The commission, ENP and Construction of Borders

Geopolitics

Volumn 14, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 235-255

  Kostadinova, Valentina ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EUROPEAN UNION; GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS; POLICY MAKING;

EURASIA; EUROPE;

EID: 70449595708     PISSN: 14650045     EISSN: 15573028     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/14650040802693499     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. In K. Smith, 'The Outsiders: The European Neighbourhood Policy', International Affairs 81/4 (July 2005) pp. 757-773, p. 759.
2. European Commission Communication, Wider Europe - Neighbourhood: A New Framework for Relations with our Eastern and Southern Neighbours, COM (2003) 104 final (11 March 2003).
3. European Commission Communication, European Neighbourhood Policy - Strategy Paper, COM (2004) 373 final, 12 May 2004.
4. Cited in E. Baracani, From the EMP to the ENP: A New European Pressure for Democratization? The Case of Morocco, paper presented at Europeanization and Democratization: The Southern European Experience and the Perspective for New Member States of the Enlarged Europe, held at the University of Florence, 16-18 June 2005, available at , accessed 3 July 2007, p. 6.
5. T. Christiansen, F. Petito, and B. Tonra, 'Fuzzy Politics around Fuzzy Borders: The European Union's Near Abroad', Cooperation and Conflict 35/4 (Dec. 2000) pp. 389-415, p. 391.
6. See for example F. Cameron and R. Balfour, 'The European Neighbourhood Policy', European Policy Centre Conflict Prevention Partnership Publication, Issue Paper No. 47 June 2006.
7. S. A. Acikmese, 'Management of Security in the EU's Neighbourhood: Union's Tactics Revisited', Perceptions (Autumn 2005) pp. 1-25.
8. S. Biscop, The European Security Strategy and the Neighbourhood Policy: A New Starting Point for a Euro-Mediterranean Security Partnership?, paper presented at The Barcelona Process: Ten Years After Conference, held in Cairo, 8 May 2005, available at , accessed 2 July 2007.
9. R. Aliboni, 'The Geopolitical Implications of the European Neighbourhood Policy', European Foreign Affairs Review 10/1 (Jan. 2005) pp. 1-16.
10. M. Dodini and M. Fantini, 'The EU Neighbourhood Policy: Implications for Economic Growth and Stability', Journal of Common Market Studies 44/3 (Sep. 2006) pp. 507-532.
11. R. del Sarto and T. Schumacher, 'From EMP to ENP: What's at Stake with the European Neighbourhood Policy towards the Southern Mediterranean?', European Foreign Affairs Review 10/1 (Jan. 2005) pp. 17-38.
12. R. Balfour and A. Missiroli, 'Reassessing the European Neighbourhood Policy', European Policy Centre, Issue Paper No. 54, June 2007.
13. E. Johansson-Nogues, 'A 'Ring of Friends'? The Implications of the European Neighbourhood Policy for the Mediterranean', Mediterranean Politics 9/2 (June 2004) pp. 240-247.
14. I. Gatev, The EU's Neighbourhood Policy towards Ukraine, paper presented at the European Foreign Policy Conference, held at London School of Economics, 2-3 July 2004.
15. S. Gänzle, The EU's Policy towards Russia: Extending Governance beyond Borders?, paper presented at the Conference Europe's Last Frontier? Ukraine, Belarus, and Moldova between Russia and the EU, held in University of Victoria, 3-4 March 2006, available at , accessed 2 July 2007
16. Baracani (note 4).
17. Smith (note 1)
18. H. Grabbe, 'How the EU Should Help its Neighbours', Centre for European Reform (June 2004)
19. J. Kelly, 'New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through European Neighbourhood Policy', Journal of Common Market Studies 44/1 (March 2006) pp. 29-55
20. M. Emerson, 'The Shaping of a Policy Framework for the Wider Europe', Centre for European Policy Studies Policy Brief No. 39 (Sep. 2003)
21. W. Wallace, 'Looking After the Neighbourhood: Responsibilities for the EU-25', Notre Europe Policy Paper No. 4 (July 2003)
22. M. Emerson, 'European Neighbourhood Policy: Strategy or Placebo?', Centre for European Policy Studies Working Document No. 215 (Nov. 2004).
23. For good overviews of the theoretical developments in Border Studies. note
24. see for example A. Paasi, 'Generations and the 'Development' of Border Studies', Geopolitics 10/4 (Jan. 2005) pp. 663-671
25. Vladimir Kolossov, 'Border Studies: Changing Perspectives and Theoretical Approaches', Geopolitics 10/4 (Jan. 2005) pp. 606-632
26. D. Newman, 'Boundaries, Borders and Barriers: Changing Geographic Perspectives on Territorial Lines', in M. Albert, D. Jacobson, and Y. Lapid (eds.), Identities, Borders, Orders - Rethinking International Relations Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2001) pp.137-151.
27. A. Paasi, 'Boundaries as Social Practice and Discourse: The Finnish-Russian Border', Regional Studies 33/7 (Oct. 1999) pp. 669-680, p. 669.
28. J. Ruggie, 'Territoriality and Beyond: Problematizing Modernity in International Relations', International Organization 47/1 (Winter 1993) pp. 139-174, p. 172.
29. Y. Lapid, 'Introduction: Identities, Borders, Orders: Nudging International Relations Theory in a New Direction', in M. Albert, D. Jacobson, and Y. Lapid (eds.), Identities, Borders, Orders - Rethinking International Relations Theory (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press 2001) pp. 1-20, p. 7.
30. See for example J. Zielonka, 'How New Enlarged Borders will Reshape the European Union', Journal of Common Market Studies 39/3 (Sep. 2001) pp. 507-536
31. J. Zielonka, Europe as an Empire - The Nature of the Enlarged European Union (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2006)
32. Christiansen, Petito, and Tonra (note 5)
33. H. Grabbe, 'The Sharp Edges of Europe: Extending Schengen Eastwards', International Affairs 76/3 (July 2000) pp. 519-536.
34. This is the definition given in H. Grabbe, 'The Sharp Edges ' (note 15) p. 527.
35. It should be noted that this distinction is not consistently employed by scholars with Zielonka talking about neo-medieval empire and Westphalian borders, for example. Furthermore, others have used the soft/hard border differentiation in entirely different way. note
36. see for example K. Eder, 'Europe's Borders: The Narrative Construction of the Boundaries of Europe', European Journal of Social Theory 9/2 (2006) pp. 255-271.
37. See G. Delanty and Ch. Rumford, Rethinking Europe - Social Theory and the Implications of Europeanization (London: Routledge 2005), especially ch. 7.
38. S. Lavenex, 'EU External Governance in 'Wider Europe', Journal of European Public Policy 11/4 (Aug. 2004) pp. 680-700.
39. S. Stetter, 'Theorizing the European Neighbourhood Policy: Debordering and Rebordering in the Mediterranean', EUI, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies Working Paper RSCAS No. 34 2005
40. J. Wesley Scott, 'The EU and 'Wider Europe': Towards an Alternative Geopolitics of Regional Cooperation?', Geopolitics 10/3 (Oct. 2005) pp. 429-454.
41. R. Ziaotti, 'Of Friends and Fences: Europe's Neighbourhood Policy and the Gated Community Syndrome', Journal of European Integration 29/2 (May 2007) pp. 143-162, p. 153.
42. The Action Plans are the agreements the EU accepts together with each neighbour state. Each Action Plan outlines in detail the priorities and the specific actions to be undertaken by the neighbouring state in a variety of policy areas. The European Commission monitors the implementation of the Action Plans and the progress in achieving the stated goals is rewarded with some of the incentives envisaged in the ENP (i.e., better access to the internal market). note
43. D. Howarth, Discourse (Buckingham: Open University Press 2000) p. 45.
44. Richard Ashley, 'Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17/2 (June 1988) pp. 227-262, pp. 231-233.
45. Document prepared jointly by Chris Patten and Javier Solana, Wider Europe, available at , accessed 18 Aug. 2006.
46. European Council, European Security Strategy, A Secure Europe in a Better World, Brussels, Dec. 2003, available at , accessed 21 Aug. 2006.
47. European Commission Communication, Wider Europe (note 2) p. 4 (emphasis in the original).
48. European Commission Communication, Wider Europe (note 2) p. 4 (emphasis in the original).
49. A good summary of the areas covered in the Action Plans is also available in European Commission Press Release, Beyond Enlargement: Commission shifts European Neighbourhood Policy into Higher Gear, IP/ 04/ 632 (12 May 2004).
50. EEA comprises of the members of the EU and the European Free Trade Area (EFTA) (Norway, Switzerland, Lichtenstein, and Iceland) and was created in order to allow the EFTA countries to participate in the EU's Single Market. note
51. European Commission Press Release, Enlargement and the European Neighbourhood Policy, SPEECH/ 04/247 (13 May 2004).
52. European Commission Press Release, The Neighbourhood Policy of the European Union: an Opportunity for Tunisia, SPEECH/04/33 (22 Jan. 2004).
53. The quotation and the non-tariff barriers are in European Commission Press Release, The European Neighbourhood Policy: Bringing our Neighbours Closer, SPEECH/06/346 (6 June 2006).
54. The quotation and the non-tariff barriers are in European Commission Press Release, The European Neighbourhood Policy: Bringing our Neighbours Closer, SPEECH/06/346 (6 June 2006).
55. European Commission Press Release, European Neighbourhood Policy, SPEECH/06/149 (7 March 2006).
56. European Commission Press Release, European Neighbourhood Policy: A Year of Progress, IP/ 05/1467 (24 Nov. 2005).
57. European Commission Press Release, A Wider Europe - A Proximity Policy as the Key to Stability, SPEECH/02/619 (6 Dec. 2002).
58. For the membership prospects of the neighbouring countries of the EU for example FerreroWaldner says that the ENP offers a privileged form of partnership now irrespective of the future nature of the two parties' relationship, in a speech by Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner (note 34).
59. European Commission Communication, European Neighbourhood Policy (note 3) p. 5.
60. European Commission Communication, Paving the Way for a New Neighbourhood Instrument, COM (2003) 393 final (1 July 2003).
61. This Proposal is further developed in Commission's Proposal, Regulation Laying Down the General Provisions Establishing the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, COM (2004) 628 final (29 Sep. 2004).
62. European Commission, Proposal Laying Down Rules on Local Traffic at the External Land Borders of the Member States and Amending the Schengen Convention and the Common Consular Instructions, COM (2005) 56 final (23 Feb. 2005).
63. B. Ferrero-Waldner, The European Neighbourhood Policy: Helping Ourselves through Helping our Neighbours, speech held at the Conference of Foreign Affairs Committee Chairmen of EU member and candidate states, available at , visited on 21 Aug. 2006.
64. R. Prodi, cited in European Commission Press Release, European Neighbourhood Policy: A Year of Progress (note 35) (emphasis in the original).
65. European Commission Communication, Wider Europe (note 2) p. 5.
66. The list is taken from
67. See for example Patten and Solana, Wider Europe (note 24) point 2.
68. R. Prodi (note 42) (emphasis added).
69. In European Commission Press Release, Leading by Example: Croatia's Road to EU Membership, SPEECH/06/96 (16 Feb. 2006). note
70. In European Commission Press Release, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Moving Closer to Europe, SPEECH/05/732 (25 Nov. 2005). note
71. See for example Presidency Conclusions of the Thessaloniki European Council (June 2003) ch. V, available at
72. Presidency Conclusions of the European Councils (June and Dec. 2004), available respectively at , both accessed 2 Oct. 2006. note
73. Thessaloniki Agenda for the Western Balkans: Moving towards European Integration, available at , accessed 2 Oct. 2006. note
74. See European Commission Press Release, The Plan 'C' for Enlargement, SPEECH/05/369 (21 June 2005); European Commission Press Release, Is the Future Enlargement of the EU in Peril?, SPEECH/ 05/362 (20 June 2005). note
75. Patten and Solana, Wider Europe (note 24).
76. For example a Communication from the Commission stipulates: In some cases the issue of pro-spective membership has already been resolved. Accession has been ruled out, for example, for the non-European Mediterranean partners. See European Commission Communication, Wider Europe (note 2) p. 5.
77. David Campbell, Writing Security - United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity, 2nd ed. (Manchester: Manchester University Press 1998) p. 73.
78. In European Commission Press Release, EU Enlargement and the Western Balkans, SPEECH/ 06/85 (15 Feb. 2006). note
79. T. Diez, 'Constructing the Self and Changing Others: Reconsidering 'Normative Power Europe', Millennium: Journal of International Studies 33/3 (June 2005) pp. 613-636, p. 628.
80. For the same statement see also R. Aliboni (note 6) p. 1.
81. European Commission Communication, Wider Europe (note 2) p. 4.
82. European Commission Communication, European Neighbourhood Policy (note 3) p. 3.
83. See for example the speech by Commissioner Ferrero-Waldner, Europe's Neighbours - Towards Closer Integration, held at the Brussels Economic Forum, available at
84. European Commission Communication, European Neighbourhood Policy (note 3) p. 4, in footnote 2.
85. For a sample of the provisions of the ENP Action Plans see EU/Ukraine and EU/Tunisia Action Plans, available respectively at
86. For a sample of the provisions of the ENP Action Plans see EU/Ukraine and EU/Tunisia Action Plans, available respectively at
87. For a sample of the provisions of the ENP Action Plans see EU/Ukraine and EU/Tunisia Action Plans, available respectively at
88. In EU/Tunisia Action Plan (note 61) particularly the sections on Taxation and the medium term objectives on the technical rules, conformity evaluation standards and procedures in the EU harmonised sectors.
89. In EU/Tunisia Action Plan (note 61) particularly the sections on Taxation and the medium term objectives on the technical rules, conformity evaluation standards and procedures in the EU harmonised sectors.
90. European Commission Communication, The Hague Programme: Ten Priorities for Next Five Years The Partnership for European Renewal in the Field of Freedom, Security and Justice, COM (2005) 184 final (10 May 2005).
91. European Commission Communication, The Hague Programme: Ten Priorities for Next Five Years The Partnership for European Renewal in the Field of Freedom, Security and Justice, COM (2005) 184 final (10 May 2005).
92. European Commission Communication, On the Development of a Common Policy on Illegal Immigration, Smuggling and Trafficking of Human Beings, External Borders and the Return of Illegal Residents, COM (2003) 323 final (3 June 2003).
93. See respectively EU/Tunisia Action Plan (note 61) p. 4
94. EU/Ukraine Action Plan (note 61) p. 4.
95. All these provisions are from European Commission, Proposal Laying Down Rules (note 40).