Ethnicity and politics: Definition and scope

East Central Europe

Volumn 28, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 41-68

  László Pap, András ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 70449396294     PISSN: 00943037     EISSN: 18763308     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1163/187633001X00038     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. For more, see K. Tausz, "Egyentótlenségek és különleges bánásmód. Adalékok a fogyatékosok esélyegyenlóségéról szóló tórvény születési tórténetéhez" [Inequalities and special treatment: On the prehistory óf the Act on Equal Rights for People Living with Disabilities], in A hátrányos megkülönbö ztetés tilalmától a pozitív diszkriminá ctóig (From prohibiting disadvantageous differentiation to positive discrimination), ed. 'G. Halmai [Budapest: AduPrint-INDOK, 1998]
2. A. Sajó, "Nemzeti kisebbségek védelmének gondjai egy nacionalista államban" [Concerns on the protection of national minorities in a nationalist state], Világosság, No. 1 (1994), p. 4
3. Following the interpretation given by A. Bragyova "equality" means equality of general rights, and "egalité" refers to the requirements of the same special rights for every citizen - in A. Bragyova, "Are There Any Minority Rights?", Archiv für Rechts- und Sozialphilosophie 80 (1994), p. 494
4. E. J. Sieyès, What is the Third Estate? (New York: Praeger, 1964)
5. U. K. Preuss, "Constitutional powermaking for the new polity: some deliberations on the relations between constituent power and the constitution", Cardozo Law Review 14 (January 1993), Nos 3-4, p. 17
6. See 1. Schlett, "Nemzet és polgár, A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségi törvény, tervezeteihez", [Nation and citizen: Some comments on the submitted texts to the law on national and ethnic minorities], Vildgosság, No. 3 (1991), pp. 167-169
7. A. Sajó, "Nemzeti kisebbségek", p. 5
8. In the official version: (1) This Act applies to all persons of Hungarian citizenship living in the Republic of Hungary who consider themselves members of any national or ethnic minority and to the communities of these people. (2) For the purposes of the present Act a national or ethnic minority (hereinafter "minority") is any ethnic group with a history of at least one decade of living in the Republic of Hungary, which represents a numerical minority among the citizens of the state, the members of which are Hungarian citizens, and are distinguished from the rest of the citizens by their own language, culture and traditions, and at the same time demonstrate a sense of belonging together, which is aimed at the preservation of all these, and the expression and protection of the interests of their communities, which have been formed in the course of history. See for example the link on the ombudsman for national and ethnic minority rights' homepage:, http:// www. obh. hu/nekh/en/index. htm
9. For more, see I. Schlett, "Nemzet és polgar", p. 169
10. For a more detailed elaboration see Zs. Apor Mihályi, "Kisebbségi érdekképviselet a világ parlamentjeiben" [Interest-representation of minorities in parliaments all over the world], Parlamentt Levelek 4-5 (February 1998), pp. 51-57
11. For a comprehensive website on the respective documents, see http://www. uniwuerzburg. de/law/
12. Gy. Borók, "A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségck országgyülési képviseleténck szabályozási modelljei Európdban ás Magyarországon" [Models for regulating parliamentary representation of national and ethnic minorities in Europe and in Hungary], Társadalmi Szemle, No. 4 (1998), p. 73
13. When discussing the case of the Danish minority in 1954, the Constitutional Court concluded (BverfGE 31, 1954) that the Grundgesetz does not require preferential electoral treatment, but the legislator may provide for it
14. For more see D. P. Kommers, The Constitutional Jurisprudence of the Federal Republic of Germany (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), p. 187
15. See Á. Kékuti, "Koncepciók a kisebbségek parlamenti képviseletéról a rendszerváltás óta" [Ideas born since the start of the systemic changes on how minorities should be provided parliamentary representation], Parlamenti Levelek 4-5 (February 1998), pp. 47-51
16. For more details see Gy. Borók, "A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek", pp. 73-74
17. For details and further examples, see Gy. Borók, "A nemzeti és ethikai kisebbségek", p. 74
18. C. F. Juberías, "Post-Communist Electoral Systems and National Minorities: A Dilemma in Five Paradigms", in The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-Communist Europe, State Building, Democracy and Ethnic Mobilization, ed. J. P. Stein (New York: East-West Institute, 2000)
19. For a more detailed analysis, see C. F. Juberías, "Post-Communist Electoral Systems and National Minorities: A Dilemma in Five Paradigms", in The Politics of National Minority Participation in PostCommunist Europe, State Building, Democracy and Ethnic Mobilization, ed. J. P. Stein (New York: East-West Institute, 2000)
20. For the following, see C. F. juberías, "Post-Communist Electoral Systems"
21. "There shall be no political parties on ethnic, racial or religious lines, no parties which seek the violent usurpation of State power", in The Constitutions of New Democracies in Europe, ed. P. Raina (London: Merlin Books, 1995), p. 3
22. "Citizen's associations, including trade unions, shall not pursue any political objectives, nor shall they engage in any political activity which is in the domain of the political parties", in The Constitutions of New Democracies, ed. P. Raina, p. 3
23. We see a similar ideological-political approach in 'Turkey, where it is prohibited to establish political organizations founded on linguistic or cultural grounds other than Turkish. All political parties must refrain from representing ideologies which promote ideals and goals endangering the Turkish national or territorial integrity (including regionalism). See Gy. Borók, "A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbségek", p. 71
24. Gy. Borók, "A nemzeti és etnikai kisebbsié gek", p. 66
25. According to the 1994 microcensus. E. Pain and A. Susarov, "Dinamika etnodemograficheskih progressov v Sovremennoi Rossii", Vestnik Cepri, August 1997, p. 15
26. V. B. Jefdokimov, "Stanovlenije ordanov gossudarstvennoj vlasti v Hanti-Mansinskom Avtonomnom Okruge", in Federalism i Decentralizacija (Ekaterinburg, 1998), pp. 298-300
27. See I. Halász, "A Cseh Köztársaság választási rendszere" [The electoral system of the Czech Republic], in Választójog és választási rendszerek. Öt közép-európai országparlamenti választást töroénye [Voting rights and electoral systems. Laws on parliamentary election in five Central European Countries], ed. M. Dezsó (Budapest: Választási Stúdiumok 1, 1998), pp. 31-58
28. "Part of the constitutional order of the Czech Republic is the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms", in The Constitutions of New Democracies, ed. P. Raina, p. 30
29. See I. Halász, "A szlovák választási rendszer alapintézményei", in Választójog és választási rendszerek, ed. M. Dezso, pp. 239-263
30. Law of Ukraine on Election of Peoples' Deputies of Ukraine (enacted on 18 November 1993, amended on 22 December 1994), in C. F. Juberías, "Post-Communist Electoral Systems", p. 84
31. Resolution on Procedure for Enacting the Law on Elections to Parliament, in "Republic of Moldova Parliamentary Elections, February 27, 1994 (Washington DC 1995, IFES)"
32. See A. Péteri, "A lengyel valasztási rendszer alapintézményei" [Fundamental institutions of the Polish electoral system], in Választójog és választá st rendszerek, ed. M. Dezsõ, pp. 107-121
33. See A. Péteri, "A lengyel választási rendszer", p. 107
34. According to the 1992 census, the largest minority group in Romania were the Hungarians with 1,620,000, which is 7. 12 per cent of the total population. The Roma minority was approximately 500,000, but some sources even claim 2 million. According to the 1930 census, there were 761,000 Germans; today their official number is 119,000, but according to the estimate of the German Democratic Federation of Romania there are only 70,000 of them. The 1992 census indicated 66,855 Ukrainians, 38,688 Lipovenes, 29,555 Turks, 29,080 Serbs, 26,649 Tartars, and 20,672 Bulgarians. A. M. Bíró, "A romániái kisebbségek parlamenti képviselete", [Parliamentary representation of the minorities in Romania], Barátság (15 September 1997), p. 1838
35. See M. Dezsõ, "Új választási rendszerek Közép-Európában" [New electoral systems in Central Europe], in Választójog és vá lasztási rendszerek, ed. M. Dezsõ, p. 14
36. See E. Kincses and Zs. Barna, "Romániai vá lasztások 1989 után" [Elections in Romania after 1989], in Választójog és választási rendszerek, ed. M. Dezsõ, pp. 121-189.
37. E. Kincses and Zs. Barna, "Romániai választások 1989 után"
38. See R. Szentpéteri Nagy, "Valasztások Szlovéniában" [Elections in Slovenia], in Választójog is választást rendszerek, ed. M. Dezsõ, p. 307
39. R. Szentpetéri Nagy, "Választások Szlovéniában", p. 73
40. M. Komac, Protection of Ethnic Communities in the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: . Institute for Ethnic Studies, 1999), pp. 14-16 and 60-61
41. Cited by T. Várady, Law and Ethnicity II (Budapest: CEU, Nationalism Studies Program, Spring, 1999)
42. Draft Agreement on the Political Framework of the Self-Governance of Voivodina, as set forth by the Voivodina Association of Hungarians (VMSZ), see T. Varady, Law and Ethnicity II
43. T. Várady, "Oh the Chances of Ethno-cultural Justice in Central-Eastern Europe -with Comments on the Dayton Agreement", Law and Ethnfcity (Budapest: CEU, Nationalism Studies, Fall 1998), p. 157
44. As quoted in W. Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (Oxford: Clarendon Press; New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 51