18+years+old%22+March+ 2007&hl=en&ct&=clnk&cd=2&gl=us
    • U.S. Census Bureau. (2007). CH-3 Living arrangements of Black children under 18 years of age: 1960 to present. Current population survey. Retrieved March 31, 2008, from http://64.233.169.104/search?q=cache:BbgI9se4rkgJ:www. census. gov/population/socdemo/hh-fam/ch3.xls+%22U.S.+Census+Bureau%22+%22 Living+arrangements+of+Black+children+under+18+years+old%22+March+ 2007&hl=en&ct&=clnk&cd=2&gl=us
    • (2007) Current Population Survey
  • 75
    • 34547753863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multidimensional support scale (MDSS)
    • K. Corcoran & J. Fischer (Eds.), 3rd ed. New York: Free Press
    • Winefield, H. R., Winefield, A. H., & Tiggermann, M. (2000). Multidimensional support scale (MDSS). In K. Corcoran & J. Fischer (Eds.), Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook (3rd ed., pp. 507-511). New York: Free Press.
    • (2000) Measures for Clinical Practice: A Sourcebook , pp. 507-511
    • Winefield, H.R.1    Winefield, A.H.2    Tiggermann, M.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.