Dynamic marine protected areas can improve the resilience of coral reef systems

Ecology Letters

Volumn 12, Issue 12, 2009, Pages 1336-1346

  Game, Edward T ^a,b   Bode, Michael ^c   McDonald Madden, Eve ^a   Grantham, Hedley S ^a   Possingham, Hugh P ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^b THE NATURE CONSERVANCY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Coral reefs; Dynamic management; Marine reserves; Periodic closures; Resilience

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; CORAL REEF; ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT; ECOSYSTEM RESILIENCE; FISH; HERBIVORE; MARINE PARK;

ANTHOZOA; PISCES;

EID: 70449449364     PISSN: 1461023X     EISSN: 14610248     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01384.x     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Adger, W.N., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. Rockstrom, J. (2005). Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science, 309, 1036 1039.
2. Agardy, T., Bridgewater, P., Crosby, M.P., Day, J., Dayton, P.K., Kenchington, R. et al. (2003). Dangerous targets? Unresolved issues and ideological clashes around marine protected areas Aquat. Conserv., 13, 353 367.
3. Aswani, S. Hamilton, R.J. (2004). Integrating indigenous ecological knowledge and customary sea tenure with marine and social science for conservation of bumphead parrotfish (Bulbometopon muricatum) in the Rovina Lagoon, Soloman Islands. Environ. Conserv., 31, 69 83.
4. Bascompte, J., Possingham, H.P. Roughgarden, J. (2002). Patchy populations in stochastic environments: critical number of patches for persistence. Am. Nat., 159, 128 137.
5. Bellwood, D.R., Hoey, A.S. Choat, J.H. (2003). Limited functional redundancy in high diversity systems: resilience and ecosystem function on coral reefs. Ecol. Lett., 6, 281 285.
6. Bellwood, D.R., Hughes, T.P., Folke, C. Nystrom, M. (2004). Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature, 429, 827 833.
7. Bellwood, D., Hughes, T. Hoey, A. (2006). Sleeping functional group drives coral-reef recovery. Curr. Biol., 16, 2434 2439.
8. Bottrill, M., Joseph, L.N., Carwardine, J., Bode, M., Cook, C., Game, E.T. et al. (2008). Is conservation triage just smart decision-making? Trends Ecol. Evol., 23, 649 654.
9. Cinner, J.E. (2007). Designing marine reserves to reflect local socioeconomic conditions: lessons from long-enduring customary management. Coral Reefs, 26, 1035 1045.
10. Cinner, J., Marnane, M.J. McClanahan, T. (2005). Conservation and community benefits from traditional coral reef management at Ahus Island, Papua New Guinea. Conserv. Biol., 19, 1714 1723.
11. Cinner, J., Marnane, M.J., McClanahan, T. Almany, G.R. (2006). Periodic closures as adaptive coral reef management in the Indo-Pacific. Ecol. Soc., 11, http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art31/.
12. Colding, J. Folke, C. (2001). Social taboos: "invisible" systems of local resource management and biological conservation. Ecol. Appl., 11, 584 600.
13. Game, E.T., McDonald-Madden, E., Puotinen, M.L. Possingham, H.P. (2008). Should we protect the strong or the weak? Risk, resilience and the selection of marine protected areas Conserv. Biol., 22, 1619 1629.
14. Gardner, T.A., Cote, I.M., Gill, J.A., Grant, A. Watkinson, A.R. (2005). Hurricanes and Caribbean coral reefs: impacts, recovery patterns, and role in long-term decline. Ecology, 86, 174 184.
15. Gerber, L.R., Wielgus, J. Sala, E. (2007). A decision framework for the adaptive management of an exploited species with implications for marine reserves. Conserv. Biol., 21, 1594 1602.
16. Grafton, R.Q. Kompas, T. (2005). Uncertainty and the active adaptive management of marine reserves. Marine Policy, 29, 471 479.
17. Green, A.L. Bellwood, D.R. (2009). Monitoring functional groups of herbivorous reef fishes as indicators of coral reef resilience - a practical guide for coral reef managers in the Asia Pacific region. IUCN Working Group on Climate Change and Coral Reefs. IUCN Gland, Switzerland.
18. Halford, A., Cheal, A.J., Ryan, D. Williams, D.M. (2004). Resilience to large-scale disturbance in coral and fish assemblages on the Great Barrier Reef. Ecology, 85, 1892 1905.
19. Hauser, C.E., Pople, A.R. Possingham, H.P. (2006). Should managed populations be monitored every year? Ecol. Appl., 16, 807 819.
20. Hawkins, J.P. Roberts, C.M. (2004). Effects of artisanal fishing on Caribbean coral reefs. Conserv. Biol., 18, 215 226.
21. Hobday, A.J. Hartmann, K. (2006). Near real-time spatial management based on habitat predictions for a longline bycatch species. Fish. Manage. Ecol., 13, 365 380.
22. Hughes, T.P., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D.R., Card, M., Connolly, S.R., Folke, C. et al. (2003). Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs. Science, 301, 929 933.
23. Hughes, T.P., Bellwood, D.R., Folke, C., Steneck, R.S. Wilson, J. (2005). New paradigms for supporting the resilience of marine ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol., 20, 380 386.
24. Hughes, T.P., Gunderson, L.H., Folke, C., Baird, A.H., Bellwood, D., Berkes, F. et al. (2007a). Adaptive management of the great barrier reef and the Grand Canyon world heritage areas. Ambio, 36, 586 592.
25. Hughes, T.P., Rodrigues, M.J., Bellwood, D.R., Ceccarelli, D., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., McCook, L. et al. (2007b). Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change. Curr. Biol., 17, 360 365.
26. Jennings, S. Polunin, N.V.C. (1996). Effects of fishing effort and catch rate upon the structure and biomass of Fijian reef fish communities. J. Appl. Ecol., 33, 400 412.
27. Johannes, R.E. (1982). Traditional conservation methods and protected marine areas in Oceania. Ambio, 11, 258 261.
28. Kaplan, D.M. Botsford, L.W. (2005). Effects of variability in spacing of coastal marine reserves on fisheries yield and sustainability. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 62, 905 912.
29. Mapstone, B., Davis, G.E., Little, L.R., Punt, A.E., Smith, A.D.M., Pantus, F. et al. (2004). The effects of line fishing on the Great Barrier Reef and evaluations of alternative potential management strategies. CRC Reef Research Centre Technical Reports. CRC Reef Research Centre, Townsville.
30. McClanahan, T.R. Cinner, J.E. (2008). A framework for adaptive gear and ecosystem-based management in the artisanal coral reef fishery of Papua New Guinea. Aquat. Conserv., 18, 493 507.
31. McClanahan, T.R., Sala, E., Stickels, P.A., Cokos, B.A., Baker, A.C., Starger, C.J. et al. (2003). Interaction between nutrients and herbivory in controlling algal communities and coral condition on Glover's Reef, Belize. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 261, 135 147.
32. McClanahan, T., Marnane, M.J., Cinner, J. Kiene, W.E. (2006). A comparison of Marine Protected Areas and alternate approaches to coral-reef management. Curr. Biol., 16, 1408 1413.
33. McClanahan, T., Graham, N.A.J., Calnan, J.M. MacNeil, M.A. (2007). Toward pristine biomass: reef fish recovery in coral reef marine protected areas in Kenya. Ecol. Appl., 17, 1055 1067.
34. McManus, J.W. Polsenberg, J.F. (2004). Coral-algal phase shifts on coral reefs: ecological and environmental aspects. Prog. Oceanogr., 60, 263 279.
35. McManus, J.W., Reyes, R.B. Nanola, C.L. (1997). Effects of some destructive fishing methods on coral cover and potential rates of recovery. Environ. Manage., 21, 69 78.
36. Micheli, F., Halpern, B.S., Botsford, L.W. Warner, R.R. (2004). Trajectories and correlates of community change in no-take marine reserves. Ecol. Appl., 14, 1709 1723.
37. Moberg, F. Folke, C. (1999). Ecological goods and services of coral reef ecosystems. Ecol. Econ., 29, 215 233.
38. Mumby, P.J. (2006). The impact of exploiting grazers (scaridae) on the dynamics of Caribbean coral reefs. Ecol. Appl., 16, 747 769.
39. Mumby, P.J., Dahlgren, C.P., Harborne, A.R., Kappel, C.V., Micheli, F., Brumbaugh, D.R. et al. (2006). Fishing, trophic cascades, and the process of grazing on coral reefs. Science, 311, 98 101.
40. Mumby, P.J., Hastings, A. Edwards, H.J. (2007). Thresholds and the resilience of Caribbean coral reefs. Nature, 450, 98 101.
41. Myers, R.A., Barrowman, N.J., Hutchings, J.A. Rosenberg, A.A. (1995). Population dynamics of exploited fish stocks at low population levels. Science, 269, 1106 1108.
42. Newman, M.J.H., Paredes, G.A., Sala, E. Jackson, J.B.C. (2006). Structure of Caribbean coral reef fish communities across a large gradient of fish biomass. Ecol. Lett., 9, 1216 1227.
43. Nyström, M. Folke, C. (2001). Spatial resilience of coral reefs. Ecosystems, 4, 406 417.
44. Robbins, W.D., Hisano, M., Connolly, S.R. Choat, J.H. (2006). Ongoing collapse of coral-reef shark populations. Curr. Biol., 16, 2314 2319.
45. Russ, G.R. (2002). Yet another review of marine reserves as reef fishery management tools. In : Coral Reef Fishes (ed. Sale, P.F.). Acadmeic Press, Burlington, pp. 421 443.
46. Russ, G.R. Alcala, A.C. (1996). Marine reserves: rates and patterns of recovery and decline of large predatory fish. Ecol. Appl., 6, 947 961.
47. Tompkins, E.L. Adger, W.N. (2004). Does adaptive management of natural resources enhance resilience to climate change? Ecol. Soc., 9, 10. [online] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol9/iss2/art10/
48. Tuck, G.N. Possingham, H.P. (2000). Marine protected areas for spatially structured exploited stocks. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 192, 89 101.
49. West, J.M. Salm, R.V. (2003). Resistance and resilience to coral bleaching: implications for coral reef conservation and management. Conserv. Biol., 17, 956 967.
50. Wood, L.J. (2007). MPA global: a database of the world's marine protected areas. Sea Around Us Project, UNEP-WCMC & WWF. URL: http://www. mpaglobalorg. viewed on: 2 March 2009.