HIV/aids in Cuba: A rights-based analysis

Health and Human Rights

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 93-104

  Anderson, Tim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIRETROVIRUS AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; CRITICAL ANALYSIS; DISEASE CONTROL; DISEASE TREATMENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN RIGHTS; UNITED NATIONS;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ARTICLE; CUBA; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN RIGHTS; INFECTION CONTROL; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; SEX RATIO; STATISTICS; ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; HIV INFECTIONS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANTI-RETROVIRAL AGENTS; CUBA; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; MALE; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PREVALENCE; QUARANTINE; SENTINEL SURVEILLANCE; SEX DISTRIBUTION;

ATLANTIC ISLANDS; ATLANTIC OCEAN; CARIBBEAN ISLANDS; CUBA; GREATER ANTILLES;

EID: 70449370006     PISSN: 10790969     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/40285221     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Caribbean: AIDS epidemic update, Regional Summary (Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS and World Health Organization, 2008), p. 8. Available at http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2008/jc1528_epibriefs_caribbean_en.pdf.
2. See, for example, E. Michelson, "Individual freedom or collective welfare? An analysis of quarantine as a response to global infectious disease," in M. Selgelid, M. Battin, and C. Smith (eds), Ethics and Infectious Disease (Blackwell: Melbourne, 2006), pp. 53-69.
3. UNAIDS (see note 1), p. 8.
4. UNAIDS (see note 1), pp. 215, 230
5. Oficina Nacional de Estadisticas, Anuario Estadistico de Cuba 2008: 15.2 Visitantes por mes (Havana, 2008). Available at http://www.one.cu/aec2008/esp/15_tabla_cuadro.htm.
6. J. Pérez, SIDA: Confesiones a un Médico (Havana: Centro Nacional de Prevención de las ITS/VIH/SIDA, 2006).
7. V. Zonana, "Cuba's AIDS quarantine center called 'frightening,' " Los Angeles Times (November 4, 1988), p. 1, col 5.
8. R. Bayer and C. Healton, "Controlling AIDS in Cuba: The logic of quarantine," New England Journal of Medicine 320/15 (1989), pp. 1022-1024.
9. Pérez (see note 5).
10. R. Bayer, "AIDS, public health, and civil liberties: Consensus and conflict in policy," in F. G. Reamer (ed), AIDS and Ethics (New York: Colombia University Press, 1991), pp. 26-49.
11. Pérez (see note 5).
12. R. Granich, B. Jacobs, J. Mermin, and A. Pont, "Cuba's national AIDS program: The first decade," Western Journal of Medicine, 163/2 (1995), pp. 139-144.
13. For attacks in the media, see, for example, V. Bauza and T. Collie, "HIV-positive Cubans get care but live in quarantine," South Florida Sun-Sentinel (July 7, 2001), p. A4
14. For advances in HIV education that were noted at this time see, for example, E. Pérez-Stable, "Cuba's response to the HIV epidemic," American Journal of Public Health 81/5 (1991), pp. 563-567.
15. T. Vilacha (Vice-director of epidemiology at La Rampa Policlinic, Havana), interview with the author, Havana, December 21, 2005. note
16. C. Segredo (specialist nurse in HIV treatment centers, previously at Los Cocos Sanatorium and in 2006 at the Instituto Pedro Kourí), interview with the author, Havana, January 3, 2006. note
17. H. Hansen and N. Groce, "Human immunodeficiency virus and quarantine in Cuba," Journal of the American Medical Association 290 (2003), p. 2875.
18. Hansen and Groce (see note 14).
19. UNAIDS, International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, 2006 Consolidated Version (Geneva: UNAIDS, 2006), p. 17. Available at http://data.unaids.org/Publications/IRC-pub07/jc1252-internguidelines_en.pdf.
20. UNAIDS, International Guidelines (see note 16), pp. 17, 19, guidelines 3, 5, and 11.
21. A. Yera (Coordinator of the People Living with HIV/AIDS Program in the Plaza Municipality), interview with the author, Vedado, Havana, December 22, 2005.
22. D. W. Johnston, "Cuba's quarantine of AIDS victims: A violation of human rights," Boston College International and Comparative Law Review, 15 (1992), p. 189, citation 12.
23. Yera (see note 18).
24. L. Oliva, "Modelos de salud en Cuba," Temas 47 (2006), pp. 35-43 (interview with Dr. Francisco Rojas Ochoa on p. 39).
25. N. Scheper-Hughes, "AIDS, public health and human rights in Cuba," Lancet, 342 (1993), p. 966.
26. Pérez (see note 5).
27. Pérez (see note 5), p. 12.
28. A. R. Socarrás, "Derechos de las personas que viven con VIH en Cuba: Legalidad y perjuicios sociales" (paper presented at El Foro en VIH/SIDA/ITS de América Latina y el Caribe 2003, Havana, Cuba, April 7-8, 2003). Available at http://www.foro2003.sld.cu/recursos/ver.php/Rosabal%20Socarras?id=349.
29. Oliva (see note 21), p. 38.
30. E. García, N. de Quesada Ramírez, and A. Cádiz Lahens, Programa de entrenamiento sobre el SIDA 3: Epidemiología (Havana: Editorial Ciencias Medicas, 1989), p. 18.
31. García et al. (see note 27), p. 51.
32. Yera (see note 18).
33. J. Pérez, D. Pérez, I. Gonzalez, et al., "Approaches to the management of HIV/AIDS in Cuba: Case study, Perspectives and Practice in Antiretroviral Treatment" (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004), p. 3. Available at http://www.who.int/hiv/amds/case1.pdf.
34. Socarrás (see note 25).
35. Yera (see note 18).
36. Centro de Higiénico y Epidemiología, Personas infectadas en Municipio Plaza: 1986-2005, (Municipio Plaza, Vedado: Centro de Higiénico y Epidemiología, November 2005).
37. Socarrás (see note 25).
38. Socarrás (see note 25).
39. Segredo (see note 13).
40. Socarrás (see note 25)
41. Yera (see note 18).
42. Socarrás (see note 25).
43. Pérez (see note 5), pp. 21-32.
44. UNAIDS (see note 16), pp. 17-18, guideline 5.
45. Scheper-Hughes (see note 22), p. 965.
46. Vilacha (see note 13)
47. Segredo (see note 13).
48. Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 2.
49. Bayer and Healton (see note 7)
50. A. C. d'Adesky, "Cuba fights AIDS its own way," (New York: The Foundation for AIDS Research [AMFAR], 2003). Available at http://www.thebody.com/amfar/cuba_aids.html.
51. García et al. (see note 27), pp. 49-50.
52. Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 2.
53. Yera (see note 18)
54. Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 1.
55. Vilacha (see note 13).
56. Vilacha (see note 13).
57. Segredo (see note 13).
58. Centro de Higiénico y Epidemiología (see note 33).
59. Centro de Higiénico y Epidemiología (see note 33).
60. UNAIDS (see note 16), pp. 17-19, guidelines 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, and 12.
61. R. Soto, J. Fuentes, M. Oramas, et al., Manual para médicos de familia sobre ITS/VIH/SIDA, (Havana: Ministerio de Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Prevención de las ITS/VIH/SIDA, 2003), p. 9.
62. Soto et al. (see note 54), pp. 13-15.
63. A. González, M. Oramas, G. González, et al., Viviendo con VIH: Manual para las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA en Cuba, second edition (Havana: Centro Nacional de Prevención de ITS/VIH/SIDA, Havana, 2004).
64. A. de la Torre, O. Carro, and I. Carro, Conviviendo con VIH: Manual dirigido a las familias de las personas que viven con VIH/SIDA en Cuba (Havana: Centro Nacional de Prevención de ITS/VIH/SIDA, 2003).
65. T. Fawthrop, "Cuba: Is it a model in HIV-AIDS battle?" (New York: Global Policy Forum, December 2003). Available at http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44946.html.
66. See, for example, UNAIDS (see note 16), pp. 17-19, guidelines 5, 7, 8, and 9.
67. Soto et al. (see note 54).
68. M. Castro (Director of Cuba's CENESEX), Presentation on sexual diversity and inclusion in Cuba, World Social Forum, Caracas, Venezuela (January 28, 2006).
69. Ministerio de Salud Pública, "Centro Nacional de Prevención de las ITS/HIV/SIDA" (brochure) (Havana: Ministerio de Salud Pública, 2005).
70. R. Soto, I. Santana, M. Fernández, et al., Manual metologo: trabajo de prevención de la ITS/VIH/SIDA (Havana: Ministerio de Salud Pública, Centro Nacional de Prevención de las ITS/VIH/SIDA, 2004).
71. Ministerio de Salud Pública (see note 62).
72. English translations of pamphlet titles and messages by the author. note
73. See, for example, I. Lumsden, Machos, maricones and gays: Cuba and homosexuality (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
74. Yera (see note 18).
75. Presentation on sexual diversity and inclusion in Cuba by Daniela, Cuban transgender spokesperson to the World Social Forum, Caracas, Venezuela (January 28, 2006).
76. I. Ramonet, Cien Horas con Fidel: Conversaciones con Ignacio Ramonet, 2nd edition (Havana: Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado, 2006), pp. 253-256.
77. Yera (see note 18).
78. R. Cruz (Coordinator Provincial of the Line of Support for HIV/AIDS in Vedado, Havana), interview with the author, Havana, Cuba, (January 4, 2006).
79. Yera (see note 18).
80. UNAIDS (see note 16), pp. 17-19, guidelines 1, 8, 9, and 12.
81. UNAIDS (see note 16), pp. 17-19, guideline 6.
82. Of note, the Policlinics (Vilacha, see note 13) do not deal with HIV or with diseases (such as malaria, for example) that are considered to no longer exist in the country. note
83. García et al. (see note 27), p. 60.
84. Soto et al. (see note 54), pp. 27-48.
85. Pérez et al. (see note 30), pp. 3-6.
86. Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 3.
87. No further foreign assistance: Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 2
88. Western blot tests: Segredo (see note 13).
89. Pérez et al. (see note 30), p. 4.
90. Yera (see note 18).
91. Constitución de la República de Cuba (1976) (Havana: Editora Política, 2005), Art. 9b, Art. 50, translation by the author.
92. Pérez (see note 5), pp. 21-32.
93. Granich et al. (see note 11)
94. Vilacha (see note 13)
95. Segredo (see note 13).