African and caribbean adolescents in Britain: Ethnic identity and britishness

Ethnic and Racial Studies

Volumn 32, Issue 7, 2009, Pages 1248-1270

  Lam, Virginia ^a   Smith, Gordon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Africa; British identity; Caribbean; Ethnic identity; Gender

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; CULTURAL IDENTITY; GENDER ROLE; NATIONAL IDENTITY; QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY; RACIAL IDENTITY;

EURASIA; EUROPE; UNITED KINGDOM; WESTERN EUROPE;

EID: 70449436463     PISSN: 01419870     EISSN: 14664356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01419870802298421     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. ABOUD, F. E. and DOYLE, A. B. 1995 'The development of in-group pride in black Canadians', Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 243-54
2. BARRETT, M. 2000 'The development of national identity in childhood and adolescence', Inaugural lecture presented at the University of Surrey, March 2000
3. BARRETT, M. 2001 'The development of national identity: a conceptual analysis and some data from Western European studies', in M. Barrett, T. Riazanova and M. Volovikova (eds), Development of National, Ethnolinguistic and Religious Identities in Children and Adolescents, Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 16-58
4. BARRETT, M. 2002 'Children's views of Britain and Britishness in 2001', invited keynote address presented to the Annual Conference of the Developmental Psychology section of the British Psychological Society, Sussex, September 2002
5. BARRETT, M. 2005 'Children's understanding, and feelings about, countries and national groups', in M. Barrett and E. Buchanan-Barrow (eds), Children's Understanding of Society, New York: Psychology Press, pp. 251-85
6. BARRETT, M. (ed.) 2007 Children's Knowledge, Beliefs and Feelings about Nations and National Groups, Hove: Psychology Press
7. BARRETT, M., RIAZANOVA, T. and VOLOVIKOVA, M. (eds) 2001 Development of National, Ethnolinguistic and Religious Identities in Children and Adolescents, Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences
8. BARRETT, M., WILSON, H. and LYONS, E. 2003 'The development of national in-group bias: English children's attributions of characteristics to English, American and German people', British Journal of Developmental Psychology, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 193-220
9. BARRETT, M., LYONS, E. and DEL VALLE, A. 2004 'The development of national identity and social identity processes: do social identity theory and self-categorisation theory provide useful heuristic frameworks for developmental research?', in M. Bennett and F. Sani (eds), The Development of the Social Self, Hove: Psychology Press, pp. 159-88
10. BENNETT, M., et al. 1998 'Children's subjective identification with the group and in-group favoritism', Developmental Psychology, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 902-9
11. BENNETT, M., et al. 2004 'Young children's evaluations of the ingroup and outgroups: a multi-national study', Social Development, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 124-41
12. CARRINGTON, B. 1998 'Sport, masculinity, and black cultural resistance', Journal of Sport and Social Issues, vol. 22, issue 3, pp. 275-98
13. CARRINGTON, B. 2007 'Merely identity: cultural identity and the politics of sport', Sociology of Sport Journal, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 49-66
14. CHRISTIAN, M. 2005 'The politics of Black presence in Britain and Black male exclusion in the British education system', Journal of Black Studies, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 327-46
15. DALEY, P. O. 1998 'Black Africans in Great Britain: spatial concentration and segregation', Urban Studies, vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1703-24
16. DEMI, F 2001 'Ethnic and gender differences in educational achievement and implications for school improvement strategies', Educational Research, vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 91-106
17. DEMI, F 2003 'Raising the achievement of Black Caribbean pupils in British schools: unacknowledged problems and challenges for policy makers', London Review of Education, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 229-48
18. GOULBOURNE, H. 1991 Ethnicity and Nationalism in Post-imperial Britain, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
19. GOULBOURNE, H. 2006 'Families, minority ethnic communities and social capital in Britain', Community, Work and Family, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 227-33
20. GOULBOURNE, H. and CHAMBERLAIN, M. 2001 The Caribbean Family in a trans-Atlantic Context, London: Macmillan
21. GOULBOURNE, H. and SOLOMOS, J. 2004 'The Caribbean Diaspora: some introductory remarks', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 533-43
22. GRAHAM, M. and ROBINSON, G. 2004 'The silent catastrophe: Institutional racism in the British education system and the underachievement of black boys', Journal of Black Studies, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 653-71
23. HOPKINS, N. 2001 'National identity: pride and prejudice?', British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 183-6
24. HUTNIK, N. 1985 Aspects of identity in a multi-ethnic society', New Community, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 298-309
25. HUTNIK, N. 1986 'Patterns of ethnic minority identification and modes of social adaptation', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 50-67
26. HUTNIK, N. 1991 Ethnic Minority Identity: A Social Psychological Perspective, Oxford: Clarendon Press; New Delhi: Oxford University Press
27. HUTNIK, N. and BARRETT, M. 2003 'Ethnic minority identity: twenty years on', poster presented at symposium on Ethnic and National Identity in Children and Adolescents, 11th European Conference on Developmental Psychology, Milan, August 2003
28. HYLTON, C. L. A. 1999 African-Caribbean Community Organisations: The Search for Individual and Group Identity, Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books
29. HYLTON, C. L. A. 2003 African-Caribbean group activities, individual and collective consciousness, and enforced leisure', Community, Work and Family, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 103-13
30. KIPIANI, G. 2001 'Ethnic identification in the structure of personal identifications and socio-cultural conditions of development', in M. Barrett, T. Riazanova and M. Volovikova (eds), Development of National, Ethnolinguistic and Religious Identities in Children and Adolescents, Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 84-104
31. KUMAR, K. 2003 The Making of English National Identity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
32. KUMAR, K. 2007 'English and British national identity', History Compass, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 428-47
33. LEE, R. M. and YOO, H. C. 2004 'Structure and measurement of ethnic identity for Asian American college students', Journal of Counseling Psychology, vol. 51, no. 2, pp. 263-9
34. LIEBKIND, K. 1992 'Ethnic identity: challenging the boundaries of social psychology', in G M. Breakwell (ed.), Social Psychology of Identity and the Self Concept, London: Surrey University Press, pp. 147-85
35. MANYIKA, S. 2001 'Negotiating identities: African students in British and American universities', Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 97
36. MIRZA, H. S. 1993 'The social construction of black womanhood in British educational research: towards a new understanding', in M. Arnot and K. Weiler (eds), Feminism and Social Justice in Education: International Perspectives, Oxford: Falmer Press/Taylor & Francis, pp. 32-57
37. MIRZA, H. S. 1995 'Understanding black women's positive orientation to education', Adults Learning, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 157-9
38. MIRZA, H. S. 2006 'Race, gender and educational desire', Race Ethnicity and Education, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 137-58
39. MODOOD, T. 1992a Not Easy Being British, London: Trentham
40. MODOOD, T. 1992b 'On not being white in Britain: discrimination, diversity and commonality', in M. Leicester and M. Taylor (eds), Ethics, Ethnicity and Education, London: Kogan Page
41. MODOOD, T. 2005 'Ethnicity and intergenerational identities and adaptations in Britain: the sociopolitical context', in M. Rutter and M. Tienda (eds), Ethnicity and Causal Mechanisms, NewYork: Cambridge University Press, pp. 281-300
42. MULLEN, B., BROWN, R. and SMITH, C. 1992 'Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: An integration', European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 103-122
43. NESDALE, D. 1999 'Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions', Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 501-19
44. NESDALE, D. and FLESSER, D. 2001 'Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes', Child Development, vol. 72, no. 4, pp. 506-17
45. NUNNING, V. 2004 'The importance of being English: European perspectives on Englishness', European Journal of English Studies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 145-58
46. OAKES, P. J., HASLAM, S. A. and TURNER, J. C. 1994 Stereotyping and Social Reality, Oxford: Blackwell
47. OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS 2001 United Kingdom Census 2001, London: ONS
48. OPCS/GRO (S) various dates Ethnic Group and Country of Birth, Great Britain, Vols 1 and 2.
49. Ref: CEN91 EGCB. London: HMSO
50. PAVLENKO, V et al. 2001 Age characteristics of social identifications and ethno-national beliefs in Ukraine', in M. Barrett, T. Riazanova and M. Volovikova (eds), evelopment of National, Ethnolinguistic and Religious Identities in Children and Adolescents, Moscow: Russian Academy of Sciences, pp. 105-31
51. PHILLIPS, M. (ed.) 1998 Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-racial Britain, London: HarperCollins
52. PHINNEY, J. S. 1990 'Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: review of research', Psychological Bulletin, vol. 108, no. 3, pp. 499-514
53. PHINNEY, J. S. 1992 'The Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure: a new scale for use with diverse groups', Journal of Adolescent Research, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 156-76
54. REYNOLDS, T. 2001 'Black mothering, paid work and identity', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 24, issue 6, pp. 1046-64
55. REYNOLDS, T. 2002 'Re-thinking a black feminist standpoint', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 591-606
56. REYNOLDS, T. 2003 'Black to the community: an analysis of black community parenting in Britain', Community, Work and Family, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 29-45
57. REYNOLDS, T. 2006a 'Family and community networks in the (re)making of ethnic identity of Caribbean young people in Britain', Community, Work and Family, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 273-90
58. REYNOLDS, T. 2006b 'Caribbean families, social capital and young people's diasporic identities', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 29, no. 6, pp. 1087-103
59. REYNOLDS, T, CALLENDER, C. and EDWARDS, R. 2003 The Impact of Working Mothers on Family Relationships, London: Joseph Rowntree Foundation
60. ROBERTS, R. E., et al. 1999 'The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnocultural groups', Journal of Early Adolescence, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 301-22
61. ROMERO, A. J. and ROBERTS, R. E. 1998 'Perception of discrimination and ethnocultural variables in a diverse group of adolescents', Journal of Adolescence, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 641-56
62. RONG, X. L. 2001 'The effects of immigrant generation and ethnicity on educational attainment among young African and Caribbean Blacks in the United States', Harvard Educational Review, vol. 71, no. 3, pp. 536-65
63. ROTHERAM, M. J. and PHINNEY, J. S. 1987 'Introduction: definitions and perspectives in the study of children's ethnic socialization', in J. S. Phinney and M. J. Rotheram (eds), Children's Ethnic Socialization, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 10-28
64. SAEED, A., BLAIN, N. and FORBES, D. 1999 'New ethnic and national questions in Scotland: post-British identities among Glasgow Pakistani teenagers', Ethnic and Racial Studies, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 821-44
65. SACHDEV, I. and BOURHIS, R. Y. 1987 'Status differentials and intergroup behaviour', European Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 277-93
66. TAJFEL, H. 1972 'Social categorisation', in S. Moscovici (ed.), Introduction to Social Psychology, Vol. 1, Paris: Larousse
67. TAJFEL, H. 1978 'Social categorization, social identity and social comparison', in H. Tajfel (ed.), Differentiation between Social Groups, London: Academic Press, pp. 61-76
68. TAJFEL, H. and TURNER, J. C. 1986 'The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour', in S. Worchel and W. G. Austin (eds), The Psychology of Intergroup Relations, vol. 2, New York: Nelson Hall, pp. 7-24
69. TURNER, J. C, et al. 1987 Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Oxford: Blackwell
70. ULLAH, P 1987 'Self-definition and psychological group formation in an ethnic minority', British Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 17-23
71. VAUGHAN, G 1987 A social psychological model of ethnic identity development', in J. S. Phinney and M. J. Rotheram (eds), Children's Ethnic Socialization, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, pp. 73-91
72. VERKUYTEN, M. 2001 'Self-esteem and ethnic and national identification among adolescents in the Netherlands', International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 321-43
73. VERKUYTEN, M. and KWA, G A. 1996 'Ethnic self-identification, ethnic involvement, and group differentiation among Chinese youth in the Netherlands', Journal of Social Psychology, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 35-48
74. WEEKES, D. 2003 'Keeping it in the community: creating safe spaces for black girlhood', Community, Work & Family, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 47-61
75. YANCEY, A. K., ANESCHELSEL, C. S. and DRISCOLL, A. K. 2001 'The assessment of ethnic identity in a diverse urban youth population', Journal of Black Psychology, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 190-208