Determining dangerousness: Whatever happened to the rules of evidence?

Psychiatry, Psychology and Law

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 122-139

  Ruschena, David ^a  

^a Phillips Fox ^*  (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 70449453116     PISSN: 13218719     EISSN: 19341687     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1375/pplt.2003.10.1.122     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. R Fox, ‘Victoria Turns to the Right in Sentencing Reform: The Sentencing (Amendment) Act 1993” (1993) 17 Crim LJ 394.
2. Mals, P. ‖ Grantham, G., “New Dangerous Offenders Legislation” (1993) 18(1) Alt LJ 17
3. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ 312.
4. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ, s5(2).
5. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ, s17(1)(a).
6. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ, s17(3).
7. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ at 95.
8. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ at 99.
9. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ at 121.
10. Parke, J. ‖ Mason, B., “The Queen of Hearts in Queensland: A Critique of Part 10 of the Penalties and Sentences Act 1992 (Qld)” 19 Crim LJ at 564–565
11. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at 28–32.
12. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at 464.
13. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at 627.
14. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at 220
15. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at [22]-[23].
16. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at [20] per Gleeson CJ, Gaudron, McHugh, Gummow ‖ Hayne JJ.
17. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at [24].
18. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at [25].
19. Transport Publishing Co Pty Ltd v The Literature Board of Review (1956) 99 CLR 111 at 119; Runjanjic (1991) 56 SASR 114.
20. Fullagar J said that an expert witness must “explain the basis of theory or experience” upon which the conclusions stated are supposed to rest, for courts “cannot be expected to act upon opinions the basis of which is unexplained”.
21. Winneke P. Faigman, D., “Legal Alchemy: The Use and Misuse of Science in the Law” (Freeman, New York, 1999) at 122–3.
22. Diamond, B., “The Psychiatric Prediction of Dangerousness” (1974) 123 U Penn L R 439 at 441
23. Grubin, D., “Predictors of Risk in Serious Sex Offenders” (1997) 170 B J Psychiatry 17 at 20.
24. Monahan, J., “The Prediction of Violent Criminal Behaviour: A Methodological Critique and Prospectus in Deterrence and Incapacitation: Estimating the Effects of Criminal Sanctions of Crime Rates” (1978) National Academy of Sciences, Washington DC cited in
25. McCarthy, J., “Risk Assessment of Sexual Offenders” (2001) Psychiat, Psych Law 8(1) 56 at 59.
26. Janus, E. and Meehl, PE, “Assessing the Legal Standard for Predictions of Dangerousness in Sex Offender Commitment Proceedings” (1997) 3 Psych, Pub Pol ‖ Law 33.
27. Taylor, JP, “Forensic Psychiatry: Clinical Legal and Ethical Issues” (1993, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford) at 629.
28. Mullen, P., “Editorial: Forensic Mental Health”, (2000) 176 British Journal of Psychiatry 307 at 308.
29. Dolan, M. ‖ Doyle, M., “Violence Risk Prediction”, (2000) 177 British Journal of Psychiatry 303 at 304, Diamond op cit n 54. For an example of the development of an actuarial tool
30. Monahan, J., Steadman, HJ, Appelbaum, PS, et al. “Developing a Clinically Useful Actuarial Tool for Assessing Violence Risk”, (2000) 176 British Journal of Psychiatry 312.
31. Brooks, AD, “Defining the Dangerousness of the Mentally Ill: Involuntary Civil Commitment” in Craft ‖ Craft (Eds.) Mentally Abnormal Offenders (Bailliere Tindal, London, 1984).
32. Lucas, WE, “Review for Release: The Use and Misuse of Psychiatric Opinion” in Serious Violent Offenders: Sentencing, Psychiatry and Law Reform, Conference Proceedings of the Australian Institute of Criminology No 19 (1991) at 227.
33. Gardner, W., Lidz, CW, Mulvey, EP, et al. “A Comparison of Actuarial Methods for Identifying Repetitively Violent Patients with Mental Illness”, (1996) 20
34. Monahan, J, “Dangerousness: A View from the United States” in Gunn ‖ Taylor
35. Lloyd, C, Mair, G and Hough, M., (1994) Explaining Reconviction Rates: A Critical Analysis. London: HMSO.
36. Szmukler, G., “Violence Risk Prediction in Practice” (2001) 178 British Journal of Psychiatry 84.
37. Slovenko, R., “Surveying the Attacks on Psychiatry in the Legal Process” (1999) 15 Australasian Forensic Psychiatry Bulletin 9 at 17.
38. Kirby J. That these attitudes existed in the past, and led to the creation of legislative schemes by the states of Australia (listed by Hayne JA in Moffatt [1998] 2 VR 229 at 251–252) is no reason for their retention in the face of empirical reality.
39. Rock, D.L., “Clinical Judgment Survey of Mental Health Professionals I: An Assessment of Opinions Ratings and Knowledge” (1994) 50 J Clinical Psych 941 cited in McCarthy, op cit n 62 at 58.
40. Williams, R., “Psychopathy, Mental Illness and Preventive Detention: Issues Arising from the David Case”, (1990) 16 Monash University Law Review 161 at 181
41. Williams, R., “Coping with the Highly Dangerous: Issues of Principle Raised by Preventive Detention” in Serious Violent Offenders: Sentencing, Psychiatry and Law Reform, op cit n 68 at 19–20.
42. Burger CJ, White, Powell, Rehnquist ‖ O’Connor JJ. If this is the case, there is no justification for mental health professionals testifying in the first place. The High Court’s decision in Farrell (1998) 194 CLR 286 shows the divergence of opinion between the two courts on this issue.
43. Burger CJ, White, Powell, Rehnquist ‖ O’Connor JJ. If this is the case, there is no justification for mental health professionals testifying in the first place. The High Court’s decision in Farrell (1998) at 923.
44. Burger CJ, White, Powell, Rehnquist ‖ O’Connor JJ. If this is the case, there is no justification for mental health professionals testifying in the first place. The High Court’s decision in Farrell (1998) at 934.
45. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry 198 cited by Blackmun J at 936.
46. Janus ‖ Meehl, op cit n 62 at 45–46.
47. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 8.
48. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 9–10.
49. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 24–25.
50. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at [40]–[41].
51. Underwood, E., “Law and the Crystal Ball: Predicting Behaviour with Statistical Inference and Individualised Judgment” (1979) 88
52. Underwood, E., “Law and the Crystal Ball: Predicting Behaviour with Statistical Inference and Individualised Judgment” (1979) at 634.
53. The Queen v Spicer; ex parte Waterside Workers’ Federation ofAustralia (1957) 100 CLR 312 at 293 per McTiernan J.
54. Donaldson v Broomby (1982) 40 ALR 525 at 526 per Deane J.
55. Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51 at 97 per Toohey J.
56. Addington v Texas, 441 U.S. 418, 429 (1979).
57. Hobson v Hansen (1967) 265 F Supp 902 at 923, 931
58. Re Nolan; ex parte Young (1991) 172 CLR 460 at 497
59. Kable v Director of Public Prosecutions (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51.
60. The Queen v Spicer; ex parte Australian Builders’ Labourers’ Federation (1957) 100 CLR 277 at 305 per Kitto J.
61. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 107 per Gaudron J.
62. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 134.
63. Labour Relations Board of Saskatchewan v John East Iron Works Ltd (1949) AC 134 at 149 per Lord Simonds, L.C. cited by Dixon CJ and McTiernan J in Queen v Davison (1954) 90 CLR 353 at 367.
64. Secretary, Department of Health and Community Services v JWB and SMB (“Marion’s case”) (1992) 175 CLR 218.
65. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 474.
66. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 477.
67. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 478.
68. Monahan, J., “Prediction Research and the Emergency Commitment of Dangerous Mentally Ill Persons: A Reconsideration” (1978) 135 Am J Psychiatry at 469.
69. See the remarks of McHugh J in Pfennig v R (1995) 182 CLR 461 at 538.
70. Fox R. and Freiberg A., Sentencing State and Federal Laws in Victoria, (1999, Oxford Press, Melbourne) at 228–231.